Chithunzi: Njira zachikhalidwe zobereketsa zomera zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowongolera kukula kwa zomera monga mahomoni, zomwe zingakhale zamtundu winawake komanso zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mu kafukufuku watsopano, asayansi apanga njira yatsopano yobereketsa zomera mwa kuwongolera ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a majini omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kufalikira kwa maselo (kuchulukana kwa maselo) ndi kusinthika kwa maselo (organogenesis) a zomera. Onani zambiri
Njira zachikhalidwe zobereketsa zomera zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchitoowongolera kukula kwa zomeramongamahomonis, zomwe zingakhale zamtundu wosiyana ndi wa zomera komanso zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mu kafukufuku watsopano, asayansi apanga njira yatsopano yokonzanso zomera mwa kuwongolera ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a majini omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kugawa maselo (kuchulukana kwa maselo) ndi kugawanso maselo (organogenesis) a zomera.
Zomera zakhala chakudya chachikulu cha nyama ndi anthu kwa zaka zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zomerazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa mankhwala osiyanasiyana komanso mankhwala. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kwawo komanso kufunikira kwa chakudya kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zatsopano zoberekera zomera. Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zamoyo za zomera kungathe kuthetsa kusowa kwa chakudya mtsogolo mwa kupanga zomera zosinthidwa majini (GM) zomwe zimakhala zobala zipatso komanso zolimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Zachilengedwe, zomera zimatha kubweretsanso zomera zatsopano kuchokera ku selo limodzi la "totipotent" (selo lomwe lingayambitse mitundu yambiri ya maselo) mwa kusintha ndikugawanso maselo okhala ndi kapangidwe ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kupanga maselo otere a totipotent kudzera mu chikhalidwe cha minofu ya zomera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poteteza zomera, kubereka, kupanga mitundu ya transgenic komanso pazifukwa zofufuza zasayansi. Mwachikhalidwe, kukula kwa minofu kuti zomera ziberekenso kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito owongolera kukula kwa zomera (GGRs), monga auxins ndi cytokinins, kuti alamulire kusiyana kwa maselo. Komabe, mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya mahomoni imatha kusiyana kwambiri kutengera mtundu wa zomera, mikhalidwe ya chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa minofu. Chifukwa chake, kupanga mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yofufuza kungakhale ntchito yotenga nthawi komanso yogwira ntchito yambiri.
Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, Pulofesa Wothandizira Tomoko Ikawa, pamodzi ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira Mai F. Minamikawa wochokera ku Chiba University, Pulofesa Hitoshi Sakakibara wochokera ku Nagoya University Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences ndi Mikiko Kojima, katswiri waluso wochokera ku RIKEN CSRS, adapanga njira yodziwika bwino yowongolera zomera kudzera mu malamulo. Kufotokozera majini "olamulidwa mwadongosolo" (DR) osiyanitsa maselo kuti akwaniritse kukonzanso kwa zomera. Lofalitsidwa mu Volume 15 ya Frontiers in Plant Science pa Epulo 3, 2024, Dr. Ikawa adapereka zambiri zokhudza ntchito yawo yofufuza, ponena kuti: "Dongosolo lathu siligwiritsa ntchito ma PGR akunja, koma m'malo mwake limagwiritsa ntchito majini a transcription factor kuti liwongolere kusiyana kwa maselo. Mofanana ndi maselo ophulika omwe amayambitsidwa ndi nyama zoyamwitsa."
Ofufuzawo adawonetsa majini awiri a DR, BABY BOOM (BBM) ndi WUSCHEL (WUS), ochokera ku Arabidopsis thaliana (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomera chachitsanzo) ndipo adafufuza momwe amakhudzira kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha fodya, letesi ndi petunia. BBM imalemba transcription factor yomwe imalamulira kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, pomwe WUS imalemba transcription factor yomwe imasunga kudziwika kwa maselo oyambira m'dera la apical meristem ya mphukira.
