Kukana mankhwala ophera udzu kumatanthauza kuthekera kobadwa nako kwa mtundu wa udzu kuti upulumuke mu udzu womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza udzu womwe mtundu woyamba unkakhudzidwa nawo. Mtundu wa zomera ndi gulu la zomera mkati mwa mtundu womwe uli ndi makhalidwe achilengedwe (monga kukana mankhwala enaake ophera udzu) omwe si ofala kwa anthu onse.
Kukana mankhwala ophera udzu ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe alimi aku North Carolina akukumana nalo. Padziko lonse lapansi, mitundu yoposa 100 ya udzu imadziwika kuti imalimbana ndi mankhwala amodzi kapena angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ku North Carolina, pakadali pano tili ndi mtundu wa udzu wa goosegrass womwe umalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera udzu a dinitroaniline (Prowl, Sonalan, ndi Treflan), mtundu wa cocklebur womwe umalimbana ndi MSMA ndi DSMA, komanso mtundu wa udzu wa rye wa pachaka womwe umalimbana ndi Hoelon.
Mpaka posachedwapa, panalibe nkhawa yaikulu yokhudza kukula kwa kukana mankhwala ophera udzu ku North Carolina. Ngakhale kuti tili ndi mitundu itatu yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzu yomwe imalimbana ndi mankhwala enaake ophera udzu, kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi ya udzu kunkafotokozedwa mosavuta polima mbewu m'munda umodzi. Alimi omwe anali kusinthasintha mbewu sanafunikire kuda nkhawa ndi kukana. Komabe, mkhalidwewu wasintha m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha chitukuko ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mankhwala angapo ophera udzu omwe ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito (Matebulo 15 ndi 16). Njira yogwirira ntchito ikutanthauza njira yeniyeni yomwe udzu umapha chomera chomwe chingathe kukhudzidwa. Masiku ano, udzu womwe uli ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mbewu zingapo zomwe zingakulire mosinthasintha. Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi udzu womwe umaletsa dongosolo la enzyme ya ALS (Table 15). Mankhwala ambiri ophera udzu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi oletsa ALS. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa mankhwala atsopano ophera udzu omwe akuyembekezeka kulembedwa mkati mwa zaka 5 zikubwerazi ndi oletsa ALS. Monga gulu, oletsa ALS ali ndi makhalidwe angapo omwe akuwoneka kuti amawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kukula kwa kukana kwa zomera.
Mankhwala ophera udzu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu chifukwa chakuti ndi othandiza kwambiri kapena otchipa kuposa njira zina zowongolera udzu. Ngati kukana mankhwala enaake kapena gulu la mankhwala ophera udzu kukukula, mankhwala ena oyenera ophera udzu sangakhalepo. Mwachitsanzo, pakadali pano palibe mankhwala ena ophera udzu olimbana ndi udzu wa rye wosagonjetsedwa ndi Hoelon. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala ophera udzu ayenera kuonedwa ngati zinthu zofunika kutetezedwa. Tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu m'njira yolepheretsa kukula kwa kukana udzu.
Kumvetsetsa momwe kukana kumayambira ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe tingapewere kukana. Pali zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuti pakhale kusintha kwa kukana mankhwala ophera udzu. Choyamba, udzu wokhala ndi majini omwe amapangitsa kuti udzu ukhale wolimba uyenera kukhalapo mwa anthu am'deralo. Chachiwiri, kukakamizidwa kusankha komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera udzu omwe anthu osowa awa sakukana kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa anthu am'deralo. Anthu okana, ngati alipo, amapanga chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha anthu onse. Nthawi zambiri, anthu okana amapezeka pafupipafupi kuyambira 1 pa 100,000 mpaka 1 pa 100 miliyoni. Ngati mankhwala ophera udzu omwewo kapena mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito agwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza, anthu okana amaphedwa koma anthu okana savulazidwa ndipo amabala mbewu. Ngati kukakamizidwa kusankha kukupitirira kwa mibadwo ingapo, mtundu wa biotype wokana pamapeto pake udzakhala chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu. Panthawiyo, kulamulira udzu kovomerezeka sikungapezekenso ndi mankhwala ophera udzu kapena mankhwala ophera udzu.
Gawo limodzi lofunika kwambiri pa njira yoyendetsera kuti mupewe kusintha kwa kukana mankhwala ophera udzu ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito. Musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu pa mbewu ziwiri zotsatizana. Momwemonso, musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu pa mbewu imodzi mopitirira kawiri. Musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chapakati pa mbewu zoposa ziwiri zotsatizana. Mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa ayenera kusankhidwa akamalamulira zovuta. Kusakaniza kwa thanki kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatizana kwa mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati zigawo za njira yoyendetsera kukana. Ngati zigawo za kusakaniza kwa thanki kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatizana zasankhidwa mwanzeru, njira iyi ingathandize kwambiri pochedwetsa kusintha kwa kukana. Tsoka ilo, zofunikira zambiri za kusakaniza kwa thanki kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatizana kuti mupewe kukana sizikwaniritsidwa ndi zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kuti zikhale zothandiza kwambiri poletsa kusintha kwa kukana, mankhwala onse ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana kapena m'mafakitale osakaniza ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yofanana yolamulira ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yofanana.
Momwe mungathere, phatikizani njira zopewera udzu zomwe sizili mankhwala monga kulima. Sungani zolemba zabwino za momwe mankhwala ophera udzu amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'munda uliwonse kuti mudzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.
Kuzindikira udzu wosagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera udzu. Kulephera kwakukulu kwa udzu sikuti kumachitika chifukwa cha kukana mankhwala ophera udzu. Musanaganize kuti udzu womwe umapulumuka mu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu sungathe kupirira, chotsani zina zonse zomwe zingachititse kuti udzu usathe kupirira. Zomwe zingayambitse kulephera kwa udzu ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika (monga kusakwanira kwa mtengo, kuphimba bwino, kusayika bwino, kapena kusowa kwa adjuvant); nyengo yoipa kuti udzu usagwire bwino ntchito; nthawi yosayenera yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu (makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa udzu utakhala waukulu kwambiri kuti usathe kulamulira bwino); ndi udzu womwe ukutuluka mukugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu omwe ali ndi nthawi yochepa.
Zinthu zina zonse zomwe zingachititse kuti munthu asathe kulamulira bwino mankhwala akachotsedwa, zotsatirazi zingasonyeze kuti pali mtundu wina wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo: (1) mitundu yonse yomwe nthawi zambiri imalamuliridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kupatula imodzi yokha imalamuliridwa bwino; (2) zomera zathanzi za mtundu womwewo zimasakanikirana pakati pa zomera za mtundu womwewo zomwe zinaphedwa; (3) mtundu womwe sunalamulidwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wovuta kwambiri kudwala mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akufunsidwa; ndipo (4) mundawu uli ndi mbiri yogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akufunsidwa kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito. Ngati mukukayikira kuti simungalandire mankhwala ophera tizilombo, siyani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akufunsidwawo ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-07-2021