Mwachidule, palibe chomwe chingalepheretse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa RL pamalondamankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matendaKupatula apo, ikutsatira malamulo onse. Koma pali chifukwa chimodzi chofunikira chomwe izi sizingasonyeze machitidwe abizinesi: mtengo.
Potengera pulogalamu yolimbana ndi matenda a fungicide mu kuyesa tirigu wa m'nyengo yozizira ya RL, mtengo wapakati unali pafupifupi £260 pa hekitala. Poyerekeza, mtengo wapakati wa pulogalamu yolimbana ndi matenda a fungicide ya tirigu mu John Nix Farm Management Guide ndi wochepera theka la mtengowo (£116 pa hekitala mu 2024).
N'zoonekeratu kuti zokolola zoyesera kuchokera ku mankhwala a RL fungicide zinali zokwera kuposa zokolola wamba zamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, zokolola zowongolera zapakati (2020-2024) za tirigu wothira fungicide m'mayesero a RL zinali 10.8t/ha, zomwe ndi zokwera kwambiri kuposa zokolola zapakati pa tirigu wothira malonda wa zaka zisanu wa 7.3t/ha (kutengera deta yaposachedwa ya Defra).
RL: Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zothandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zikhale zokolola zambiri, ndipo mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwazo. Mwachitsanzo:
N'zosavuta kuganizira kwambiri za zotsatira zake, koma kodi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yoyezera kupambana? Ndithudi, ndemanga zaposachedwa za kafukufuku wa RL zikusonyeza kuti alimi akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi miyezo ina, makamaka phindu la mbewu.
Nyengo zingapo zapitazo (2019-2021), cholinga cha AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge chinali kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi. Kuti apeze phindu lalikulu pamalo aliwonse oyesera m'chigawo, alimi omwe adatenga nawo mbali adapanga mapulogalamu ophera fungicide a mtundu umodzi (woyenera m'deralo) ndipo adawasintha nyengo yonse kutengera kufalikira kwa matenda am'deralo. Zina zonse zomwe zidalowetsedwa zidasinthidwa.
Ma protocol awa ndi oyenera maphunziro opangidwa mwachisawawa, ozikidwa pa plot (ma kopi atatu). Nthawi zonse zopopera zinali zofanana (T0, T1, T2 ndi T3) ndipo mankhwala ndi mlingo wokhawo unali wosiyana m'mapulogalamu opikisana; Si ophunzira onse omwe adapopera nthawi iliyonse (ena adaphonya T0).
Magawo amenewa akuphatikizaponso malo oti 'alibe fungicide' ndi malo 'olemera', omwe omaliza amachokera ku pulogalamu ya RL fungicide kuti adziwe momwe angakulitsire.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL inapereka 10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha yokwera kuposa malo omwe sanachiritsidwe. Izi ndizofala pa mtundu wa Graham, womwe umalimbana ndi matenda pang'ono. Avereji ya zokolola za pulani yamalonda inali 10.30t/ha, ndipo mtengo wapakati wa fungicide unali £82.04.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezeka ndi mtengo wa £79.54 ndi phindu la 10.62t/ha - 0.11t/ha yokha yotsika poyerekeza ndi mankhwala a RL.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL inapereka 10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha yokwera kuposa malo omwe sanakonzedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayembekezeredwa pobzala mtundu wa chikasu womwe ungathe kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri (Skyfall). Avereji ya zokolola za ndondomeko yamalonda inali 10.01t/ha ndipo mtengo wapakati wa fungicide unali £79.68.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezeka ndi mtengo wa £114.70 ndi phindu la 10.76t/ha - 0.22t/ha yokha yotsika poyerekeza ndi mankhwala a RL.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL inapereka 12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha kuposa malo omwe sanakonzedwe. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri pamtundu womwe ukulimidwa (KWS Parkin). Avereji ya zokolola za malonda inali 10.76t/ha ndipo mtengo wapakati wa fungicide unali £97.10.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezeka ndi mtengo wa £115.15 ndi phindu la 12.04t/ha - 0.03t/ha yokha yocheperapo poyerekeza ndi chithandizo cha RL.
Pa avareji (m'malo atatu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa), zokolola za mbewu zopindulitsa kwambiri zinali zochepa ndi 0.12 t/ha poyerekeza ndi zokolola zomwe zinapezeka pansi pa pulogalamu ya RL fungicide.
Kutengera ndi mayesero awa, titha kunena kuti pulogalamu ya RL fungicide imapanga zokolola zofanana ndi njira zabwino zaulimi.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zimapikisana nazo zomwe zinali pafupi ndi zokolola zomwe zidapezeka ndi chithandizo cha RL fungicide komanso kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zimapikisana nazo zomwe zidapitilira zokolola zomwe zidapezeka ndi chithandizo cha RL fungicide.
Chithunzi 1. Kuyerekeza kwa kupanga tirigu wonse m'nyengo yozizira ndi mtengo wa fungicide (kuphatikiza ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito) mu 2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (madontho abuluu). Kubwezeretsa poyerekeza ndi chithandizo cha fungicide cha RL kwakhazikitsidwa pa 100% (mzere wobiriwira wowongoka). Kachitidwe konse ka deta kakuwonetsedwanso (kupindika kwa imvi).
