Kulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana ndi mpikisano wotsutsana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Mabakiteriya amakula kukhala osatha ku mankhwala opha tizilombo, ndipo mavairasi amakula nthawi zonse kuti afalikire mofulumira. Matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo ndi malo ena omenyera nkhondo: tizilombo tokha tikukula kukhala osatha ku poizoni omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuti awaphe.
Makamaka, malungo ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu amapha anthu opitilira 600,000 pachaka. Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse,mankhwala ophera tizilombo—zida za mankhwala zopangidwa kuti ziphe udzudzu wa Anopheles womwe uli ndi kachilombo ka malungo—zagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi malungo.
Komabe, udzudzu umapanga njira zopezera izi mwachangumankhwala ophera tizilombo sagwira ntchito, zomwe zimaika anthu mamiliyoni ambiri pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda opatsirana. Kafukufuku wanga wofalitsidwa posachedwapa, wochitidwa ndi anzanga, akufotokoza chifukwa chake.
Monga katswiri wa majini osinthika, ndimaphunzira za kusankha kwachilengedwe—maziko a kusintha kwa majini. Kusintha kwa majini komwe kumathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo kumalowa m'malo mwa komwe kuli koipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu ya zamoyo isinthe. Mphamvu ya udzudzu wa Anopheles yosinthika ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, udzudzu wambiri wa Anopheles ku Africa unkakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa pyrethroid, omwe poyamba ankachokera ku chrysanthemums. Kulamulira udzudzu kunadalira kwambiri njira ziwiri zochokera ku pyrethroid: maukonde a udzudzu opangidwa ndi mankhwala ophera udzudzu kuti ateteze udzudzu wogona ndi mankhwala otsala ophera tizilombo pa makoma a nyumba. Njira ziwirizi zokha mwina zinaletsa milandu yoposa 500 miliyoni ya malungo pakati pa 2000 ndi 2015.
Komabe, udzudzu wochokera ku Ghana kupita ku Malawi tsopano nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamlingo wokwera nthawi 10 kuposa mlingo wakupha womwe unalipo kale. Kuwonjezera pa njira zothanirana ndi udzudzu wa Anopheles, ntchito zaulimi zitha kuyika udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa pyrethroid, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti udzudzuwo usagwirizane ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
M'madera ena a ku Africa, udzudzu wa Anopheles wakula mphamvu yolimbana ndi mitundu inayi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi malungo.
Udzudzu wa Anopheles ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a malungo zimapezekanso kunja kwa Africa, komwe kafukufuku wotsutsana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sapezeka kawirikawiri.
M'madera ambiri ku South America, udzudzu waukulu wa malungo ndi udzudzu wa Anopheles darlingi. Udzudzu uwu ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi udzudzu wa malungo ku Africa kotero kuti ukhoza kukhala wa mtundu wina—Nyssorhynchus. Pamodzi ndi anzanga ochokera kumayiko asanu ndi atatu, ndinasanthula majini a udzudzu woposa 1,000 wa Anopheles darlingi kuti ndimvetse kusiyanasiyana kwa majini awo, kuphatikizapo kusintha kulikonse komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu posachedwapa. Anzanga anasonkhanitsa udzudzu uwu kuchokera m'malo 16 kudutsa dera lalikulu kuyambira kugombe la Atlantic ku Brazil mpaka kugombe la Pacific la Andes ku Colombia.
Tinapeza kuti, monga achibale ake aku Africa, *Anopheles darlini* ali ndi majini osiyanasiyana kwambiri—kuposa nthawi 20 kuposa anthu—kusonyeza kuti pali anthu ambiri. Mitundu yokhala ndi majini ambiri chonchi imasintha bwino kuti igwirizane ndi mavuto atsopano. Anthu ambiri akachuluka chonchi, mwayi woti pakhale kusintha koyenera komwe kumapereka mwayi wofunikira umawonjezeka. Kusintha kumeneku kukayamba kufalikira, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa udzudzu, ngakhale kufa mwachisawawa kwa udzudzu wochepa sikudzapangitsa kuti uwonongeke kwathunthu.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwombankhanga cha mtundu wa bald, chochokera ku United States, sichinakhalepo ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa DDT ndipo pamapeto pake chinatsala pang'ono kutha. Mphamvu ya tizilombo mamiliyoni ambiri yosinthika imaposa kwambiri mphamvu ya mbalame zikwi zochepa chabe. Ndipotu, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, taona zizindikiro za kusintha kwa majini komwe kumakhudzana ndi kukana mankhwala mu udzudzu wa Anopheles darlini.
