Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kukula kwa anthu mwachangu kwakhala mavuto akuluakulu pa chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse. Njira imodzi yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndi kugwiritsa ntchitoowongolera kukula kwa zomera(PGRs) kuti awonjezere zokolola za mbewu ndikugonjetsa mikhalidwe yosayenera yolima monga nyengo yachipululu. Posachedwapa, carotenoid zaxinone ndi ziwiri mwa zofanana nayo (MiZax3 ndi MiZax5) zawonetsa ntchito yolimbikitsa kukula bwino mu mbewu za chimanga ndi ndiwo zamasamba pansi pa mikhalidwe yobiriwira komanso yamunda. Pano, tafufuzanso zotsatira za kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 (5 μM ndi 10 μM mu 2021; 2.5 μM ndi 5 μM mu 2022) pakukula ndi zokolola za mbewu ziwiri zamasamba zamtengo wapatali ku Cambodia: mbatata ndi sitiroberi. Arabia. Mu mayeso asanu odziyimira pawokha kuyambira 2021 mpaka 2022, kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax konse kunasintha kwambiri makhalidwe a zomera, zigawo za zokolola ndi zokolola zonse. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti MiZax imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo wocheperako kuposa humic acid (mankhwala ogulitsidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pano poyerekeza). Motero, zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti MiZax ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yowongolera kukula kwa zomera yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa kukula ndi kukolola kwa mbewu zamasamba ngakhale m'malo achipululu komanso pamlingo wochepa.
Malinga ndi bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization la United Nations (FAO), njira zathu zopangira chakudya ziyenera kuwirikiza katatu pofika chaka cha 2050 kuti zidyetse anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi (FAO: Dziko lonse lapansi lidzafunika chakudya chochulukirapo ndi 70% pofika chaka cha 20501). Ndipotu, kukula kwa anthu mwachangu, kuipitsa chilengedwe, kuyendayenda kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso makamaka kutentha kwambiri ndi chilala chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mavuto omwe akukumana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi2. Pachifukwa ichi, kuwonjezera zokolola zonse za mbewu zaulimi m'malo osakwanira ndi njira imodzi yosatsutsika yothetsera vutoli. Komabe, kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera kumadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwa michere m'nthaka ndipo kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zoyipa zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo chilala, mchere kapena kupsinjika kwa biotic3,4,5. Kupsinjika kumeneku kungakhudze thanzi ndi chitukuko cha mbewu ndipo pamapeto pake kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola6. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwa madzi abwino kumakhudza kwambiri ulimi wothirira mbewu, pomwe kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi kumachepetsa malo olimapo ndipo zochitika monga kutentha zimachepetsa zokolola za mbewu7,8. Kutentha kwambiri n'kofala m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo Saudi Arabia. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olimbikitsa zomera kapena owongolera kukula kwa zomera (PGRs) n'kothandiza pochepetsa nthawi yokulira ndikuwonjezera zokolola za mbewu. Kungathandize kuti mbewu zizitha kupirira bwino nyengo yokulira komanso kulola zomera kuti zipirire nyengo yoipa9. Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala olimbikitsa zomera ndi owongolera kukula kwa zomera angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira yabwino kwambiri kuti zomera zikule bwino komanso kuti zibereke zipatso10,11.
