Posachedwapa, National Agricultural Technology Center, mogwirizana ndi Institute ofChitetezo cha ZomeraBungwe la Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ndi mabungwe ena, lapanga ndi kutulutsa "Chitsogozo Chaukadaulo Chogwiritsa Ntchito Magalimoto Amlengalenga Opanda Anthu Ogwira Ntchito Zaulimi Poletsa Tizilombo ndi Matenda Akuluakulu a Chimanga". Cholinga chake ndikukweza mulingo wasayansi komanso wokhazikika wa kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amlengalenga opanda anthu ogwira ntchito zaulimi popewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda akuluakulu a chimanga, komanso kuthetsa mavuto popewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda omwe ali pakati ndi kumapeto kwa chimanga.
Malangizo Aukadaulo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Magalimoto Amlengalenga Opanda Oyendetsa Ndege a ZaulimiKuletsa Tizilombondi Kupewa Matenda a Tizilombo ndi Matenda Akuluakulu a Chimanga
Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la National Agricultural Technology Center linaneneratu, mu 2026, matenda ndi tizilombo ta chimanga m'dziko muno tidzakhala toopsa kwambiri. Pakati pawo, tizilombo monga tizilombo toyamwa chimanga, nyongolotsi za thonje, ndi tizilombo ta ndodo tidzachitika kwambiri m'madera ena a kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China ndi ku Yellow-Huaihai Plain. Matendawa adzakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chobwereranso ku Yellow-Huaihai Plain, Southwest China, ndi Northeast China.
1. Kusankha bwino zinthu zowongolera
(1) Yang'anani kwambiri nthawi yoyenera yopewera. Kutengera nthawi yomwe matenda ndi tizilombo ta chimanga chayamba, mtundu wake, ndi kuopsa kwake, dziwani tizilombo tomwe tikufunira komanso nthawi yoyenera yopewera malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo.
Kuyambira nthawi yokolola makutu akuluakulu mpaka nthawi yotulutsa mungu, chigawo chakum'mawa chimayang'ana kwambiri kupewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda monga chimanga, nsabwe za m'masamba, kachilombo ka masamba kamene kali ndi madontho awiri, matenda a madontho akuluakulu, ndi matenda a imvi; chigawo cha Huaihai chimayang'ana kwambiri kupewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda monga chimanga, tizilombo tomatira, matenda ovunda kwa tsinde, matenda a dzimbiri akumwera, ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono a madontho; chigawo chakumadzulo chimayang'ana kwambiri kupewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda monga chimanga, tizilombo tomatira, akangaude ofiira, kachilombo ka masamba kamene kali ndi madontho awiri, matenda ovunda kwa tsinde, ndi matenda a madontho akuluakulu; chigawo chakumadzulo chimayang'ana kwambiri kupewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda monga udzu woboola tsinde, kachilombo ka chimanga, tizilombo tomatira, matenda ovunda kwa tsinde, ndi matenda a madontho akuluakulu.
Kuyambira siteji ya kupangika kwa tirigu mpaka siteji ya mkaka, m'chigawo cha Kumpoto chakum'mawa, njira yayikulu yothanirana ndi tizilombo imayang'ana kwambiri pa tizilombo toyamwa tirigu, slugs, tizilombo ta masamba tokhala ndi madontho awiri, matenda a smut, matenda akuluakulu a madontho, ndi matenda a imvi; m'chigawo cha Huang-Huai-Hai, imayang'ana kwambiri tizilombo ta chimanga, tizilombo ta pichesi, nyongolotsi za thonje, matenda a smut, matenda a dzimbiri akumwera, ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono a madontho; m'chigawo cha Kumpoto chakum'mawa, imayang'ana kwambiri tizilombo ta chimanga, nthata zofiira, tizilombo ta masamba tokhala ndi madontho awiri, matenda a smut, matenda akuluakulu a madontho; m'chigawo cha Kumwera chakumadzulo, imayang'ana kwambiri chimanga chofalitsidwa ndi ziwala, tizilombo ta chimanga, matenda a smut, matenda akuluakulu a madontho, ndi matenda a imvi.
