Udzudzu umapezeka chaka chilichonse, kodi munthu angaupewe bwanji? Kuti apewe kuzunzidwa ndi zolengedwa zoyamwa magazizi, anthu akhala akupanga njira zosiyanasiyana zodzitetezera. Kuyambira chitetezo chopanda mphamvu monga maukonde a udzudzu ndi zotchingira pawindo, mpaka kuukira kogwira ntchito ndimankhwala ophera tizilombondi mankhwala othamangitsa udzudzu, mankhwala opopera tizilombo omwe sagwira ntchito bwino koma otchuka, ku mankhwala atsopano oyambitsa matenda a udzudzu - lamba wothamangitsa udzudzu - womwe uli m'gulu lina, ndi gulu liti mwa maguluwa lomwe lingapeze chitetezo chenicheni komanso kugwira ntchito bwino?
1.Pyrethroid——Chida champhamvu chochotseratu zinthu mwachangu
Njira zothetsera udzudzu zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kuchotsa mwachangu ndi kuteteza popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Pakati pawo, sukulu yochotsa mwachangu yakhala ndi mbiri yakale ndipo zotsatira zake ndizodziwikiratu. Pakati pa mankhwala ochotsa udzudzu apakhomo monga ma coil a udzudzu, mapepala a udzudzu otentha amagetsi, madzi a udzudzu otentha amagetsi, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zosakaniza zazikulu zogwira ntchito ndi pyrethroids. Ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amatha kulamulira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yopha tizilombo mwamphamvu. Njira yake yogwirira ntchito ndikusokoneza dongosolo la mitsempha la tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tisinthe kuchokera ku chisangalalo, kugwedezeka mpaka kufa ziwalo ndi kufa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzudzu, kuti muphe bwino udzudzu, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kusunga malo obisika mkati kuti mukhale ndi kuchuluka kokhazikika kwa pyrethroids.
Ubwino wodziwika bwino wa pyrethroids ndi mphamvu yawo yapamwamba. Amatha kupha udzudzu ndi kuchuluka kochepa. Ngakhale kuti pyrethroids imatha kusinthidwa ndikutulutsidwa pambuyo poti yapumidwa ndi thupi la munthu, imakhalabe ndi poizoni pang'ono ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zina pa dongosolo la mitsempha ya anthu. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse zizindikiro monga chizungulire, mutu, kumva kosazolowereka kwa mitsempha, komanso ngakhale kufooka kwa mitsempha. Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othamangitsa udzudzu mukagona, ndibwino kuti musawaike pafupi ndi mutu wa bedi kuti mupewe kupuma mpweya wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa pyrethroids ndikuyambitsa kusasangalala.
Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a aerosol nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zovulaza. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la ziwengo ayenera kusamala akamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a aerosol. Mwachitsanzo, mutatha kupopera mankhwala okwanira, tulukani m'chipindamo nthawi yomweyo ndikutseka zitseko ndi mawindo. Dikirani kwa maola angapo musanabwererenso kudzatsegula mawindo kuti mpweya ulowe. Mwanjira imeneyi, kupha udzudzu komanso chitetezo zitha kutsimikizika.
Malinga ndi mfundo zoyenera za "Pesticide Management Regulations" m'dziko muno, chinthu chilichonse choletsa, kuchotsa kapena kulamulira udzudzu, ntchentche, ndi zina zotero, chomwe chimanena kuti chili ndi zotsatira za "kupha udzudzu" kapena "zoletsa udzudzu" chiyenera kukhala ndi nambala ya satifiketi yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikulemba poizoni pa phukusi. Chifukwa chake, apa tikupangira kuti pogula zinthu zophera udzudzu kapena zoletsa udzudzu, aliyense ayenera kudziwa nambala ya satifiketi yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Pakadali pano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa pyrethroid omwe amapezeka pamsika makamaka ndi tetrafluoroethyl pyrethroid ndi chlorofluoroethyl pyrethroid. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chlorofluoroethyl pyrethroid ndi yothandiza kwambiri pogwetsa udzudzu kuposa tetrafluoroethyl pyrethroid, koma tetrafluoroethyl pyrethroid ndi yotetezeka pankhani ya chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, pogula zinthu zoletsa udzudzu, munthu angasankhe mwapadera kutengera ogwiritsa ntchito. Kwa mabanja opanda ana, zinthu zomwe zili ndi chlorofluoroethyl pyrethroid ndizothandiza kwambiri; ngati pali ana m'banjamo, ndiye kuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi tetrafluoroethyl pyrethroid ndizotetezeka.
2. Mankhwala opopera tizilombo ndi zakumwa zopopera udzudzu——Amakutetezani mwa kunyenga fungo la udzudzu
Pambuyo pokamba za kupha anthu mwachangu, tiyeni tsopano tikambirane za chitetezo chosachitapo kanthu. Sukuluyi ikufanana pang'ono ndi "Golden Bell Cover, Iron Sheet" m'mabuku a Jin Yong. Sichita nawo nkhondo mwachindunji ndi udzudzu koma m'malo mwake imagwiritsa ntchito njira zina kuti "zolengedwa zoyamwa magazi" izi zisakhale kutali ndi ife ndikuzipatula kunja kwa malo otetezeka.
Pakati pawo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zakumwa zophera udzudzu ndizo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundo yawo yophera udzudzu ndi kuwapopera pakhungu ndi zovala, pogwiritsa ntchito fungo losasangalatsa lomwe udzudzu sukonda kapena kupanga gawo loteteza pakhungu kuti lisokoneze fungo la udzudzu, kuwaletsa kununkhiza fungo lapadera lomwe limachokera m'thupi la munthu, motero zimapangitsa kuti udzudzu usatuluke.