Ma Carotenoid ndi ma tetraterpenoid omwe amagwiranso ntchito ngati zoyambira za ma phytohormones a abscisic acid (ABA) ndi strigolactone (SL)12,13,14, komanso zowongolera kukula za zaxinone, anorene ndi cyclocitral15,16,17,18,19 zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa. Komabe, ma metabolites ambiri enieni, kuphatikiza ma carotenoid derivatives, ali ndi magwero achilengedwe ochepa komanso/kapena osakhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo mwachindunji m'mundawu kukhale kovuta. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ma analogues/mimetics angapo a ABA ndi SL apangidwa ndikuyesedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito paulimi20,21,22,23,24,25. Mofananamo, posachedwapa tapanga ma mimetics a zaxinone (MiZax), metabolite yolimbikitsa kukula yomwe ingakhale ndi zotsatira zake powonjezera kagayidwe ka shuga ndikulamulira SL homeostasis mu mizu ya mpunga19,26. Kuyerekeza kwa zaxinone 3 (MiZax3) ndi MiZax5 (kapangidwe ka mankhwala komwe kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1A) kunawonetsa ntchito ya zamoyo yofanana ndi yaxinone m'minda ya mpunga yakuthengo yomwe imabzalidwa m'madzi ndi m'nthaka26. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchiza phwetekere, kanjedza, tsabola wobiriwira ndi dzungu ndi zaxinone, MiZax3 ndi MiZx5 kunakulitsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa zomera, mwachitsanzo, kukolola ndi ubwino wa tsabola, pansi pa kutentha ndi malo otseguka, kusonyeza ntchito yawo monga biostimulants ndi kugwiritsa ntchito PGR27. . Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zinathandizanso kupirira mchere wa tsabola wobiriwira womwe umabzalidwa pansi pa mchere wambiri, ndipo MiZax3 inawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinc mu zipatsozo ikaphimbidwa ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi zinc7,28.
(A) Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a MiZax3 ndi MiZax5. (B) Zotsatira za kupopera masamba a MZ3 ndi MZ5 pamlingo wa 5 µM ndi 10 µM pa zomera za mbatata pansi pa mikhalidwe yotseguka. Kuyeseraku kudzachitika mu 2021. Deta ikuperekedwa ngati apakati ± SD. n≥15. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa njira imodzi kwa kusiyana (ANOVA) ndi mayeso a Tukey a post hoc. Ma asterisks akuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5. HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Mu ntchito iyi, tinayesa MiZax (MiZax3 ndi MiZax5) pa masamba atatu (5 µM ndi 10 µM mu 2021 ndi 2.5 µM ndi 5 µM mu 2022) ndipo tinaziyerekeza ndi mbatata (Solanum tuberosum L). Chowongolera kukula kwa commercial growth humic acid (HA) chinayerekezeredwa ndi sitiroberi (Fragaria ananassa) m'mayesero a sitiroberi greenhouse mu 2021 ndi 2022 komanso m'mayesero anayi ku Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, dera lodziwika bwino la nyengo yachipululu. Ngakhale HA ndi biostimulant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yokhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito michere ya nthaka ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu poyendetsa homeostasis ya mahomoni, zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti MiZax ndi yabwino kuposa HA.
Mizu ya mbatata ya mtundu wa Diamond idagulidwa ku Jabbar Nasser Al Bishi Trading Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Mbeu za mitundu iwiri ya sitiroberi "Sweet Charlie" ndi "Festival" ndi humic acid zidagulidwa ku Modern Agritech Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Zomera zonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchitoyi zikugwirizana ndi IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Endangered Species and Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Malo oyesera ali ku Hada Al-Sham, Saudi Arabia (21°48′3″N, 39°43′25″E). Dothi ndi loam lamchenga, pH 7.8, EC 1.79 dcm-130. Katundu wa nthaka akuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Table S1.
Mbeu za sitiroberi (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival) pa magawo atatu enieni a masamba zinagawidwa m'magulu atatu kuti ziwone momwe kupopera masamba ndi 10 μM MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 kumakhudzira kukula ndi nthawi yophukira pansi pa nyengo yofunda. Kupopera masamba ndi madzi (okhala ndi 0.1% acetone) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yochizira. Kupopera masamba a MiZax kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kasanu ndi kawiri pa sabata imodzi. Kuyesera kawiri kodziyimira pawokha kunachitika pa Seputembala 15 ndi 28, 2021, motsatana. Mlingo woyamba wa mankhwala aliwonse ndi 50 ml, kenako pang'onopang'ono unawonjezeka kufika pa mlingo womaliza wa 250 ml. Kwa milungu iwiri yotsatizana, chiwerengero cha zomera zophuka chinalembedwa tsiku lililonse ndipo kuchuluka kwa maluwa kunawerengedwa kumayambiriro kwa sabata yachinayi. Kuti mudziwe makhalidwe a kukula, chiwerengero cha masamba, kulemera kwa zomera zatsopano ndi zouma, malo onse a masamba, ndi chiwerengero cha stolons pa chomera chilichonse chinayesedwa kumapeto kwa gawo la kukula komanso kumayambiriro kwa gawo lobereka. Malo a masamba anayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chida choyezera malo a masamba ndipo zitsanzo zatsopano zinaumitsidwa mu uvuni pa 100°C kwa maola 48.
