Mwachidziwitso, palibe chomwe chingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito malonda a RLfungicide. Kupatula apo, imagwirizana ndi malamulo onse. Koma pali chifukwa chimodzi chofunikira chomwe izi sizidzawonetsa machitidwe abizinesi: mtengo.
Kutengera pulogalamu ya fungicide mu kuyesa kwa tirigu wachisanu wa RL monga chitsanzo, mtengo wake unali pafupifupi £260 pa hekitala. Poyerekeza, mtengo wapakati wa pulogalamu ya fungicide ya tirigu mu John Nix Farm Management Guide ndi wochepera theka la (£ 116 pa hekitala mu 2024).
Zikuwonekeratu kuti zokolola zoyesera kuchokera ku mankhwala a RL fungicide zinali zapamwamba kuposa zokolola zamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, zokolola zowongolera (2020-2024) zatirigu wothiridwa ndi fungicide m'mayesero a RL zinali 10.8t/ha, zomwe ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zaka zisanu zomwe zimakolola tirigu wamalonda wa 7.3t/ha (kutengera deta yaposachedwa ya Defra).
RL: Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimadzetsa zokolola zambiri za mbewu zothiridwa ndi bowa, ndipo mapulogalamu opha bowa ndi amodzi mwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo:
N'zosavuta kutengeka maganizo ndi zotsatira zake, koma kodi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwira kupambana? Zowonadi, ndemanga zaposachedwa pa kafukufuku wa RL zikuwonetsa kuti alimi akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira zina, makamaka phindu la mbewu.
Nyengo zingapo zapitazo (2019-2021), AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge cholinga chake chinali kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi. Kuti apeze phindu lalikulu pamalo aliwonse oyeserera, alimi omwe akutenga nawo mbali adapanga njira zophera bowa zamtundu umodzi (zogwirizana ndi komweko) ndikusintha nyengo yonseyo kutengera momwe matenda akufalikira. Zolowa zina zonse zidasinthidwa.
Ma protocol awa ndi oyenera kuphunziridwa mwachisawawa, motsata chiwembu (zobwereza zitatu). Nthawi zonse zopopera zinali zofanana (T0, T1, T2 ndi T3) ndi mankhwala okha ndi mlingo wosiyana m'mapulogalamu opikisanawo; Osati onse omwe amapopera mankhwala nthawi iliyonse (ena adaphonya T0).
Malowa akuphatikizanso ziwembu za 'palibe mankhwala ophera bowa' ndi ziwembu 'zolemera', zomaliza zomwe zimachokera ku pulogalamu ya RL fungicide kuti adziwe zokolola.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL idapereka 10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha kupitirira chiwembu chomwe sichinachiritsidwe. Izi ndizofanana ndi mitundu yomwe yakula (Graham), yomwe ili ndi kukana matenda pang'ono. Zokolola zambiri za ndondomeko yamalonda zinali 10.30t / ha, ndipo mtengo wapakati wa fungicide unali £82.04.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezedwa ndi mtengo wa £ 79.54 ndi zokolola za 10.62t / ha - 0.11t / ha yokha yochepa kuposa mankhwala a RL.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL idatulutsa 10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha kuposa momwe idasamaliridwa, zomwe ndizomwe zimayembekezereka pakamera mtundu wachikasu wotengera dzimbiri (Skyfall). Zokolola zapakati pazamalonda zinali 10.01t/ha ndipo mtengo wapakati wopha bowa unali £79.68.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezedwa ndi mtengo wa £ 114.70 ndi zokolola za 10.76t / ha - 0.22t / ha zochepa kuposa mankhwala a RL.
Pulogalamu yopopera ya RL idapereka 12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha kupitirira chiwembu chomwe sichinachiritsidwe. Izi ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimalimidwa (KWS Parkin). Zokolola zapakati pazamalonda zinali 10.76t/ha ndipo mtengo wapakati wopha bowa unali £97.10.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu kwambiri linapezedwa ndi mtengo wa £ 115.15 ndi zokolola za 12.04t / ha - 0.03t / ha yokha yochepa kuposa mankhwala a RL.
Pa avareji (kudutsa malo atatu otchulidwa pamwambapa), zokolola za mbewu zopindulitsa kwambiri zinali zocheperapo ndi 0.12 t/ha kuposa zokolola zomwe zapezeka pansi pa pulogalamu ya RL fungicide.
Potengera mayeserowa, titha kunena kuti pulogalamu ya RL fungicide imatulutsa zokolola zofanana ndi ulimi wabwino.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola za mpikisano zomwe zinali pafupi ndi zokolola zomwe zinapezedwa ndi mankhwala a RL fungicide ndi kuchuluka kwa mpikisano wochuluka kuposa zokolola zomwe zinapezedwa ndi mankhwala a RL fungicide.
Chithunzi 1. Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa malonda a tirigu wanthawi yachisanu ndi mtengo wa mankhwala ophera bowa (kuphatikiza ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito) mu 2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (madontho abuluu). Kuchira kokhudzana ndi chithandizo cha RL fungicide kumayikidwa 100% (mzere wobiriwira wowongoka). Mchitidwe wonse wa deta ukuwonetsedwanso (imvi yopindika).
M'mipikisano munyengo yokolola ya 2020, matenda anali otsika ndipo malo awiri mwa atatuwa analibe yankho lodziwika bwino la fungicide. Mu 2020, mankhwala ophera bowa ochulukirachulukira adatulutsa zochulukirapo kuposa ma RL regimens.
Njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasonyeza chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kusankha mankhwala ophera bowa omwe amaimira "mlimi muyezo" mu mayesero a RL. Ngakhale kusankha mtengo umodzi kumatha kubweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu pazokolola - ndipo izi ndi zamitundu yochepa chabe. M'mayesero a RL, tikulimbana ndi mitundu yambirimbiri, iliyonse ili ndi zabwino zake komanso zovuta zake.
Kupatula nkhani ya phindu la fungicide, ndiyenera kudziwa kuti zokolola za tirigu padziko lapansi pano ndi 17.96t/ha, zomwe ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zokolola zapakati pa RL (mbiri idakhazikitsidwa ku Lincolnshire mu 2022 pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zokolola).
Moyenera, tikufuna kuti chiwerengero cha zochitika mu maphunziro a RL chikhale chochepa momwe tingathere. Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwa matendawa kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 10% pamitundu yonse komanso m'maphunziro onse (ngakhale izi zikukhala zovuta kukwaniritsa).
Timatsatira mfundo iyi ya 'kuthetsa matenda' kuti tibweretse zokolola zamitundu yonse m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Cornwall mpaka ku Aberdeenshire, popanda zotsatira zoyambitsa matenda.
Kuti pulogalamu ya fungicide izitha kuwongolera matenda onse m'madera onse, iyenera kukhala yokwanira (komanso yokwera mtengo).
Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zina (mitundu ina, malo ndi nthawi za chaka) zinthu zina za pulogalamu ya fungicide sizifunikira.
Kuti tifotokozere mfundoyi, tiyeni tiwone zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulogalamu ya fungicide yoyeserera m'mayesero a tirigu wa dzinja a RL (2024 mbewu).
Ndemanga: Cyflamid imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi mildew. Mildew inhibitors ndi okwera mtengo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zokolola. Komabe, m'mayesero ena mildew angayambitse mavuto pakatha zaka zingapo, choncho m'pofunika kuphatikizirapo kuteteza mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Tebucur ndi Comet 200 amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa dzimbiri. Ponena za chitetezo cha mildew, kuwonjezera kwawo sikungapangitse zokolola zamitundu yokhala ndi dzimbiri lolimba kwambiri.
Zofunikira: Revistar XE (fluopyram ndi fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Ndemanga: Izi ndizofanana ndi T0 nthawi iliyonse yopopera. Ngakhale kusakaniza kwa T1 kumakhala kofanana, kumakhala ndi nkhungu inhibitor - kachiwiri, kuonjezera mtengo, koma osati mochuluka (nthawi zambiri).
Uku ndi kutsitsi kowonjezera komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi oyesa mayeso. Ngakhale sizothandiza kwenikweni, zimatha kuthandizira kuchotsa dzimbiri bowa (pogwiritsa ntchito Sunorg Pro) ndi mafangasi amawanga (pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a prothioconazole). Arizona ndiyonso njira (koma singagwiritsidwe ntchito katatu pa chithandizo chimodzi).
Ndemanga: Zofunikira za T2 zimaphatikizapo zinthu zolimba (monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa popopera masamba a mbendera). Komabe, kuwonjezera kwa Arizona sikungatheke kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupanga.
Ndemanga: Nthawi ya T3 imayang'ana mitundu ya Fusarium (osati masamba a tirigu). Timagwiritsa ntchito Prosaro, yomwe imakhalanso yokwera mtengo. Timawonjezeranso Comet 200 kuti tichotse dzimbiri ku mitundu yomwe ingatengeke. M'madera omwe dzimbiri limakhala lochepa, monga kumpoto kwa Scotland, kuwonjezera dzimbiri sikungakhale ndi zotsatira zambiri.
Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pulogalamu ya RL fungicide kungasinthe kafukufukuyu kuchoka pa kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kupita kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya x fungicide, zomwe zingasokoneze deta ndikupangitsa kutanthauzira kukhala kovuta komanso kokwera mtengo.
Njira yamakono imatithandizanso kulangiza tizilombo tomwe titha kudwala matenda enaake. Pali zitsanzo zambiri za zovuta zomwe zachita bwino pazamalonda ngakhale zili ndi vuto losalimbana ndi matenda (ngati zidayendetsedwa bwino) koma zili ndi mawonekedwe ena ofunikira.
Mfundo yochotsera matenda imatanthauzanso kuti timagwiritsa ntchito mlingo waukulu. Izi zimawonjezera ndalama koma mu maphunziro ambiri amabweretsa zokolola zochepa. Zotsatira za mlingo zimawonetsedwa bwino pamakhota owongolera matenda omwe amapezeka mu projekiti yathu yogwira ntchito bwino ndi fungicide.
Chithunzi 2. Kuwongolera mawanga a masamba ndi zoteteza (zotsatira za 2022-2024), kusonyeza ena mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero a RL. Izi zikuwonetsa kusintha kwakung'ono pakuwongolera matenda komwe kumayenderana ndi kusuntha kuchokera pamiyezo yanthawi zonse yazamalonda (theka mpaka theka la mlingo wa kotala) kupita ku mlingo wa RL (pafupifupi mlingo wathunthu).
Ndemanga yaposachedwa yothandizidwa ndi AHDB idayang'ana pulogalamu ya RL fungicide. Chimodzi mwazotsatira za ntchito yotsogozedwa ndi ADAS ndikuti, kuphatikiza ndi zokolola ndi kukana matenda popanda kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides, dongosolo lapano likadali njira yabwino yowongolera kusankha ndi kasamalidwe kosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-23-2024