Mukuyang'ana njira ina yopangira mankhwala a neonicotinoid?Alejandro Calixto, mkulu wa Cornell University's Integrated Pest Management Programme, adagawana nzeru paulendo waposachedwa wa mbewu zachilimwe wochitidwa ndi New York Corn and Soybean Growers Association ku Rodman Lott & Sons Farm.
"Kuphatikizika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira yochokera ku sayansi yomwe imayang'ana pa kupewa kwa nthawi yaitali kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kuwonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira," adatero Calixto.
Amawona famuyo ngati malo okhudzana ndi chilengedwe, ndipo dera lililonse limakhudza linzake.Koma iyinso si njira yofulumira.
Kuthana ndi zovuta za tizirombo pogwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe kophatikizana ndi tizilombo kumatenga nthawi, adatero.Vuto linalake likatha, ntchitoyo simatha.
IPM ndi chiyani?Izi zitha kuphatikiza machitidwe aulimi, ma genetics, kuwongolera kwamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe, komanso kasamalidwe ka malo.Ntchitoyi imayamba ndikuzindikira tizirombo, kuyang'anira ndi kulosera tizirombo, kusankha njira ya IPM, ndikuwunika zotsatira za izi.
Calixto adatcha anthu a IPM omwe adagwira nawo ntchito, ndipo adapanga gulu lokhala ngati SWAT lomwe limalimbana ndi tizirombo ngati misala ya chimanga.
"Zimakhala zadongosolo, zimatengedwa ndi minyewa ya zomera ndikudutsa m'mitsempha," adatero Calixto.“Zisungunuka m’madzi ndipo zikaikidwa m’nthaka zimatengedwa ndi zomera.Awa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akumalimbana ndi tizirombo tofunika kwambiri.”
Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakhalanso kotsutsana, ndipo ma neonicotinoids a boma atha kukhala osaloledwa ku New York.Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Senate idapereka lamulo lotchedwa Birds and Bees Protection Act, lomwe lingaletse bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zokutidwa ndi neon m'boma.Gov. Kathy Hochul sanasayinebe biluyo, ndipo sizikudziwika kuti apanga liti.
Mphutsi ya chimanga ndiyomwe imalimbana ndi tizilombo tosasunthika chifukwa imadutsa mosavuta.Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, ntchentche zazikulu zimatuluka ndi kuberekana.Akazi amayikira mazira m'nthaka, posankha malo "okondedwa", monga nthaka yomwe ili ndi zinthu zowola, minda yodzala ndi manyowa kapena zophimba, kapena kumene zomera zina zimabzalidwa.Anapiyewo amadya njere zomwe zangophukira kumene, monga chimanga ndi soya.
Chimodzi mwa izo ndikugwiritsa ntchito "misampha yomata ya buluu" pafamu.Zomwe akugwira ntchito ndi katswiri wa mbewu za Cornell Extension Mike Stanyard akuwonetsa mtundu wa misampha.
Chaka chatha, ofufuza aku University of Cornell adayang'ana minda m'mafamu 61 kuti apeze zokolola za chimanga.Detayo idawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mbewu za chimanga mu misampha ya mbozi za buluu kunali pafupi ndi 500, pomwe chiwerengero chonse cha mbewu za chimanga mu misampha ya yellow fall fall of armyworm chinangopitirira 100.
Njira ina yodalirika ya neon ndikuyika misampha ya nyambo m'minda.Calixto adati njuchi za chimanga zimakopeka kwambiri ndi nyemba zofufumitsa, zomwe zinali zabwinoko kuposa nyambo zina zoyesedwa (zotsalira za nyemba, chakudya cha mafupa, chakudya cha nsomba, manyowa amadzimadzi a mkaka, chakudya cha nyama ndi zokopa)..
Kulosera nthawi yomwe mphutsi za chimanga zidzatulukire kungathandize alimi odziwa zambiri za kasamalidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti akonzekere bwino zomwe angayankhe.Yunivesite ya Cornell yapanga chida cholosera mphutsi za seed corn—newa.cornell.edu/seedcorn-maggot—chomwe chili pa mayeso a beta.
"Izi zimathandiza kuneneratu ngati mukufunika kuyitanitsa mbewu zochizira mu kugwa," adatero Calixto.
Njira ina yochizira mbewu ndi mbewu yothiridwa ndi methyl jasmonate, yomwe mu labotale imatha kupangitsa kuti mbewu zisamve kudyetsedwa kwa chimanga.Deta yoyambirira ikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha mphutsi za chimanga zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
Njira zina zogwira mtima ndi monga diamides, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, ndi spinosad.Zomwe zimayambira zikuwonetsa kuti mphutsi zonse zowongolera mbewu za chimanga zimafaniziridwa ndi minda yomwe ili ndi mbewu yosadulidwa.
Chaka chino, gulu la Calixto likumaliza kuyesa kwa wowonjezera kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito methyl jasmonate kudziwa kuyankha kwa mlingo ndi chitetezo cha mbewu.
Iye anati: “Tikuyang’ananso zofunda.Mbewu zina zovundikira zimakopa mitsuko ya chimanga.Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kubzala mbewu zovundikira tsopano ndi kuzibzala kale.Chaka chino tikuwonanso chimodzimodzi, koma sitikudziwa chifukwa chake.
Chaka chamawa, gululi likukonzekera kuphatikizira mapangidwe atsopano a misampha m'mayesero a m'munda ndikukulitsa chida chowopsa kuti chiphatikizepo malo, mbewu zophimba, ndi mbiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;mayesero a m'munda a methyl jasmonate ndi chithandizo cha mbewu zachikhalidwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga diamide ndi spinosad;ndikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito methyl jasmonate ngati chowumitsa mbewu cha chimanga choyenera alimi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-14-2023