Malipoti ambiri amakhudza tizirombo atatu ofunika kwambiri a Lepidoptera, omwe ndi,Chilo suppressalis,Scirpophaga incertulas,ndiCnaphalocrocis menalis(zonse Crambidae), zomwe ndi zolinga zaBtmpunga, ndi tizirombo tambiri ta Hemiptera, ndiko kuti,Sogatella furciferandiNilaparvata lugens(onse Delphacidae).
Malinga ndi mabukuwa, zilombo zazikulu za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a lepidopteran ndi za mabanja khumi a Araneae, ndipo palinso mitundu ina yolusa kuchokera ku Coleoptera, Hemiptera, ndi Neuroptera.Tizilombo ta tizirombo ta mpunga ta lepidopteran timachokera makamaka m'mabanja asanu ndi limodzi a Hymenoptera okhala ndi mitundu yochepa kuchokera ku mabanja awiri a Diptera (ie, Tachinidae ndi Sarcophagidae).Kuphatikiza pa mitundu itatu yayikulu ya tizilombo ta lepidopteran, LepidopteraNaranga aenescens(Noctuidae),Parnara guttata(Hesperidae),Mycalesis gotama(Nymphalidae), ndiPseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) amalembedwanso ngati tizirombo ta mpunga.Chifukwa chakuti sawononga kwambiri mpunga, safufuzidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, ndipo pali chidziŵitso chochepa chokhudza adani awo achilengedwe .
Adani achilengedwe a tizirombo tambiri ta hemipteran,S. furciferandiN. zikomo, aphunziridwa mozama.Mitundu yambiri ya nyama zolusa zomwe zanenedwa kuti zimaukira herbivores za hemipteran ndi zamtundu womwewo womwe umalimbana ndi ma lepidopteran herbivores, chifukwa makamaka ndi odziwika bwino.Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a hemipteran tizilombo ta Delphacidae timachokera makamaka ku mabanja a hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, ndi Dryinidae.Mofananamo, ma hymenopteran parasitoids amadziwika ndi kachilombokaNezara viridula(Pentatomidae).The thripsStenchaetothrips biformis(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) ndiwonso tizilombo tomwe timadya mpunga ku Southern China, ndipo adani ake amachokera ku Coleoptera ndi Hemiptera, pomwe palibe parasitoid yomwe idalembedwa.Mitundu ya Orthopteran mongaOxya chinensis(Acrididae) amapezekanso m'minda ya mpunga, ndipo adani awo makamaka amaphatikizapo mitundu ya Araneae, Coleoptera, ndi Mantodea.Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), tizilombo tofunika kwambiri ku Coleoptera ku China, timagwidwa ndi zilombo za coleoptera ndi hymenoptera parasitoids.Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe a tizirombo ta dipteran ndi ma hymenopteran parasitoids.
Kuti muwone momwe ma arthropods amawonekera ku Cry proteinsBtM'minda ya mpunga, kuyesa kofananako kunachitika pafupi ndi Xiaogan (Chigawo cha Hubei, China) m'zaka za 2011 ndi 2012.
Kuchuluka kwa Cry2A komwe kunapezeka mu minyewa ya mpunga yosonkhanitsidwa mu 2011 ndi 2012 kunali kofanana.Masamba a mpunga anali ndi Cry2A yapamwamba kwambiri (kuchokera ku 54 mpaka 115 μg / g DW), yotsatiridwa ndi mungu wa mpunga (kuchokera ku 33 mpaka 46 μg / g DW).Zomwe zimayambira zinali zotsika kwambiri (kuyambira 22 mpaka 32 μg / g DW).
Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera zitsanzo (kuphatikizapo kuyamwa, mapepala omenyera ndi kufufuza zinthu) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa mitundu 29 yomwe imapezeka kawirikawiri m'madera a zomera.Btndikuwongolera ziwembu za mpunga panthawi ndi pambuyo pa anthesis mu 2011 komanso isanayambe, panthawi ndi pambuyo pa anthesis mu 2012. Miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya Cry2A mu arthropods yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa pa tsiku lililonse lachitsanzo likuwonetsedwa.
Zomera 13 zosawerengeka zochokera m'mabanja 11 a Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, ndi Thysanoptera zinasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunikidwa.Mu dongosolo la Hemiptera akuluakulu aS. furciferandi nymphs ndi akuluakulu aN. zikomoinali ndi kuchuluka kwa Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) pomwe mapuloteni sanawonekere mu zamoyo zina.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa Cry2A (kuchokera ku 0.15 mpaka 50.7 μg / g DW) kunapezeka muzonse koma chitsanzo chimodzi cha Diptera, Thysanoptera, ndi Orthoptera.The thripsS. biformisinali ndi zochulukira kwambiri za Cry2A za arthropods zonse zosonkhanitsidwa, zomwe zinali pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa minofu ya mpunga.Pa nthawi ya anthesis,S. biformismunali Cry2A pa 51 μg/g DW, yomwe inali yokwera kuposa kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa isanachitike (35 μg/g DW).Mofananamo, mlingo wa protein muAgromyzasp.(Diptera: Agromyzidae) inali> 2 nthawi zapamwamba mu zitsanzo zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya anthesis ya mpunga kuposa kale kapena pambuyo pa anthesis.Mosiyana, mlingo muEuconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) inali pafupifupi nthawi 2.5 pamwamba pa zitsanzo zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa pambuyo pa anthesis kusiyana ndi nthawi ya anthesis.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-06-2021