Mu nyengo yopikisana ya 2020, kuchuluka kwa matenda kunali kochepa ndipo malo awiri mwa atatuwa sanapezeke ndi mankhwala ophera fungicide. Mu 2020, mankhwala ambiri ophera fungicide ogulitsa adapereka zotsatira zabwino kuposa mankhwala ophera fungicide a RL.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zikusonyeza chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kusankha njira yopangira fungicide yomwe imayimira "muyezo wa alimi" mu mayeso a RL. Ngakhale kusankha mtengo umodzi kungayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zokolola - ndipo izi ndi za mitundu yochepa chabe. Mu mayeso a RL, tikulimbana ndi mitundu yambirimbiri, iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake komanso kuipa kwake.
Kupatula nkhani ya phindu la fungicide, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti phindu la tirigu padziko lonse lapansi ndi 17.96t/ha, zomwe ndi zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa phindu lapakati la RL (mbiriyo idakhazikitsidwa ku Lincolnshire mu 2022 pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopezera phindu).
Chabwino, tikufuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda opatsirana m'matenda a RL momwe tingathere. Inde, kuchuluka kwa matenda kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 10% pa mitundu yonse ya matenda komanso m'maphunziro onse (ngakhale kuti izi zikuvuta kwambiri kuzikwaniritsa).
Timatsatira mfundo iyi ya 'kuchotsa matenda' kuti tipeze mphamvu zokolola za mitundu yonse m'malo osiyanasiyana kuyambira ku Cornwall mpaka ku Aberdeenshire, popanda kuwononga zotsatira za matenda.
Kuti pulogalamu yolimbana ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bowa ipereke mphamvu yolamulira matenda onse m'madera onse, iyenera kukhala yokwanira (komanso yokwera mtengo).
Izi zikutanthauza kuti pazochitika zina (mitundu ina, malo ndi nthawi za chaka) zinthu zina za pulogalamu yophera fungicide sizikufunika.
Kuti tifotokoze mfundo iyi, tiyeni tiwone zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulogalamu yayikulu ya fungicide mu mayeso a RL a tirigu wachisanu (2024 crop).
Ndemanga: Cyflamid imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi bowa. Zoletsa bowa zimakhala zodula kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zokolola. Komabe, m'mayesero ena bowa angayambitse mavuto patatha zaka zingapo, choncho ndikofunikira kuiyika kuti muteteze mitundu yofooka kwambiri. Tebucur ndi Comet 200 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi dzimbiri. Ponena za chitetezo cha bowa, kuwonjezera kwawo sikudzawonjezera zokolola za mitundu yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri.
Zofunikira: Revistar XE (fluopyram ndi fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Ndemanga: Izi zikufanana ndi T0 nthawi iliyonse yopopera. Ngakhale kuti chisakanizo cha T1 ndi chachizolowezi, chili ndi mankhwala oletsa nkhungu - kachiwiri, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo, koma osati wambiri (nthawi zambiri).
Uwu ndi mankhwala ena opopera omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi oyesa. Ngakhale kuti sagwira ntchito bwino, angathandize kuchotsa bowa wa dzimbiri (pogwiritsa ntchito Sunorg Pro) ndi bowa wooneka ngati madontho (pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a prothioconazole). Arizona ndi njira inanso (koma singagwiritsidwe ntchito katatu pa mankhwala amodzi).
Ndemanga: Zofunikira za T2 zikuphatikizapo zinthu zolimba (monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa pa kupopera masamba a mbendera). Komabe, kuwonjezera kwa Arizona sikungachititse kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupanga.
Ndemanga: T3 timetime imayang'ana kwambiri mitundu ya Fusarium (osati madontho a tsamba la tirigu). Timagwiritsa ntchito Prosaro, yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Timawonjezeranso Comet 200 kuti tichotse dzimbiri pa mitundu yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri. M'madera omwe dzimbiri ndi lochepa, monga kumpoto kwa Scotland, kuwonjezera dzimbiri sikungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zambiri.
Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pulogalamu ya RL fungicide kungasinthe kafukufukuyu kuchoka pa kuyesa mtundu woyera kupita ku kuyesa mtundu x fungicide, zomwe zingasokoneze deta ndikupangitsa kutanthauzira kukhala kovuta komanso kokwera mtengo.
Njira yamakono imatithandizanso kupereka malingaliro a mitundu yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi matenda enaake. Pali zitsanzo zambiri za mitundu yomwe yapambana malonda ngakhale kuti inali ndi vuto losagonjetseka matenda (ngati itayang'aniridwa bwino) koma ili ndi makhalidwe ena ofunika.
Mfundo yochotsera matenda imatanthauzanso kuti timagwiritsa ntchito mlingo waukulu. Izi zimawonjezera ndalama koma m'maphunziro ambiri zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa. Zotsatira za mlingo zikuwonetsedwa bwino mu ma curve oletsa matenda omwe amapezeka mu projekiti yathu yothandiza fungicide.
Chithunzi 2. Kuwongolera madontho a masamba pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza (zotsatira za 2022-2024 zomwe zaphatikizidwa), zikuwonetsa zina mwa mankhwala ophera fungicide omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayeso a RL. Izi zikuwonetsa kusintha kochepa pakulamulira matenda komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusintha kuchokera ku mlingo wamba wa nthawi yogulitsira (theka la mlingo mpaka magawo atatu mwa anayi) kupita ku mlingo wa nthawi ya RL (pafupi ndi mlingo wonse).
Ndemanga yaposachedwa yothandizidwa ndi AHDB inayang'ana pulogalamu ya RL fungicide. Chimodzi mwa zomwe zapezeka mu ntchito yotsogozedwa ndi ADAS ndichakuti, kuphatikiza ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndi kukana matenda popanda kugwiritsa ntchito fungicide, njira yomwe ilipo pakadali pano ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yotsogolera kusankha ndi kuyang'anira mitundu ya zomera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-23-2024