Mayeso awiri a m'munda adachitika: kulima koyambirira ndi mochedwa. Mizu ya mbatata ya mtundu wa "Diamant" imabzalidwa mu Novembala ndi Febuluwale, ndi nthawi yoyambirira ndi yochedwa kukhwima, motsatana. Ma Biostimulants (MiZax-3 ndi -5) amaperekedwa mu kuchuluka kwa 5.0 ndi 10.0 µM (2021) ndi 2.5 ndi 5.0 µM (2022). Thirani humic acid (HA) 1 g/l nthawi 8 pa sabata. Madzi kapena acetone adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa kufalikira. Kapangidwe ka mayeso a m'munda kakuwonetsedwa mu (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S1). Kapangidwe kathunthu ka block (RCBD) kokhala ndi malo a 2.5 m × 3.0 m kagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa m'munda. Chithandizo chilichonse chinabwerezedwa katatu ngati ma replica odziyimira pawokha. Mtunda pakati pa plot iliyonse ndi 1.0 m, ndipo mtunda pakati pa block iliyonse ndi 2.0 m. Mtunda pakati pa zomera ndi 0.6 m, mtunda pakati pa mizere ndi 1 m. Mbewu za mbatata zinkathiriridwa tsiku lililonse ndi madzi oundana pa mlingo wa 3.4 malita pa dontho lililonse. Dongosololi limayenda kawiri patsiku kwa mphindi 10 nthawi iliyonse kuti zomera zipeze madzi. Njira zonse zovomerezeka zaulimi zolima mbatata panthawi ya chilala zinagwiritsidwa ntchito31. Miyezi inayi mutabzala, kutalika kwa chomera (cm), chiwerengero cha nthambi pa chomera chilichonse, kapangidwe ka mbatata ndi zokolola zake, komanso ubwino wa tuber zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino.
Mbeu za mitundu iwiri ya sitiroberi (Sweet Charlie ndi Festival) zinayesedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe ya m'munda. Zopangira mphamvu (MiZax-3 ndi -5) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kupopera masamba pamlingo wa 5.0 ndi 10.0 µM (2021) ndi 2.5 ndi 5.0 µM (2022) kasanu ndi katatu pa sabata. Gwiritsani ntchito 1 g ya HA pa lita imodzi ngati kupopera masamba mofanana ndi MiZax-3 ndi -5, ndi chisakanizo chowongolera cha H2O kapena acetone ngati kupopera koyipa. Mbeu za sitiroberi zinabzalidwa pamalo a 2.5 x 3 m kumayambiriro kwa Novembala ndi mtunda wa chomera wa 0.6 m ndi mtunda wa mizere wa 1 m. Kuyeseraku kunachitika ku RCBD ndipo kunabwerezedwa katatu. Zomera zinathiriridwa kwa mphindi 10 tsiku lililonse nthawi ya 7:00 ndi 17:00 pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira yothirira yokhala ndi ma drippers omwe ali ndi mtunda wa 0.6 m ndipo ali ndi mphamvu ya 3.4 L. Zigawo za agrotechnical ndi magawo a zokolola zinayesedwa panthawi yolima. Ubwino wa zipatso kuphatikizapo TSS (%), vitamini C32, acidity ndi kuchuluka kwa phenolic33 zinayesedwa ku Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology ya King Abdulaziz University.