(2) Sankhani mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo. Pofuna kupewa ndi kuletsa tizilombo monga green stem borer, sticky moth, ndi corn borer, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya mphutsi ali aang'ono. Mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo ndi monga Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methamidophos-aminobenzoate, ndi ethyl polyhydroxybenzyl imidazoline. Pofuna kupewa nsabwe za m'masamba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yoyamba ya kufalikira kwa matendawa. Mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo ndi monga thiamethoxam, thiamethionam, ndi imidacloprid. Pofuna kupewa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi thonje, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya mphutsi ali aang'ono. Mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo ndi tetra-cyanothiamamide, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methamidophos-aminobenzoate, ndi cypermethrin. Pofuna kupewa matenda monga large spot disease, small spot disease, southern rust, ndi imvi spot disease, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yoyamba ya kufalikira kwa matendawa. Mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo ndi monga flufurafos-dimethylamine, pyrazofamet, cipcon-pyrimidinethione, ndi oxamoxazin-pentazole. Pa minda yomwe yakhudzidwa kwambiri, mankhwala ena amatha kuperekedwanso patatha masiku 7-10. Pofuna kuchepetsa matenda a kuvunda kwa makutu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira kufalikira kwa matendawa. Mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo ndi monga pyrazofamet, flufurafos-dimethylamine, ndi ethylate. Kuphatikiza apo, panthawi ya ntchito ya "okha spray for multiple promotions", owongolera kukula kwa zomera oyenera akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti akonze thanzi la mbewu za chimanga ndikuletsa kukalamba msanga ndikulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola.
II. Kusankha mlingo woyenera ndi kuwonjezera zinthu zothandizira kusakaniza mu thanki
(1) Sankhani fomu yoyenera ya mlingo mwasayansi. Mitundu ya mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma drones a zaulimi ndi monga mankhwala osungunula, mankhwala osungunula mafuta osungunuka, mankhwala ochokera m'madzi, ma emulsion amadzi, ma microemulsion, ma granules osungunuka m'madzi, ndi mayankho a mafuta osungunuka. Ufa ndi ufa wonyowa sagwirizana bwino. Mukasakaniza mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwawonjezera motere: madzi - zinthu zolimba (ma granules osungunuka m'madzi) - zinthu zosungunula (mankhwala osungunula mafuta osungunuka, mankhwala osungunuka) - zinthu zosungunula (ma microemulsions, ma emulsion amadzi) - zinthu zosungunula madzi (mankhwala amafuta osungunuka). Mukawonjezera mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo, onetsetsani kuti mwasakaniza bwino kuti mupeze yankho lokhazikika, losasunthika, komanso losalekanitsidwa musanawonjezere mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Izi zimaletsa kupanga ma clumps, kutseka kwa nozzle, kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
(2) Konzani bwino momwe zinthu zowonjezerera zinthu zosakaniza mu ndowa zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Musanayambe ntchito yopopera, muyenera kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa zinthu zosakaniza mu ndowa kuti ziwongolere kugwira ntchito kwake, kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa madontho, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa madzi oyenda, kuwonjezera kukana kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi nthunzi, komanso kukulitsa bwino mphamvu yowongolera. Chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kuperekedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera zopopera mumlengalenga, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa kuti chigwirizane ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Kupewa kulephera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena zotsatirapo zoyipa. Kawirikawiri, chinthu chowonjezeracho chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamlingo wa 0.5% - 1% ya kuchuluka kwa madzi opopera. Kuchuluka kowonjezerako kungasinthidwe moyenera malinga ndi mtundu wa chinthu chowonjezera, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi malo ogwirira ntchito.
