Nyerere zofiira (Solenopsis invicta) zakhala zikuwononga kwambiri ku United States kuyambira pamene zinapezeka m'magalimoto pakati pa 1933 ndi 1945. Kuluma kwawo kumabweretsa ululu waukulu ndipo kumawononga ndalama zoposa $8 biliyoni ku United States pachaka. Masiku ano, nyerere zofiira zimapezeka m'maboma 19, makamaka kum'mwera chakum'mawa, komanso ku California. Zimaberekanso zambiri ku Australia ndi China.
Mu 1958, dziko la United States linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa nyerere zoyaka moto kuti zisalowe m'dzikolo kuti zomera ndi zinthu zomwe zingafalitse tizilombozi zisayende. Ofufuza ambiri ndi akuluakulu amakhulupirira kuti kufalikira kwa nyerere zoyaka moto kumagwirizana ndi kunyamula mbande. Oyang'anira nazale kale ankapopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku mizu ya zomera kuti athetse nyerere zoyaka moto, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo (monga chlorpyrifos) tsopano kwachepa, ndipo mankhwala amenewa ndi okwera mtengo.
Gulu lofufuza kuchokera ku USDA Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, ndi Tennessee State University linaphunzira njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa nyerere zoyaka moto pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo osatha kupha tizilombo omwe amaikidwa pa mizu ya mbande.mankhwala ophera tizilombozimawonjezera chiopsezo chokumana ndi nyerere zoyaka moto ndipo zimatha kusamutsa zinthu zoopsa ku nyerere zina zomwe zili m'chisa. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, zomwe zidasindikizidwa mu Marichi mu Journal of Economic Entomology, zidawonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo osathamangitsidwa ndi motofipronilkuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyerere zamoto m'mizu ya mbande.
Ofufuzawo anaika magulu a nyerere zoyaka moto (kuphatikizapo nyerere zogwira ntchito, mazira, mphutsi, ziphuphu, ndi mfumukazi) m'mizere ya zomera za Buxus microphylla. Hafu ya mizere ya mizu inachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa bifenthrin. Mankhwala anayi osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo osatha—fipronil, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, ndi fipronil—kenako anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati owongolera, pamodzi ndi madzi. Zotsatira za kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo osatha zinafufuzidwanso, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo otsala popewa kufalikira kwa nyerere kunadziwika.
Fipronil inasonyeza mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yophera tizilombo, yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo yapakati pa 99.99%, kutsatiridwa ndi indoxacarb (99.33%) ndi imidacloprid (99.49%). Mankhwala anayi ophera tizilombo osathamangitsidwa awa ataphatikizidwa ndi bifenthrin, mphamvu yawo yophera tizilombo inachepa kwambiri (kupatula fipronil, yomwe inapeza mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo ya 94.29%). Pofuna kuyesa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito fipronil polimbana ndi tizilombo, ofufuzawo adayesa kuchuluka kochepa kwa tizilombo ndipo adapeza kuti mphamvu yophera tizilombo inachepetsedwa ndi kupitirira 90%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa fipronil kosiyanasiyana sikunakhudze kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa fipronil komwe kumalimbikitsidwa kunathandiza kupewa kufalikira kwa tizilombo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito theka la mlingo kunapangitsa kuti tizilombo tisakhalenso m'mizu ya zomera.
Ofufuzawo analemba kuti: “Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo osathamangitsidwa, dinotefuran (yokhala ndi kapena yopanda bifenthrin) inapereka njira yowongolera nthawi zonse pamlingo wodzipatula, ndipo 75% (8) ya mababu a mizu inatsala yopanda matenda. Mababu a mizu omwe amachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo osathamangitsidwa (imidacloprid, indoxacarb, ndi fipronil)… anali ndi chiŵerengero chosathamangitsidwa cha 0-38%.
Ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti fipronil ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa mankhwala awiri ophera tizilombo omwe adavomerezedwa motsatira malamulo aboma okhudza kudzipatula kwa nyerere—chlorpyrifos ndi bifenthrin. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa fipronil komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwapereka zotsatira zolimbikitsa, koma adalemba kuti, "Kuyesera kobwerezabwereza kukufunika kuti tidziwe bwino momwe kuchuluka kwa fipronil kumakhudzira kuchuluka kwa mababu a mizu omwe sanadwale komanso omwe ali ndi kachilomboka."
Komabe, fipronil yokha imabweretsanso nkhawa zina. Ndi yosungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, ndi yoopsa kwa njuchi (Apis mellifera), ndipo imatha kufalikira kudzera mumadzi othamanga, opopera, ndi zomera. Malamulo ndi zoletsa zolembera zilipo pakadali pano kuti achepetse mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo awa pa njuchi. Ofufuzawo adati, "Pa malo osungira ana, kugwiritsa ntchito fipronil kokha pamizu ya mitengo yodulidwa maluwa isanayambe maluwa kuyenera kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha njuchi." Adawonjezeranso kuti kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti adziwe njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo osathamangitsira kuti athetse nyerere zofiira.
"Mankhwala ophera tizilombo osathamangitsira tizilombo ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi nyerere zofiira (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) pa mbande zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa m'munda."
Andrew Porterfield is a writer, editor, and communications consultant working with academic institutions, companies, and nonprofits in the life sciences. He currently resides in Camario, California. You can connect with him on LinkedIn or by email at aporterfield17078@roadrunner.com.
Thanzi la njuchi limakhala bwino zikapanga propolis yambiri (utomoni wa sera womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka mng'oma). Kafukufuku watsopano adayesa njira zingapo zosavuta zomwe alimi a njuchi angagwiritse ntchito kuti awonjezere kupanga propolis mumng'oma.
Ben Puttler, pulofesa wopuma pantchito ku yunivesite ya Missouri komanso katswiri wa tizilombo, amadziwika osati chifukwa cha mbiri yake yothandiza polimbana ndi tizilombo towononga zachilengedwe zokha komanso chifukwa cha uphungu wake wochuluka kwa ophunzira ambiri a sayansi ya tizilombo ndi anzake. Mu ndemanga yobwerera m'mbuyo ya ntchito yake, anzake awiri akuganizira za zomwe Puttler adachita komanso zomwe adachita.
Kambuku wa khapra amawononga kwambiri tirigu wosungidwa ndipo ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimafunidwa kwambiri m'madoko ndi m'malire. Ofufuza aku Canada apeza kutentha komwe kumapha kambukuyu pamlingo uliwonse wa moyo wake, kuphatikizapo kutha kwa nthawi yopuma.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-13-2026
