Kukana kwa herbicide kumatanthawuza kuthekera kobadwa nako kwa mtundu wa udzu kuti upulumuke pakagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu komwe anthu oyambilira anali tcheru.Biotype ndi gulu la zomera zomwe zili ndi zamoyo (monga kukana mankhwala enaake) zomwe sizidziwika kwa anthu onse.
Kukana kwa herbicide ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe alimi aku North Carolina akukumana nawo.Padziko lonse lapansi, mitundu yopitilira 100 ya namsongole imadziwika kuti imalimbana ndi mankhwala amodzi kapena angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Ku North Carolina, tili ndi mtundu wa goosegrass wosamva mankhwala a dinitroaniline herbicides (Prowl, Sonalan, ndi Treflan), mtundu wa cocklebur wosamva MSMA ndi DSMA, komanso mtundu wa ryegrass wapachaka wosamva Hoelon.
Mpaka posachedwa, panalibe nkhawa pang'ono pakukula kwa kukana kwa herbicide ku North Carolina.Ngakhale tili ndi mitundu itatu yokhala ndi mitundu yolimbana ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi kunafotokozedwa mosavuta ndi kulima mbewu m'munda umodzi.Olima omwe anali kusinthasintha mbewu analibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa za kukana.Zinthu, komabe, zasintha m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa chakukula komanso kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi njira yofananira (Table 15 ndi 16).Njira yochitirapo kanthu imatanthawuza njira yomwe mankhwala a herbicide amaphera mbewu yomwe ingatengeke.Masiku ano, mankhwala ophera udzu okhala ndi njira yofananira angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mbewu zingapo zomwe zingabzalidwe mosinthana.Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi mankhwala a herbicides omwe amalepheretsa ma enzyme a ALS (Table 15).Mankhwala athu ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ALS inhibitors.Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ophera udzu ambiri omwe akuyembekezeka kulembetsedwa mkati mwa zaka 5 zikubwerazi ndi ALS inhibitors.Monga gulu, ma ALS inhibitors ali ndi mawonekedwe angapo omwe amawoneka kuti amawapangitsa kukhala okonzeka kukulitsa kukana kwa mbewu.
Mankhwala ophera udzu amagwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbewu chifukwa chakuti ndi othandiza kwambiri kapena otsika mtengo kuposa njira zina zochepetsera udzu.Ngati kukana kwa mankhwala enaake kapena gulu lina la herbicides kusinthika, mankhwala ena oyenera opha udzu sangakhalepo.Mwachitsanzo, pakali pano palibe mankhwala ena ophera udzu othana ndi udzu wolimbana ndi Hoelon.Chifukwa chake, mankhwala a herbicides ayenera kuwonedwa ngati zinthu zomwe ziyenera kutetezedwa.Tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides m'njira yomwe imalepheretsa kukula kwa kukana.
Kumvetsetsa momwe kukana kumasinthira ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse momwe mungapewere kukana.Pali zinthu ziwiri zofunika pakusinthika kwa herbicide resistance.Choyamba, namsongole omwe ali ndi majini omwe amachititsa kukana ayenera kukhalapo mwa anthu amtundu wawo.Chachiwiri, kukakamizidwa kwa kusankha komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera udzu omwe anthu osowawa samva nawo kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu.Anthu osamva, ngati alipo, amakhala ochepa kwambiri mwa anthu onse.Nthawi zambiri, anthu osamva amatha kupezeka pafupipafupi kuchokera pa 1 pa 100,000 mpaka 1 mwa 100 miliyoni.Ngati mankhwala a herbicide kapena herbicide omwe ali ndi njira yofananayo agwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza, anthu omwe ali m'mavuto amaphedwa koma osamva savulazidwa ndikutulutsa mbewu.Ngati chikakamizo chosankha chipitirire kwa mibadwo ingapo, mtundu wa biotype womwe sumva nawo upanga anthu ambiri.Panthawiyo, kuletsa udzu kovomerezeka sikungathenso kupezedwa ndi mankhwala enaake ophera udzu.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera njira zopewera kusintha kwa kukana kwa udzu ndi kasinthasintha wa mankhwala ophera udzu okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.Osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku mbewu ziwiri zotsatizana.Momwemonso, musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu kupyola kawiri pa mbeu imodzi.Osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides omwe ali pachiwopsezo chapakati pa mbewu zopitilira ziwiri zotsatizana.Mankhwala a herbicides omwe ali m'gulu lachiwopsezo chochepa ayenera kusankhidwa akadzawongolera kusakanikirana kwaTank kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatizana kwa mankhwala ophera udzu okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati zigawo za njira yothanirana ndi vutoli.Ngati zigawo za tank mix kapena sequential applications zasankhidwa mwanzeru, njira iyi ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri pakuchedwetsa kusinthika kwa kukana.Tsoka ilo, zambiri zomwe zimafunikira pakusakaniza kwa tanki kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatizana kuti mupewe kukana sizimakwaniritsidwa ndi zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.Kuti akhale othandiza kwambiri popewa kusinthika kwa kukana, mankhwala a herbicide omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana kapena m'matangi osakaniza ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zofananira ndipo azikhala ndi kulimbikira kofanana.
Momwe mungathere, phatikizani njira zothana ndi mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga kulima mu pulogalamu yosamalira udzu.Sungani zolemba zabwino za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka herbicide m'gawo lililonse kuti mudzazigwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.
Kuzindikira udzu wosamva mankhwala a herbicide.Kulephera kwakukulu koletsa udzu sikutheka chifukwa cha kukana kwa herbicide.Musanaganize kuti namsongole amene watsala ndi mankhwala ophera udzuwo samva mphamvu, chotsani zina zonse zomwe zingalepheretse kuusamalira.Zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa udzu zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga kusagwiritsa ntchito molakwika (monga kuchuluka kokwanira, kusanja bwino, kusamalidwa bwino, kapena kusowa kwa chothandizira);nyengo yoipa ya ntchito yabwino ya herbicide;nthawi yosayenera yothira mankhwala ophera udzu (makamaka, kuthira mankhwala ophera udzu pambuyo poti namsongole wakula kwambiri moti sangathe kuusamalira);ndi udzu umene umamera pambuyo pothira mankhwala otsala pang’ono.
Zinthu zina zonse zikachotsedwa, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kukhalapo kwa mitundu ina yosamva mankhwala a herbicide: (1) mitundu yonse ya zamoyo imene nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, kusiyapo imodzi ndiyo imasamalidwa bwino;(2) zomera zathanzi za zamoyo zomwe zikunenedwazo zimalowetsedwa pakati pa zomera zamtundu womwewo womwe unaphedwa;(3) mitundu yosalamuliridwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kwambiri ndi mankhwala a herbicide omwe akufunsidwa;ndi (4) mundawu uli ndi mbiri yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri herbicide yomwe ikufunsidwa kapena herbicides ndi njira yofanana.Ngati mukukayikira kukana, siyani nthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicide ndi mankhwala ena omwe ali ndi njira yofananira.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-07-2021