III. Tsatirani zofunikira zonse pakupopera mankhwala mumlengalenga.
(1) Malo Ogwirira Ntchito. Chitani ntchito zopopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito ma drone a zaulimi pamalo otseguka komanso opumira bwino. Musanayambe ntchito yopopera, fufuzani za malo ozungulira malo opopera mankhwala, dziwani malire a malo opopera mankhwala, fufuzani bwino zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, ndikuletsa kuti madontho a mankhwala ophera tizilombo asawononge tizilombo tomwe sitingathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito komanso kuwonongeka kwa mbewu m'dera lozungulira. Mkati mwa mamita 200 kuchokera pamalo opopera mankhwala, sipayenera kukhala zomera zopanga timadzi tokoma.
(2) Malo ogwirira ntchito. Pakagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, liwiro la mphepo m'chilengedwe liyenera kukhala lochepera pa level 3 (≤ 3.4 m/s), ndipo kutentha kwa chilengedwe kuyenera kukhala pakati pa 15℃ ndi 30℃. Chigawo chilichonse chikhoza kudziwa nthawi yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito kutengera momwe zinthu zilili, ndipo chiyenera kupewa nthawi yoposa 30℃. Ngati pali chifunga chambiri kapena mame, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kuchitika chifunga ndi mame zitatha.
4. Konzani moyenera magawo a ntchito
(1) Magawo oyambira ogwirira ntchito. Magawo opopera a ma drone osiyanasiyana a ulimi amasiyana. Zinthu monga kukula kwa ndege, malo olowera mphepo, kukula kwa chimanga, ndi mitundu ya tizilombo ndi matenda omwe ayenera kulamulidwa ziyenera kuganiziridwa mokwanira. Magawo oyenera oyendetsera ndege ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti atsimikizire kupopera kofanana, palibe kupopera kwambiri kapena kuphonya kupopera, kutayika kochepa kwa madzi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zomera. Kupopera kwakukulu kusanachitike, mayeso ofanana ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchitoyo ayenera kuchitika. Pamene katundu wa ndege akuwonjezeka, kutalika kwa ndege kuyenera kukwezedwa moyenera, ndipo liwiro loyendetsa ndege liyenera kuchepetsedwa moyenera.
(2) Njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito pansi pa nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, njira yogwirira ntchito ndi magawo ake ziyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi momwe mphepo imayendera komanso momwe imayendera, ndipo dongosolo logwirira ntchito liyenera kusinthidwa kuti ligwirizane ndi zochitika zakomweko. Kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphepo, njira yoyendetsera ndege ikhoza kuyikidwa molingana ndi njira ya mphepo. Kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pamene njira yoyendetsera ndege ili moyang'anizana ndi njira ya mphepo, liwiro loyendetsa ndege likhoza kuchepetsedwa moyenera; pamene njira yoyendetsera ndege ili yofanana ndi njira ya mphepo, liwiro loyendetsa ndege likhoza kuwonjezeredwa moyenera.
(3) Kugwiritsira ntchito magawo kuyambira pa nozzle yayikulu mpaka gawo la anthesis. Gawoli ndi lofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo ndi matenda m'chimanga. Munda uli ndi zomera zambiri, ndipo ntchitoyi iyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuphimba bwino komanso kuti zomerazo zikhale zotetezeka. N'koletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo panthawi ya anthesis ndi nthawi ya maluwa kuti tipewe kusokoneza mungu. Kwa ma drone a ulimi okhala ndi ma rotor ambiri okhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula 50L mpaka 70L, m'malo obzala mbewu okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera 4500 mpaka 8000 pa ekala, magawo oyenera kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyambira 2L/ekala mpaka 2.5L/ekala, kutalika kwa ndege kuyambira 3.5m mpaka 4m, komanso liwiro la ndege kuyambira 3m/s mpaka 5m/s; M'malo obzala mbewu okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera 4000 mpaka 4500 pa ekala, njira zoyenera zogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyambira 1.5L/ekala mpaka 2L/ekala, kutalika kwa ndege kuyambira 3.5m mpaka 4m, ndi liwiro la ndege kuyambira 3m/s mpaka 5m/s.