Mankhwala otchedwa Pyrethroids ndi DDT, pakati pa mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, amagwira ntchito pa cholinga chomwecho cha mamolekyu: njira za ion zomwe zimatha kutseguka ndi kutsekedwa m'maselo a mitsempha. Pamene njirazi zatseguka, maselo a mitsempha amalimbikitsa maselo ena. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakakamiza njirazi kuti zikhalebe zotseguka ndikupitiriza kutumiza zizindikiro, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tizifa ziwalo. Komabe, tizilombo titha kukhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo mwa kusintha mawonekedwe a njirazo.
Kafukufuku wakale wa majini wochitidwa ndi asayansi ena, komanso kafukufuku wathu, sanapeze mtundu uwu wa kukana mu Anopheles darlini. M'malo mwake, tinapeza kuti kukana kumachitika mwanjira ina: kudzera mu gulu la majini omwe amalemba ma enzyme omwe amaswa mankhwala oopsa. Kuchita kwambiri kwa ma enzyme awa, omwe amadziwika kuti P450s, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kukula kwa kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwa udzudzu wina. Kuyambira pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunayamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, gulu lomweli la majini a P450 lasintha padera kasanu ndi kawiri ku South America.
Ku French Guiana, gulu lina la majini a P450 linawonetsanso njira yofanana yosinthira zinthu, zomwe zikutsimikiziranso mgwirizano wapakati pa ma enzyme awa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene udzudzu unayikidwa m'zidebe zotsekedwa ndikuyikidwa pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid, kusiyana kwa majini a P450 pakati pa udzudzu pawokha kunagwirizana ndi nthawi yawo yopulumuka.
Ku South America, ma kampeni akuluakulu oletsa malungo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo anali ochitika mwa apo ndi apo ndipo mwina sanali omwe amachititsa kuti udzudzu uyambe kufalikira. M'malo mwake, udzudzu mwina unakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'njira ina. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, tinaona zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za kusintha kwa zinthu m'madera omwe ulimi unkakula.
Ngakhale kuti katemera watsopano wabwera komanso kupita patsogolo kwina polimbana ndi malungo m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchepetsa udzudzu kudakali kofunika kwambiri pochepetsa kufalikira kwa malungo.
Mayiko angapo akuyesa ukadaulo wa majini kuti athane ndi malungo. Ukadaulo uwu umaphatikizapo kusintha majini a udzudzu kuti achepetse chiwerengero chawo kapena kuchepetsa kukana kwawo ku matenda a malungo. Ngakhale kuti kusinthasintha kwa udzudzu kungakhale kovuta, koma chiyembekezo chili bwino.
Ine ndi anzanga tikugwira ntchito yokonza njira zodziwira kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kusanthula majini akadali kofunikira kwambiri kuti tizindikire mayankho atsopano kapena osayembekezereka a kusintha kwa zinthu. Chiwopsezo chosintha zinthu chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri pakapita nthawi yayitali komanso mosankha kwambiri; chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa, kusintha, ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungathandize kupewa kukula kwa kukana mankhwala.
Kuyang'anira bwino komanso mayankho oyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi kusintha kwa kusamva mankhwala. Mosiyana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu, anthu amatha kuneneratu za mtsogolo.
Jacob A. Tennessen adalandira ndalama kuchokera ku National Institutes of Health kudzera mu Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health ndi Broad Institute.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-21-2026
