Mu mphesa za patebulo, kuphatikizapo mtundu wachikazi wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi, mawonekedwe a gulu ndi kukula kwa zipatso ndizofunikira kwambiri. Komabe, kulima mphesa iyi kumakumana ndi mavuto angapo, monga kutsika kwa zipatso za zipatso ndi zipatso za dwarf, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zokolola zichepe komanso mtengo wake ukhale wotsika. Kutsika kwa zipatso za zipatso ndi vuto lalikulu pa mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsatira za 0, 30, 60, ndi 90 mg/L⁻¹ GA₃ ndi 0 ndi 1.5% HKO₃ pakutulutsa mungu wa mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi pansi pa mikhalidwe yotseguka komanso yowongoleredwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina adawunikanso zotsatira za magwero a mungu (Siah-e-Shiraz, Askari, Rotabi, Rishbaba, ndi Aatabaki) pakutulutsa mungu wa mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti, kupatula mtundu wa Atabaki, mungu wochokera ku mitundu ina udakulitsa zokolola za zipatso ndi mungu mu mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi. Ponseponse, kuphatikiza kwa 30 mg/Lgibberellin (GA₃)ndipo 1.5% potaziyamu nitrate (KNO₃) inali ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kwambiri pa ubwino ndi zokolola za zipatso ndi mtolo.
Mtundu uwu ndi wofunika kwambiri ku Iran ndi chigawo cha Fars chifukwa cha kutsitsimuka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa anthocyanin. Mphesa za Siah-e-Samarkhandi zimakula m'nyengo youma, ndipo mvula yapakati imayambira 300 mpaka 450 mm m'madera osiyanasiyana a chigawocho. Chifukwa mawonekedwe a gulu la mphesa ndi kukula kwa zipatso ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zikhale zatsopano, pali mavuto angapo, monga kukula kosasinthasintha kwa zipatso, mtundu wosauka wa gulu, komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa zipatso pa gulu lililonse (chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zipatso), zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola.³ Chotsitsa cha mbewu za mphesa chodyedwa chingakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zamoyo, kuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ngati ma antioxidants achilengedwe, zotetezera, ndi zotsukira chakudya, potero kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toopsa.
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Ponena za kuyanjana kwa mitundu ya mphesa, mitundu yambiri imagwirizana yokha ndipo imadzipangira yokha mungu. Kuthira feteleza m'maluwa otsekedwa kumachitika kawirikawiri m'mphesa. Ngakhale pali zosiyana, sizimachitika kawirikawiri; mitundu ina imagwirizana yokha. Kubereka zipatso ndi ubwino wake zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu ndi biology yobereka ya mtundu wa mphesa. Kukula kwathunthu kwa ziwalo za maluwa ndi kupanga mungu woyenera wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kumera ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kubereka. Kumera kwa mungu kumadalira mitundu, zakudya, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yomera mungu imasiyana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gibberellin mu mphesa zatsopano zopanda mbewu kungapangitse kukula kwa zipatso kukhala kwakukulu pamene zipatso zikumera. 8.
Popeza mphesa zimalimidwa bwino kwambiri, kupeza njira zoyenera zowonjezerera ubwino wake n'kofunika kwambiri. Mankhwala a mungu anachitika pa mitundu monga Siah-e-Shiraz ndi ina, chifukwa mankhwalawa adapangitsa kuti mungu umere bwino (deta sinaperekedwe). Kuyika mungu uwu (mungu wathanzi ndi gwero lolemera la auxin ndi GA3) pamtundu wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi ndipo kumera kwawo kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa mazira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mahomoni awa apangidwe kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake, zipatso zipangidwe. Kupezeka kwa mungu wathanzi mu chipatso kumabweretsa kupangika kwa mbewu zathanzi (Zithunzi 1A-F). Cholinga chachikulu cha kuyesera kumeneku chinali kufufuza zomwe zimayambitsa kusweka kwa zipatso za mphesa ndi momwe mankhwala monga gibberellin (GA3) ndi potassium nitrate (KNO3) amagwirira ntchito komanso kupopera mungu poletsa kapena kuchepetsa vutoli mu mtundu wa mphesa wa Siah-e-Samarkhandi.
Kuyesera kumeneku kunachitika kwa zaka ziwiri (2021-2022) ku munda wa mpesa wothiridwa ndi mvula m'mudzi wa Khoral, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Shiraz, Iran (35 km kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Shiraz, 29°57′ N, 52°14′ S). Derali lili ndi nyengo yoziziritsa komanso yozizira yokhala ndi mvula ya pachaka ya 450 mm ndi dothi lopangidwa ndi dongo. Mipesa inabzalidwa mtunda wa mamita 3.5 m'mizere ndi mamita 4 pakati pa mipesa iliyonse. Munda wa mpesa sunali wothiriridwa (ulimi wothiriridwa ndi mvula). Kusonkhanitsa zomera kunatsatira malangizo ndi malamulo oyenera a mabungwe, dziko, ndi mayiko ena ndipo kunaloledwa ndi kampani yamalonda yolima minda mogwirizana ndi Shiraz University.
Kuyesera koyamba ndi kwachiwiri kunagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka factorial kochokera pa kapangidwe ka block mwachisawawa ndipo kunabwerezedwa kanayi.