(4) Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito kuyambira siteji yopangira tirigu wa chimanga mpaka siteji ya mkaka. Panthawiyi, mbewu za chimanga zimabzalidwa mothithikana ndipo makoko amakulungidwa bwino. Drone yaulimi iyenera kupewa kuuluka motsika kwambiri kapena mothamanga kwambiri, chifukwa izi zingapangitse kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo asalowe mokwanira kapena kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Kwa ma drone a ulimi okhala ndi ma rotor ambiri okhala ndi katundu wa 50L - 70L, m'malo obzalamo okhala ndi zomera 4500 - 8000 pa ekala, magawo oyenera kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 2.5L / ekala - 3.5L / ekala, kutalika kwa ndege ya 3.5m - 4m, ndi liwiro la ndege ya 3m / s - 5m / s; M'malo obzala mbewu okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera 4000 - 4500 pa ekala, magawo oyenera kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 2L/ekala - 3L/ekala, kutalika kwa ndege ya 3.5m - 4m, ndi liwiro la ndege ya 3m / s - 5m / s.
Kuphatikiza apo, pokonzekera njira yopopera yopangira zinthu zambiri mu chidebe, choyamba muyenera kuyesa kukhazikika kwa mankhwala osakaniza kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe zochitika zakuthupi kapena zamankhwala monga kuyika, kuyandama, kapena mvula. Pokhapokha mutatsimikizira kuti palibe zochitika zotere, njira yowongolera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ingachitike.
V. Kukhazikitsa njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'njira yoyenera
(1) Onetsetsani kuti ziyeneretso za ogwira ntchito ndi chitetezo cha chitetezo. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi ziphaso zoyenera ndikuvala zida zodzitetezera; kukhazikitsa kasamalidwe ka chitetezo m'dera lomwelo. Ndege ikayamba kunyamuka ndi kutera, ayenera kupewa zopinga, mizere yamagetsi amphamvu komanso anthu, ndikusunga mtunda wabwino.
(2) Chitani zinthu zoyang'anira khalidwe la mbewu musanapopere. Musanayambe ntchito yopopera, makadi oyesera kuchuluka kwa madontho amatha kuyikidwa pa mbewu za chimanga pasadakhale kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa madontho ndikuwunika momwe ntchito yopopera imagwirira ntchito; kuti muwonetsetse kuti ntchitoyo ikuyenda bwino komanso kuti ikuyenda bwino kuyambira pachiyambi cha khutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mphuno, komanso kuyambira pakupanga tirigu mpaka nthawi yokhwima ya mkaka, tikukulimbikitsani kuti kuchuluka kwa madontho kukhale koyenera.≥Madontho 30 pa sentimita imodzi.
(3) Kuwongolera mosamala chitetezo pamalopo. Pa ntchito yothira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ogwira ntchito onse ayenera kukhala pamalo omwe mphepo imalowera ndipo saloledwa kuyenda m'malo omwe amathira mankhwala ophera tizilombo; wogwiritsa ntchito sayenera kudya, kusuta, kapena kuyimba foni; ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa drone yaulimi ndi remote control nthawi zonse. Pakagwa vuto lililonse, ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu; palibe amene amaloledwa kuyenda m'malo onyamukira ndi otera kuti apewe kuvulaza ogwira ntchito.
(4) Konzani kuwunika koyenera pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ikatha, m'malo omwe sanapoperedwe chifukwa cha zopinga kapena ngodya, kupoperanso mankhwala pamanja kuyenera kuchitika nthawi yake; kuyeretsa ndi kusamalira mabokosi ophera tizilombo, ma nozzles, ndi zina zotero, ndikupereka zinyalala zopakidwa ku sitolo yogulitsa kapena malo obwezeretsanso zinyalala zopakidwa; kufufuza nthawi zonse momwe tizilombo ndi matenda amakhudzira ndikuwunika momwe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo imakhalira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-15-2026