Deta imafotokozedwa ngati njira ndipo kusiyana kumafotokozedwa ngati kupotoka kokhazikika. Kufunika kwa ziwerengero kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ANOVA ya njira imodzi (ANOVA ya njira imodzi) kapena ANOVA ya njira ziwiri pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyerekeza angapo a Tukey pogwiritsa ntchito mulingo wa kuthekera wa p < 0.05 kapena mayeso a t a Ophunzira awiri kuti azindikire kusiyana kwakukulu (*p < 0.05, * *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Kutanthauzira konse kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0. Mabungwe adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa zigawo zazikulu (PCA), njira yowerengera yambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito phukusi la R 34.
Mu lipoti lapitalo, tinawonetsa momwe MiZax imakulirakulira pa 5 ndi 10 μM m'zomera za m'munda ndipo tinakweza chizindikiro cha chlorophyll mu Soil Plant Assay (SPAD)27. Kutengera ndi zotsatirazi, tinagwiritsa ntchito milingo yomweyi kuti tiwone momwe MiZax imakhudzira mbatata, mbewu yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, m'mayesero akumunda m'chipululu mu 2021. Makamaka, tinali ndi chidwi choyesa ngati MiZax ingawonjezere kuchuluka kwa wowuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti photosynthesis ichitike. Ponseponse, kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax kunakweza kukula kwa zomera za mbatata poyerekeza ndi humic acid (HA), zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kutalika kwa zomera, biomass ndi chiwerengero cha nthambi (Chithunzi 1B). Kuphatikiza apo, tinaona kuti 5 μM MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zinali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakukweza kutalika kwa zomera, chiwerengero cha nthambi, ndi biomass ya zomera poyerekeza ndi 10 μM (Chithunzi 1B). Pamodzi ndi kukula bwino, MiZax inawonjezeranso zokolola, zomwe zimayesedwa ndi chiwerengero ndi kulemera kwa tubers zomwe zakololedwa. Zotsatira zabwino zonse sizinawonekere bwino pamene MiZax idaperekedwa pamlingo wa 10 μM, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mankhwala awa ayenera kuperekedwa pamlingo wochepera apa (Chithunzi 1B). Kuphatikiza apo, sitinawone kusiyana kulikonse m'magawo onse olembedwa pakati pa acetone (mock) ndi mankhwala amadzi (control), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zotsatira za kukula zomwe zidawonedwa sizinachitike chifukwa cha solvent, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi lipoti lathu lapitalo27.
Popeza nyengo yolima mbatata ku Saudi Arabia imakhala yoyambirira komanso yochedwa, tinachita kafukufuku wachiwiri m'munda mu 2022 pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kochepa (2.5 ndi 5 µM) m'nyengo ziwiri kuti tiwone momwe minda yotseguka imakhudzira nyengo (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S2A). Monga momwe tinkayembekezera, kugwiritsa ntchito 5 μM MiZax konse kunapanga zotsatira zokulitsa kukula zofanana ndi zomwe zinali muyeso woyamba: kutalika kwa chomera, nthambi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa biomass, komanso kuchuluka kwa tuber (Chithunzi 2; Chithunzi Chowonjezera S3). Chofunika kwambiri, tinawona zotsatira zazikulu za ma PGR awa pa kuchuluka kwa 2.5 μM, pomwe chithandizo cha GA sichinawonetse zotsatira zomwe zinanenedweratu. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti MiZax ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale pa kuchuluka kochepa kuposa momwe tinkayembekezera. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax kunawonjezeranso kutalika ndi m'lifupi mwa tuber (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S2B). Tinapezanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulemera kwa tuber, koma kuchuluka kwa 2.5 µM kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha m'nyengo zonse ziwiri zobzala.