Kuyesera kwachitatu kunakhudza kupopera mbewu za mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarghandi pogwiritsa ntchito mungu wochokera ku mitundu isanu (Rotabi, Rishbaba, Askari, Atabaki, ndi Siah-e-Shiraz). Mungu wochokera ku mtundu wa Siah-e-Samarghandi unagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mbewuzi ndipo unagwira ntchito ngati wolamulira mu kuyesaku.
Munthawi ya maluwa a mtundu uliwonse wa mphesa wa Siah-e-Samarghandi, mungu wochokera ku mitundu iyi unayikidwa pa maluwa anayi osankhidwa. Tsiku limodzi kapena atatu maluwa asanatuluke, maluwa osankhidwawo anaikidwa m'matumba a mapepala. Maluwa makumi awiri mphambu asanu pa zana a mtundu wobereketsa anaikidwa m'matumba. Masiku khumi mpaka khumi ndi anayi pambuyo pa maluwa, matumba onse a mapepala anachotsedwa m'ma inflorescence.
Pambuyo pokolola zipatso (zochuluka za mphesa zosungunuka ≥16%), zokolola za mphesa zinkayesedwa payekhapayekha. Magulu asanu ndi atatu (anayi osungidwa m'matumba, ena onse osasungidwa m'matumba) kenako anasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera mbali zinayi za mpesa ndikusamutsidwira ku labotale ya physiological ya Dipatimenti ya Ulimi, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, kuti akafotokoze kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la mphesazo.
Kuchuluka kwa zipatso kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatirayi powerenga kuchuluka kwa maluwa masiku 10 maluwa asanayambe kuphuka ndi kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zinapangidwa masiku 10 maluwa atayamba kuphuka.
Mu zoyeserera ziwiri zoyambirira, zipatso 10 zinasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera mu gulu lililonse; mu zoyeserera zachitatu, zipatso 50 zinasankhidwa. Chiwerengero cha mbewu mu chipatso chilichonse chinawerengedwa, ndipo chiwerengero chapakati cha mbewu pa chipatso chilichonse mu gulu lililonse la mankhwala chinawerengedwa.
Kuti mudziwe mankhwala a phenolic, chotsitsa cha madzi a zipatso chinachepetsedwa ndi 1:1 ndi 80% methanol. Kenako, 100 μl ya chotsitsa cha ethanol chinasakanizidwa ndi 400 μl ya phosphate buffer ndi 2.5 ml ya Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma-Aldrich). Patatha mphindi imodzi, 2 ml ya yankho la sodium carbonate la 7.5% linawonjezedwa ku chisakanizocho, ndipo chitsanzocho chinayikidwa pa 25°C kwa mphindi 5. Kenako kuyamwa kunayesedwa pa 760 nm pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Inc., USA). Zotsatira zake zimafotokozedwa ngati ma milligram a gallic acid pa 100 g ya kulemera kwatsopano, ndi gallic acid yogwiritsidwa ntchito.asmuyezo.
Kuchuluka kwa anthocyanin kunadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana ya pH pogwiritsa ntchito ma buffer awiri osiyana: 25 mM KCl buffer pa pH 1.0 ndi 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer pa pH 4.5. Chitsanzo chilichonse chinayikidwa mu ma buffer onse awiri kwa mphindi 15, ndipo kuyamwa kunayesedwa pa 510 nm ndi 700 nm, ndi ma replica asanu pa chitsanzo chilichonse. Kuchuluka kwa anthocyanin konse kunadziwika malinga ndi njira ya Sabir et al.
Ntchito yoletsa kuwononga okosijenichinali chotsimikizikapogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH). Njira yeniyeni inali motere: 100 ml ya madzi a zipatso anachepetsedwa ndi methanol ndi madzi pa chiŵerengero cha 1:100. Chotsitsacho chinasakanizidwa ndi 2 ml ya yankho la 0.1 mM DPPH mu methanol. Pambuyo pa mphindi 30, kuyamwa kwa yankho lomwe linatuluka kunayesedwa pa 517 nm pogwiritsa ntchito Cecil 2010 UV spectrophotometer. Kuyamwa kwa ma free radical a DPPH popanda chotsitsa kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera. Ntchito ya antioxidant inawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatirayi:
Kuyesera kumeneku kunagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kosankhidwa mwachisawawa, kobwerezabwereza katatu (kubwereza kulikonse kunali ndi magulu anayi). Deta inasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SAS 9.1, ndipo mayeso a Tukey adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza njira pamlingo wofunikira wa 0.05. Mapu otentha a magulu adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya R yowunikira ma multivariate.
Poyerekeza ndi mankhwala odzipangira okha (14.97%), mtengo wa TSS wophatikizana mu Atabaqui unali 16.93%, zomwe ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa mankhwala ena ndi mankhwala odzipangira okha (Chithunzi 4B).
Mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yoteteza ku ma antioxidants inawonedwa ndi kudzipangira mungu (55.78%), pomwe yochepa kwambiri inawonedwa ndi mungu wa atabaca (18.88%) ndi askari (31.54%). Mankhwala ena sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lolamulira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-08-2026