Kuyesera kwawo kunawonetsa kuti kufotokozera kwa Arabidopsis BBM kapena WUS kokha sikukwanira kuyambitsa kusiyana kwa maselo m'mitsempha ya masamba a fodya. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kufotokozera kwa BBM yowonjezereka bwino komanso WUS yosinthidwa bwino kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwapadera kwapadera. Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito PCR, maselo a masamba osinthika amasiyana kukhala callus (maselo osakonzedwa bwino), kapangidwe kobiriwira ngati ziwalo ndi masamba owonjezera. Kusanthula kwa kuchuluka kwa polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera zolemba za majini, kunawonetsa kuti kufotokozera kwa Arabidopsis BBM ndi WUS kumagwirizana ndi kupangika kwa calli ndi mphukira za transgenic.
Poganizira za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya ma phytohormones pakugawa ndi kusiyanitsa maselo, ofufuzawo adayeza kuchuluka kwa ma phytohormones asanu ndi limodzi, omwe ndi auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) ndi ma metabolites ake mu mbewu za zomera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi majini. Zotsatira zawo zidawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa active auxin, cytokinin, ABA, ndi GA yosagwira ntchito kumawonjezeka pamene maselo amasiyana m'zigawo, zomwe zikuwonetsa ntchito zawo pakusiyanitsa maselo a zomera ndi organogenesis.
Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito RNA sequencing transcriptomes, njira yowunikira momwe majini amagwirira ntchito komanso kuchuluka, kuti ayese momwe majini amagwirira ntchito m'maselo a transgenic omwe amawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa ntchito. Zotsatira zawo zidawonetsa kuti majini okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo ndi auxin adachulukitsidwa m'majini olamulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kwina pogwiritsa ntchito qPCR kudawonetsa kuti maselo a transgenic adakulitsa kapena kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa majini anayi, kuphatikiza majini omwe amawongolera kusiyanasiyana kwa maselo a zomera, kagayidwe kachakudya, organogenesis, ndi yankho la auxin.
Ponseponse, zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa njira yatsopano komanso yosinthasintha yokonzanso zomera yomwe siifuna kugwiritsa ntchito PCR kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu ingatithandize kumvetsetsa bwino njira zoyambira zosiyanitsira maselo a zomera ndikupititsa patsogolo kusankha mitundu yothandiza ya zomera pogwiritsa ntchito biotechnology.
Pofotokoza momwe ntchito yake ingagwiritsire ntchito, Dr. Ikawa anati, “Dongosolo lomwe lanenedwali likhoza kupititsa patsogolo kuswana kwa zomera mwa kupereka chida chothandizira kusiyanitsa maselo a zomera zosinthika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito PCR. Chifukwa chake, zomera zosinthika zisanavomerezedwe ngati zinthu, anthu azifulumizitsa kuswana kwa zomera ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga.”
Za Pulofesa Wothandizira Tomoko Igawa Dr. Tomoko Ikawa ndi pulofesa wothandizira ku Graduate School of Horticulture, Center for Molecular Plant Sciences, ndi Center for Space Agriculture and Horticulture Research, Chiba University, Japan. Zofufuza zake zikuphatikizapo kubereka ndi chitukuko cha zomera zogonana komanso biotechnology ya zomera. Ntchito yake imayang'ana kwambiri kumvetsetsa njira zamamolekyulu zoberekera ndi kusiyanitsa maselo a zomera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira majini. Ali ndi mabuku angapo m'magawo awa ndipo ndi membala wa Japan Society of Plant Biotechnology, Botanical Society of Japan, Japanese Plant Breeding Society, Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists, ndi International Society for the Study of Plant Sexual Reproduction.
Kusiyanitsa kodziyimira pawokha kwa maselo osinthika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni akunja: kufotokozera majini amkati ndi khalidwe la ma phytohormones
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Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-22-2024