Mukufuna njira ina m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa neonicotinoid? Alejandro Calixto, mkulu wa Cornell University's Integrated Pest Management Program, adagawana nzeru zake paulendo waposachedwa wachilimwe wokonzedwa ndi New York Corn and Soybean Growers Association ku Rodman Lott & Sons Farm.
"Kuyang'anira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ndi njira yochokera ku sayansi yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kupewa kufalikira kapena kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana," adatero Calixto.
Amaona famuyi ngati malo ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, ndipo dera lililonse limakhudza lina. Koma iyi si njira yachangu yothetsera vutoli.
Iye anati kuthetsa mavuto a tizilombo kudzera mu njira yosamalira tizilombo m'njira yogwirizana kumatenga nthawi. Vuto linalake likathetsedwa, ntchitoyo siimatha.
Kodi IPM ndi chiyani? Izi zitha kuphatikizapo njira zaulimi, majini, njira zowongolera mankhwala ndi zamoyo, komanso kasamalidwe ka malo okhala. Njirayi imayamba ndi kuzindikira tizilombo, kuyang'anira ndi kulosera tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matendawa, kusankha njira ya IPM, ndikuwunika zotsatira za zochita izi.
Calixto anatcha anthu a IPM omwe ankagwira nawo ntchito, ndipo anapanga gulu lofanana ndi la SWAT lomwe linkalimbana ndi tizilombo towononga monga chimanga.
“Ndi zamoyo zonse, zimatengedwa ndi minofu ya zomera ndikuyenda m’mitsempha yamagazi,” anatero Calixto. “Zimasungunuka m’madzi ndipo zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nthaka zimatengedwa ndi zomera. Izi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amalimbana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tofunika.”
Koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakhala kotsutsana, ndipo mankhwala a neonicotinoids a boma posachedwa akhoza kukhala osaloledwa ku New York. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe chino, Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi Senate adapereka lamulo lotchedwa Birds and Bees Protection Act, lomwe lingaletse kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zophimbidwa ndi neon m'boma. Bwanamkubwa Kathy Hochul sanasainire lamuloli, ndipo sizikudziwika kuti adzachita liti.
Mphutsi ya chimanga yokha ndi tizilombo toopsa chifukwa imamera mosavuta m'nyengo yozizira. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, ntchentche zazikulu zimatuluka ndikuberekana. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira m'nthaka, posankha malo omwe "amakonda", monga nthaka yokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimawola, minda yothiridwa feteleza kapena mbewu zophimba, kapena komwe nyemba zina zimalimidwa. Anapiye amadya mbewu zatsopano, kuphatikizapo chimanga ndi soya.
Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito "misampha yabuluu yomata" pafamu. Deta yoyamba yomwe akugwira ntchito ndi katswiri wa zokolola m'munda wa Cornell Extension, Mike Stanyard, ikusonyeza kuti mtundu wa misampha ndi wofunika.
Chaka chatha, ofufuza a ku Cornell University adafufuza minda m'mafamu 61 kuti awone ngati pali mphutsi za chimanga. Detayo inasonyeza kuti chiwerengero chonse cha mphutsi za chimanga zomwe zili mu misampha ya mphutsi zabuluu chinali pafupifupi 500, pomwe chiwerengero chonse cha mphutsi za chimanga zomwe zili mu misampha ya mphutsi za yellow autumn chinali choposa 100.
Njira ina yabwino kwambiri yopezera nyambo ndiyo kuyika misampha yoikidwa nyambo m'minda. Calixto anati mbewu za chimanga zimakopeka kwambiri ndi alfalfa yophikidwa, yomwe inali njira yabwino kuposa nyambo zina zomwe zinayesedwa (zotsalira za alfalfa, ufa wa mafupa, ufa wa nsomba, ndowe za mkaka zamadzimadzi, ufa wa nyama ndi zinthu zokopa zopangidwa).
Kuneneratu nthawi yomwe mphutsi za chimanga zidzaonekera kungathandize alimi odziwa bwino za kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tosakanikirana bwino kukonzekera bwino momwe angayankhire. Cornell University yapanga chida cholosera mphutsi za chimanga—newa.cornell.edu/seedcorn-maggot—chomwe pakadali pano chikuyesedwa beta.
"Izi zimathandiza kudziwa ngati muyenera kuyitanitsa mbewu zokonzedwa nthawi ya autumn," adatero Calixto.
Chithandizo china cha mbewu ndi mbewu zomwe zimapatsidwa mankhwala a methyl jasmonate, omwe m'ma labotale angapangitse kuti zomera zisalandire chakudya cha chimanga. Deta yoyamba ikusonyeza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha mphutsi za chimanga zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
Njira zina zothandiza ndi monga ma diamides, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, ndi spinosad. Deta yoyamba ikusonyeza kuti mphutsi zonse za mbewu za chimanga zoletsa zimayerekezeredwa ndi malo omwe mbewuzo sizinalandire chithandizo.
Chaka chino, gulu la Calixto likumaliza kuyesa kwa greenhouse pogwiritsa ntchito methyl jasmonate kuti lidziwe momwe mbewu zimayankhira komanso momwe zimakhalira bwino.
“Tikufunanso zophimba,” iye anatero. “Mbewu zina zophimba zimakopa mbewu za chimanga. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kubzala mbewu zophimba tsopano ndi kuzibzala kale. Chaka chino tikuwona njira yofanana, koma sitikudziwa chifukwa chake.”
Chaka chamawa, gululi likukonzekera kuphatikiza mapangidwe atsopano a misampha m'mayesero akumunda ndikukulitsa chida chowopsa kuti chiphatikizepo malo, mbewu zophimba, ndi mbiri ya tizilombo kuti ziwongolere chitsanzocho; kuyesa m'munda kwa methyl jasmonate ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe a mbewu ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga diamide ndi spinosad; ndi kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito methyl jasmonate ngati chowumitsira mbewu za chimanga choyenera alimi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-14-2023