Kuwunika kwa zomera komwe kunachitika pa zotsatira za MiZax pa zomera za mbatata zomwe zikukhwima msanga m'munda wa KAU, kunachitika mu 2022. Deta ikuyimira pakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n≥15. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa njira imodzi kwa kusiyana (ANOVA) ndi mayeso a Tukey a post hoc. Ma asterisks amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5. HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Kuti timvetse bwino zotsatira za chithandizo (T) ndi chaka (Y), ANOVA ya njira ziwiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa momwe zimagwirizanirana (T x Y). Ngakhale kuti biostimulants zonse (T) zidakweza kwambiri kutalika kwa mbewu za mbatata ndi biomass, MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zokha ndi zomwe zidakweza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tuber ndi kulemera kwake, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mayankho a tubers a mbatata ku MiZax ziwirizi anali ofanana (Chithunzi 3)). Kuphatikiza apo, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo nyengo (https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/saudi-arabia/jeddah/climate) imakhala yotentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 28 °C ndi chinyezi cha 52% (2022), zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri biomass yonse ya tuber (Chithunzi 2; Chithunzi Chowonjezera S3).
Phunzirani zotsatira za chithandizo cha 5 µm (T), chaka (Y) ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito (T x Y) pa mbatata. Deta ikuyimira pakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n ≥ 30. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa njira ziwiri kwa kusiyana (ANOVA). Ma asterisks amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Komabe, chithandizo cha Myzax chinkalimbikitsabe kukula kwa zomera zomwe zikuchedwa kukhwima. Ponseponse, mayesero athu atatu odziyimira pawokha adawonetsa mosakayika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax kumakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka zomera powonjezera chiwerengero cha nthambi. Ndipotu, panali zotsatira zazikulu ziwiri pakati pa (T) ndi (Y) pa chiwerengero cha nthambi pambuyo pa chithandizo cha MiZax (Chithunzi 3). Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito yawo monga olamulira oipa a strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis26. Kuphatikiza apo, tawonetsa kale kuti chithandizo cha Zaxinone chimayambitsa kusonkhanitsa starch mu mizu ya mpunga35, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonjezeka kwa kukula ndi kulemera kwa mbatata pambuyo pa chithandizo cha MiZax, popeza tubers makamaka zimapangidwa ndi starch.
Mbewu za zipatso ndi zomera zofunika kwambiri pazachuma. Ma strawberry amakhudzidwa ndi mavuto achilengedwe monga chilala ndi kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, tinafufuza momwe MiZax imakhudzira ma strawberry powapopera masamba. Choyamba tinapereka MiZax pamlingo wa 10 µM kuti tiwone momwe imakhudzira kukula kwa strawberry (Cultivar Festival). Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, tinaona kuti MiZax3 inachulukitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa stolons, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa nthambi, pomwe MiZax5 inakweza kuchuluka kwa maluwa, biomass ya zomera, ndi malo a masamba pansi pa mikhalidwe yobiriwira (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S4), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mankhwala awiriwa amatha kusiyana malinga ndi zamoyo. Zochitika 26,27. Kuti timvetse bwino momwe amakhudzira ma strawberry pansi pa mikhalidwe yeniyeni yaulimi, tinachita mayeso akumunda pogwiritsa ntchito 5 ndi 10 μM MiZax ku zomera za strawberry (cv. Sweet Charlie) zomwe zimamera m'nthaka ya mchenga mu 2021 (chithunzi S5A). Poyerekeza ndi GC, sitinawone kuwonjezeka kwa biomass ya zomera, koma tinapeza kuti pali njira yowonjezera kuchuluka kwa zipatso (chithunzi C6A-B). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax kunapangitsa kuti kulemera kwa chipatso chimodzi kukwere kwambiri ndipo kunasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zipatsozo kumadalira kuchuluka kwa zipatso (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S5B; Chithunzi Chowonjezera S6B), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zinthuzi zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa zipatso za sitiroberi zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chipululu.
