Zomera Matenda ndi Tizilombo Tizilombo

Kuwonongeka kwa zomera chifukwa cha mpikisano wa udzu ndi tizirombo tina monga mavairasi, mabakiteriya, mafangasi, ndi tizilombo timasokoneza kwambiri zokolola zake ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuwononga mbewu.Masiku ano, zokolola zodalirika zimapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda, njira zopewera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo polimbana ndi matenda a zomera, tizilombo, udzu, ndi tizirombo tina.Mu 1983, ndalama zokwana madola 1.3 biliyoni zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula mankhwala ophera tizilombo—kupatulapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo—kuti ateteze ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ku matenda a zomera, nematode, ndi tizilombo.Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumaposa mtengowo.

Kwa zaka pafupifupi 100, kuswana kwa matenda kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazaulimi padziko lonse lapansi.Koma kupambana komwe kumapezeka mwa kuswana mbewu kumakhala kowoneka bwino ndipo kumatha kukhala kwanthawi yayitali.Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza momwe majini amagwirira ntchito, maphunziro nthawi zambiri amakhala mwachisawawa m'malo mofufuza molunjika.Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zilizonse zitha kukhala zanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo tina pomwe chidziwitso chatsopano cha majini chimayambitsidwa muzinthu zovuta za agroecological.

Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha zotsatira za kusintha kwa majini ndi mungu wosabala womwe umabzalidwa m'mitundu ikuluikulu ya chimanga kuti uthandizire kupanga mbewu yosakanizidwa.Zomera zomwe zili ndi cytoplasm ya ku Texas (T) imasamutsa khalidwe lachimuna losabalali kudzera mu cytoplasm;imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu wina wa mitochondrion.Zosadziwika kwa obereketsa, mitochondria iyi inalinso pachiwopsezo cha poizoni wopangidwa ndi bowa woyambitsa matenda.Helminthosporiummayidi.Chotulukapo chake chinali mliri wa choipitsa cha chimanga ku North America m’chilimwe cha 1970.

Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulukira mankhwala ophera tizilombo zakhala zamphamvu kwambiri.Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chochepa kapena chosakhalapo kale pamachitidwe, mankhwala amayesedwa kuti asankhe omwe amapha tizilombo, bowa, kapena udzu koma osawononga mbewu kapena chilengedwe.

Njira zamphamvu zathandiza kwambiri kuthana ndi tizirombo tina, makamaka udzu, matenda oyamba ndi fungus, ndi tizilombo, koma kulimbanako kumapitilirabe, chifukwa kusintha kwa majini mu tizirombozi kumatha kubwezeretsanso kuwononga kwawo pamtundu wamtundu wosamva kapena kupangitsa kuti tizirombo zisamva mankhwala ophera tizilombo. .Chimene chikusoweka pa kutha kwa chiwopsezo ndi kukana kumeneku ndikumvetsetsa bwino zamoyo ndi zomera zomwe zimawononga.Monga chidziwitso cha tizirombo-ma genetics, biochemistry, ndi physiology, omwe amawasungira ndi kuyanjana pakati pawo-kuwonjezeka, njira zowongolera bwino komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri zowononga tizilombo zidzapangidwa.

Mutuwu ukutchula njira zingapo zofufuzira kuti timvetsetse bwino njira zoyambira zamoyo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pothana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo.Biology ya mamolekyulu imapereka njira zatsopano zodzipatula komanso kuphunzira momwe majini amagwirira ntchito.Kukhalapo kwa zomera zomwe zimagwidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tizindikire ndikulekanitsa majini omwe amayendetsa mgwirizano pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Kafukufuku wokhudza mapangidwe abwino a majiniwa atha kuwonetsa zambiri za kuyanjana kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika pakati pa zamoyo ziwirizi komanso kuwongolera ma jiniwa mu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso m'matumbo a mmera.Ziyenera kukhala zotheka mtsogolomo kukonza njira ndi mwayi wosinthira mikhalidwe yofunikira kuti isakanidwe muzomera za mbewu, ndikupanganso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tingakhale owopsa motsutsana ndi udzu wosankhidwa kapena tizirombo ta arthropod.Kumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa neurobiology ya tizilombo ndi chemistry ndi machitidwe a modulating zinthu, monga mahomoni a endocrine omwe amayang'anira metamorphosis, diapause, ndi kubereka, adzatsegula njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda posokoneza thupi lawo ndi khalidwe lawo pazigawo zovuta kwambiri za moyo. .