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala opopera madzi a maluwa, omwe alinso ndi mphamvu ya "kuthamangitsa udzudzu", ndi mafuta onunkhira opangidwa ndi mafuta a maluwa ngati chosakaniza chachikulu cha fungo ndi mowa ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito zake zazikulu ndikuchotsa dothi, kupha mabakiteriya, kupewa ziphuphu ndi kuchepetsa kuyabwa. Ngakhale kuti amathanso kukhala ndi mphamvu inayake yoletsa udzudzu, poyerekeza ndi mankhwala opopera tizilombo ndi madzi ochotsa udzudzu, ponse pawiri ponena za momwe ntchito ikuyendera komanso zosakaniza zake zazikulu, ndi zosiyana kwambiri, ndipo ziwirizi sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosinthana.
3. Manja ochotsa udzudzu ndi zigamba zochotsa udzudzu——Kaya zimagwira ntchito bwino kapena ayi zimadalira zinthu zazikulu zomwe zili mkati mwake
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera udzudzu pamsika yakhala yosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Zinthu zambiri zophera udzudzu zomwe zimavalidwa monga zigamba zophera udzudzu, zomangira zophera udzudzu, mawotchi ophera udzudzu, malamba ophera udzudzu, ndi zomangira zophera udzudzu zatchuka pakati pa anthu ambiri, makamaka makolo a ana, chifukwa sizifuna kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi khungu. Mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amamangirirana ndi thupi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito fungo lotuluka la mankhwalawa kuti apange gawo loteteza thupi lonse, zomwe zimasokoneza fungo la udzudzu, motero zimapangitsa kuti cholinga chophera udzudzu chikhale chovuta.
Pogula mankhwala ophera udzudzu amtunduwu, kuwonjezera pa kuwona nambala yolembetsera mankhwala ophera udzudzu, ndikofunikiranso kuwona ngati ali ndi zosakaniza zothandizadi ndikusankha mankhwala okhala ndi zosakaniza zoyenera komanso kuchuluka kwake malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso wogwiritsa ntchitoyo.
Pakadali pano, zosakaniza zinayi zotetezeka komanso zogwira mtima zochotsa udzudzu zomwe zalembetsedwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndipo zalimbikitsidwa ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi izi: DEET, Picaridin, IR3535/Immergen, ndi Lemon Eucalyptus Oil (OLE) kapena chotsitsa chake, Lemon Eucalyptol (PMD). Pakati pawo, zitatu zoyambirira ndi zopangidwa ndi mankhwala, pomwe chomalizacho ndi gawo lochokera ku zomera. Ponena za kugwira ntchito bwino, DEET ndi yothandiza kwambiri ndipo imakhala nthawi yayitali, Picaridin ndi IR3535/Immergen zimatsatira, ndipo nthawi yoti Lemon Eucalyptus Oil ikhale yofooka ndi yochepa.
Poganizira za chitetezo, popeza DEET imakwiyitsa khungu, nthawi zambiri timalimbikitsa kuti ana asankhe zinthu zomwe zili ndi DEET zosakwana 10%. Kwa makanda osakwana miyezi 6, zinthu zomwe zili ndi DEET siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. IR3535/Immergen ilibe zotsatirapo zoyipa pakhungu ndipo sizilowa m'khungu, ndipo pakadali pano imadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala otetezeka othamangitsa udzudzu omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Mafuta a Eucalyptus a mandimu amatha kuchotsedwa ku zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo ndi otetezeka komanso osakwiyitsa khungu, koma mankhwala a terpene ndi aliphatic hydrocarbon omwe ali nawo angayambitse ziwengo. Chifukwa chake, m'maiko ambiri aku Europe ndi America, sakuvomerezeka kwa ana osakwana zaka 3.
4. Kwa amayi apakati ndi makanda aang'ono——Ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezeka komanso zogwira mtima zochotsera udzudzu
Kaya ndi mankhwala ophera udzudzu, madzi ophera udzudzu kapena malo ophera udzudzu, zonsezi ndi za mankhwala ophera udzudzu. Ngakhale njira zophera udzudzu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi zothandiza komanso zosavuta, kwa amayi apakati ndi makanda osakwana miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, tikulimbikitsabe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezeka zophera udzudzu.
Pakadali pano, zinthu zotsukira udzudzu zomwe zili pamsika zimaphatikizapo nyali zotsukira udzudzu ndi zotsukira udzudzu zamagetsi. Mawonekedwe a chotsukira udzudzu ndi ofanana ndi raketi ya tenisi, ndipo pali magetsi amphamvu pakati pa mawaya achitsulo. Mukangogwedeza "raketi", udzudzu wosauka womwe umakhudza wayawo umadulidwa ndi magetsi. Komabe, chifukwa cha magetsi, akulimbikitsidwa kuti akuluakulu azigwiritsa ntchito. Nyali yotsukira udzudzu imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala komwe udzudzu umakoka kuti uwakope, kuwalola kuti alowe, atseke, kapena agwe, kenako n’kuuma ndi kufa. Decibel yogwira ntchito ya nyali yotsukira udzudzu ndi yotsika, ndipo kwenikweni sizikhudza tulo. Chiwerengero cha chitetezo ndi chapamwamba, koma ziyenera kudziwika kuti ziyenera kuyikidwa pamalo omwe ana sangafikire.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-14-2026