Kuti timvetse ngati kukula kwa zomera kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa mbewu, tinasankha mitundu iwiri ya sitiroberi yogulitsa ku Saudi Arabia (Sweet Charlie ndi Festival) ndipo tinachita kafukufuku wamunda kawiri mu 2022 pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kochepa kwa MiZax (2.5 ndi 5 µM). Pa Sweet Charlie, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero chonse cha zipatso sichinakwere kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zimapatsidwa MiZax nthawi zambiri kunali kwakukulu, ndipo chiwerengero cha zipatso pamunda chinawonjezeka pambuyo pa chithandizo cha MiZax3 (Chithunzi 4). Deta iyi ikusonyezanso kuti zochita za MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zamoyo zimatha kusiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, titalandira chithandizo ndi Myzax, tinaona kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa zomera zatsopano komanso zouma, komanso kutalika kwa mphukira za zomera. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa stolons ndi zomera zatsopano, tinapeza kuwonjezeka kwa 5 μM MiZax (Chithunzi 4), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kugwirizana kwabwino kwa MiZax kumadalira mtundu wa zomera.
Zotsatira za MiZax pa kapangidwe ka zomera ndi zokolola za sitiroberi (mtundu wa Sweet Charlie) kuchokera m'minda ya KAU, zomwe zinachitika mu 2022. Deta ikuyimira pakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n ≥ 15, koma chiwerengero cha zipatso pa ploti iliyonse chinawerengedwa pa avareji kuchokera ku zomera 15 kuchokera ku ploti zitatu (n = 3). Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa kusiyana kwa njira imodzi (ANOVA) ndi mayeso a Tukey a post hoc kapena mayeso a t a Student omwe ali ndi michira iwiri. Ma asterisk amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Tinaonanso ntchito yofanana yolimbikitsa kukula pankhani ya kulemera kwa zipatso ndi zomera zomwe zili mu sitiroberi za mtundu wa Festival (Chithunzi 5), koma sitinapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pa chiwerengero chonse cha zipatso pa chomera chilichonse kapena pagawo lililonse (Chithunzi 5). Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, kugwiritsa ntchito MiZax kunawonjezera kutalika kwa chomera ndi chiwerengero cha stolons, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti owongolera kukula kwa zomera awa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mbewu za zipatso (Chithunzi 5). Kuphatikiza apo, tinayesa magawo angapo a biochemical kuti timvetse mtundu wa zipatso za mitundu iwiri yosonkhanitsidwa m'munda, koma sitinapeze kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa mankhwala onse (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S7; Chithunzi Chowonjezera S8).
Zotsatira za MiZax pa kapangidwe ka zomera ndi zokolola za sitiroberi m'munda wa KAU (mtundu wa Chikondwerero), 2022. Deta ndi yapakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n ≥ 15, koma chiwerengero cha zipatso pa ploti iliyonse chinawerengedwa pa avareji kuchokera ku zomera 15 kuchokera ku ploti zitatu (n = 3). Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa kusiyana kwa njira imodzi (ANOVA) ndi mayeso a Tukey a post hoc kapena mayeso a t a Student's two-tailed. Ma asterisk amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunika). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Mu maphunziro athu pa sitiroberi, zochita za MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zamoyo zinakhala zosiyana. Choyamba tinayang'ana zotsatira za chithandizo (T) ndi chaka (Y) pa mtundu womwewo (Sweet Charlie) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri za ANOVA kuti tidziwe momwe zimagwirizanirana (T x Y). Chifukwa chake, HA sinakhudze mtundu wa sitiroberi (Sweet Charlie), pomwe 5 μM MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zinawonjezera kwambiri zomera ndi zipatso (Chithunzi 6), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti njira ziwiri za MiZax ziwirizi ndizofanana kwambiri pakulimbikitsa kupanga sitiroberi.
