Matenda a Zomera ndi Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda

Kuwonongeka kwa zomera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mpikisano wochokera ku udzu ndi tizilombo tina kuphatikizapo mavairasi, mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi tizilombo kumawononga kwambiri zokolola zawo ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuwononga mbewu kwathunthu. Masiku ano, zokolola zodalirika zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda, njira zowongolera zachilengedwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poletsa matenda a zomera, tizilombo, udzu, ndi tizilombo tina. Mu 1983, ndalama zokwana $1.3 biliyoni zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo—kupatula mankhwala ophera udzu—kuti ateteze ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kuchokera ku matenda a zomera, nsabwe, ndi tizilombo. Kutayika kwa mbewu komwe kungachitike popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumaposa mtengo umenewo.

Kwa zaka pafupifupi 100, kuswana kuti matenda asathe kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ulimi padziko lonse lapansi. Koma kupambana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuswana zomera kumakhala kochitika mwachidwi ndipo kungakhale kosakhalitsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso choyambira chokhudza momwe majini amagwirira ntchito kuti asathe kuswa, kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amakhala mwachisawawa osati kufufuza mwachindunji. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zilizonse zitha kukhala zazifupi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo tina pamene chidziwitso chatsopano cha majini chikulowetsedwa mu machitidwe ovuta a agroecological.

Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha zotsatira za kusintha kwa majini ndi khalidwe la mungu wosabala lomwe limaberekedwa m'mitundu yambiri ya chimanga kuti lithandize kupanga mbewu zosakanikirana. Zomera zomwe zili ndi Texas (T) cytoplasm zimasamutsa khalidwe losabala lachimunali kudzera mu cytoplasm; limagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu winawake wa mitochondrion. Obereketsa osadziwika, mitochondria iyi ilinso ndi chiopsezo cha poizoni wopangidwa ndi bowa woyambitsa matenda.HelminthosporiummaydisZotsatira zake zinali mliri wa matenda a chimanga ku North America m'chilimwe cha 1970.

Njira zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mankhwala ophera tizilombo zakhala zodziwika bwino. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chochepa kapena chopanda chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera, mankhwala amayesedwa kuti asankhe omwe amapha tizilombo tomwe tikufuna, bowa, kapena udzu koma osavulaza mbewu kapena chilengedwe.

Njira zoyesera zapanga chipambano chachikulu pakulamulira tizilombo tina, makamaka udzu, matenda a bowa, ndi tizilombo, koma kulimbanaku kukupitirirabe, popeza kusintha kwa majini mwa tizilomboti nthawi zambiri kumatha kubwezeretsa mphamvu zawo pa zomera zomwe sizimalimbana ndi tizilombo kapena kupangitsa tizilombo kukhala osalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chomwe chikusoweka mu kuzungulira kosatha kumeneku kwa kufooka ndi kukana ndi kumvetsetsa bwino za zamoyo ndi zomera zomwe zimaziukira. Pamene chidziwitso cha tizilombo—majini awo, biochemistry, ndi physiology, omwe amawalandira komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito—chimawonjezera njira zowongolera tizilombo, zoyendetsedwa bwino komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri zidzapangidwa.

Chaputala chino chikulongosola njira zingapo zofufuzira kuti timvetsetse bwino njira zazikulu zamoyo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyamwa zomera. Biology ya mamolekyu imapereka njira zatsopano zolekanitsira ndi kuphunzira momwe majini amagwirira ntchito. Kukhalapo kwa zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa komanso zosagonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toyamwa tizilombo ...