M'zaka za m'ma 1980, alimi aku Scotland anayamba kugwiritsa ntchitoglyphosatekupopera mbewu musanakolole tirigu. Chifukwa chakuti zigwa zonyowa zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuumitsa mbewu mofanana, adapanga njira yophera udzu sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri asanakolole kuti afulumizitse ntchito youma.
Glyphosate inali mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adasintha kwambiri nthawi imeneyo; idapha zomera zonse popanda kuvulaza nyama, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pantchitoyi. Mwambowu unafalikira mwachangu kumadera amvula komanso ozizira padziko lonse lapansi.
Patatha zaka makumi anayi, matani masauzande ambiri a glyphosate amagwiritsidwabe ntchito chaka chilichonse m'minda, m'malo obiriwira a m'matauni, komanso m'minda yapakhomo ku UK. Komabe, chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera udzu uwu ndi chovuta kwambiri, ndipo popeza chilolezo chake chikuyembekezeka kutha mu Disembala, pali zopempha zoletsa kapena zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mwamphamvu.
Kusanthula deta ya boma kukuwonetsa kuti alimi adapopera matani opitilira 2,200 a glyphosate mu 2024, ndipo opitilira theka la ndalamazo adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tirigu ndi mbewu zina za tirigu.
Deta ikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa kwawonjezeka kakhumi pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kukupitirirabe ngakhale bungwe la World Health Organization litanena kuti ndi "komwe kungayambitse khansa kwa anthu" mu 2015. Bayer akuumirira kuti mankhwala ake ophera udzu samayambitsa khansa.
"Kudalira kwa UK pa glyphosate kwapitirira muyeso," anatero Nick Mole wa Pesticide Action Network UK, yemwe adachita kafukufukuyu. "Tikudziwa kuti glyphosate imagwirizana ndi khansa zosiyanasiyana ndi matenda ena oopsa. Imawononganso chilengedwe, imaipitsa madzi, komanso imavulaza nyama zakuthengo."
"Boma likufunika mwachangu kudzipereka kuti lithetse kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate kenako ndikuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate, komanso kuthandizira alimi ndi mabungwe am'deralo kuti akhazikitse njira zina zotetezeka komanso zokhazikika."
Glyphosate ndi mankhwala ophera udzu okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kupha udzu wonse, kuphatikizapo udzu ndi udzu wokhala ndi masamba ambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chida champhamvu kwa alimi. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate ku UK kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ku US. Ku US, mbewu zosinthidwa majini, chifukwa cha kukana kwawo ku glyphosate, zimapopera glyphosate kwambiri nthawi yolima.
"Ku UK, glyphosate imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka musanabzale mbewu kuti iphe udzu uliwonse womwe umamera m'munda," adatero Helen Metcalfe, katswiri wa zaulimi ku Harpenden Rotherhamstead Institute ku Hertfordshire.
Metcalf adati kusintha kwa ulimi wobwezeretsa nthaka wosawononga kwambiri ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate. Njira ina imaphatikizapo kulima nthaka kuti muchotse udzu, koma izi zimawononganso nthaka, "ndi zomwe alimi akuyesera kuteteza," adatero. "Akuyesera kuteteza nthaka, kupewa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuwonjezera mpweya wa nthaka, ndi zina zotero. Ulimi wobwezeretsa nthaka wabwino umafuna kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate."
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa sikuli kopanda zoopsa. Ku United States, Bayer idapereka $7.25 biliyoni (£5.4 biliyoni) kuti ithetse milandu yambirimbiri yomwe ikunena kuti yalephera kuchenjeza ogula kuti Roundup yake yokhala ndi mankhwala ophera udzu yotchedwa glyphosate-containing herbicide Roundup ingayambitse khansa. Ku France, boma lavomereza kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa matenda a Parkinson ndi glyphosate komanso alimi omwe adalipidwa.
"Kwenikweni, monga momwe zilili ndi zinthu zambiri, mukakumana ndi zinthu zambiri, nkhawa imakulanso," akutero Wayne Carter, pulofesa wothandizira ku Yunivesite ya Nottingham yemwe amaphunzira za zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi. "Kukumana ndi zinthu zambiri mopitirira muyeso kungakhale koopsa, kotero mutha kupeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzera mu chakudya kapena kupuma; komanso muyenera kusamala kuti musapopere mankhwala ophera tizilombo mosasamala m'munda mwanu."
Mu 2023, EU inaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate poumitsa mbewu isanayambe kulimidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza nkhawa yokhudza kuchuluka kwa glyphosate mu zakudya.
Mneneri wa boma la UK adanenetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate kunali kolamulidwa mwamphamvu, ndipo adawonjezera kuti: "Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kudzavomerezedwa pokhapokha ngati pali umboni woti mankhwala ophera tizilombo sadzavulaza thanzi la anthu kapena nyama kapena kuwononga chilengedwe."
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-13-2026