Yesani zotsatira za chithandizo cha 5 µM (T), chaka (Y) ndi momwe zimagwirizanirana (T x Y) pa sitiroberi (cv. Sweet Charlie). Deta ikuyimira pakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n ≥ 30. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa njira ziwiri kwa kusiyana (ANOVA). Ma asterisks amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza ntchito ya MiZax pa mitundu iwiriyi inali yosiyana pang'ono (Chithunzi 4; Chithunzi 5), tinachita njira ziwiri za ANOVA poyerekeza chithandizo (T) ndi mitundu iwiriyi (C). Choyamba, palibe chithandizo chomwe chinakhudza chiwerengero cha zipatso pa ploti iliyonse (Chithunzi 7), kusonyeza kuti palibe kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa (T x C) ndi kusonyeza kuti MiZax kapena HA sizimathandizira pa chiwerengero chonse cha zipatso. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, MiZax (koma osati HA) inawonjezera kwambiri kulemera kwa zomera, kulemera kwa zipatso, stolons ndi zomera zatsopano (Chithunzi 7), kusonyeza kuti MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zimathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sitiroberi. Kutengera njira ziwiri za ANOVA (T x Y) ndi (T x C), titha kunena kuti ntchito zokulitsa kukula kwa MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 pansi pa mikhalidwe yamunda ndizofanana kwambiri komanso zogwirizana.
Kuwunika kwa chithandizo cha sitiroberi ndi 5 µM (T), mitundu iwiri (C) ndi kuyanjana kwawo (T x C). Deta ikuyimira pakati ± kupotoka kokhazikika. n ≥ 30, koma chiwerengero cha zipatso pa ploti iliyonse chinawerengedwa pa avareji kuchokera ku zomera 15 kuchokera ku ploti zitatu (n = 6). Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa kusiyana kwa njira ziwiri (ANOVA). Asterisks amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kuyerekezera (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, osati kofunikira). HA - humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3; MZ5, MiZax5.
Pomaliza, tinagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa zigawo zazikulu (PCA) kuti tiwone momwe mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito amakhudzira mbatata (T x Y) ndi sitiroberi (T x C). Ziwerengerozi zikuwonetsa kuti mankhwala a HA ndi ofanana ndi acetone mu mbatata kapena madzi mu sitiroberi (Chithunzi 8), zomwe zikusonyeza zotsatira zabwino zochepa pakukula kwa zomera. Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, zotsatira zonse za MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zinawonetsa kufalikira komweko mu mbatata (Chithunzi 8A), pomwe kufalikira kwa mankhwala awiriwa mu sitiroberi kunali kosiyana (Chithunzi 8B). Ngakhale kuti MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 zinawonetsa kufalikira kwabwino kwambiri pakukula ndi kukolola kwa zomera, kusanthula kwa PCA kunawonetsa kuti ntchito yolamulira kukula ingadalirenso mitundu ya zomera.
Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa zigawo (PCA) za (A) mbatata (T x Y) ndi (B) sitiroberi (T x C). Kulemba ma grafu a magulu onse awiri. Mzere wolumikiza gawo lililonse umatsogolera pakati pa gulu.
Mwachidule, kutengera kafukufuku wathu wodziyimira pawokha pa mbewu ziwiri zofunika komanso mogwirizana ndi malipoti athu am'mbuyomu kuyambira 2020 mpaka 202226, MiZax3 ndi MiZax5 ndi owongolera kukula kwa zomera omwe angawongolere kukula kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana. , kuphatikizapo chimanga, zomera zamitengo (mitengo ya kanjedza) ndi mbewu za zipatso za m'munda26,27. Ngakhale kuti njira zamamolekyulu zomwe sizikugwira ntchito m'thupi sizikupezeka, zili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito m'munda. Chabwino kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi humic acid, MiZax imagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kwambiri (micromolar kapena milligram level) ndipo zotsatira zake zabwino zimaonekera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, timayesa mlingo wa MiZax3 pakugwiritsa ntchito (kuchokera pamlingo wotsika mpaka wapamwamba): 3, 6 kapena 12 g/ha ndi mlingo wa MiZx5: 4, 7 kapena 13 g/ha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma PGR awa akhale othandiza pakukweza zokolola za mbewu. Ndizotheka.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-15-2024