Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuwunika momwe mankhwala ambiri a pirimiphos-methyl omwe amaphatikizidwira m'nyumba, omwe ndi ophatikizika.deltamethrinndi clothianidin, ndi clothianidin ku Alibori ndi Tonga, madera omwe malungo amapezeka kwambiri kumpoto kwa Benin.
Kwa zaka zitatu zomwe adaphunzira, kukana kwa deltamethrin kunawonedwa m'madera onse. Kukana kapena kuthekera kwa kukana kwa benzodiazepine kunawonedwa. Kukana kwathunthu kwa pirimiphos-methyl kunawonedwa mu 2019 ndi 2020, pomwe kukana komweko kwa mankhwala omwewo kunapezeka mu Djugu, Gogonu, ndi Kandy mu 2021. Kukana kwathunthu kwa clothianidin kunawonedwa patatha masiku 4-6 kuchokera pamene adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito yotsalira ya pirimiphos-methyl inapitilira kwa miyezi 4-5, pomwe ntchito yotsalira ya clothianidin ndi chisakanizo cha deltamethrin ndi clothianidin inapitirira kwa miyezi 8-10. Kugwira ntchito kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zinayesedwa kunali kwakukulu pang'ono pamakoma a simenti kuposa pamakoma a dongo.
Ponseponse, Anopheles gambiae SL anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi clothianidin koma adawonetsa kukana/kukana mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe adayesedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yotsala ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku clothianidin inali yabwino kuposa ya pirimiphos-methyl, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwawo kolamulira bwino komanso mosalekeza ma vectors olimbana ndi pyrethroid.
Pa mayeso a WHO okhudza kufooka kwa chubu ndi cone, mitundu ya Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) ndi mtundu wa Anophoeles gambiae (Kisumu) wochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana a IRS adagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatana.
Kuyimitsidwa kwa kapisozi ya Pyrifos-methyl ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe bungwe la World Health Organization linapereka kale kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito popopera mankhwala m'nyumba. Pyrifos-methyl 300 CS ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa organophosphorus omwe ali ndi mlingo woyenera wa 1.0 g active ingredient (AI)/m² kuti athetse matenda a malungo. Pyrifos-methyl imagwira ntchito pa acetylcholinesterase, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti acetylcholine isungike mu synaptic cleft pamene acetylcholine receptors atseguka, motero imaletsa kufalikira kwa mitsempha ndikuyambitsa ziwalo ndi kufa kwa tizilombo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito, monga clothianidin, kungathandize kuwongolera bwino komanso kokhazikika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a malungo osagonjetsedwa ndi pyrethroid. Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa angathandizenso kuthana ndi kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kupewa kudalira kwambiri mankhwala anayi ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu. Kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombowa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira zina zogwirira ntchito kungathandizenso kuchepetsa kukula kwa kukana mankhwala.
Kuopsa kwa Anopheles gambiae complex ku clothianidin kunayesedwa mu 2021, malangizo a WHO asanafalitsidwe, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokonzedwa bwino ndi Sumitomo Chemical (SCC). Malangizo a WHO pa njira zoyesera kuopsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tinali titasankhidwa kale adasindikizidwa, zomwe zinalola bungwe logwirizana ndi WHO Universiti Sains Malaysia ku Malaysia kukonzekera mapepala odzazidwa ndi tizilombo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana ndikuwapatsa malo ofufuzira.[31] Mu 2021 yokha ndi pomwe WHO idafalitsa malangizo okhudza kuopsa kwa clothianidin.
Pepala la Whatman linadulidwa m'zidutswa za 12 cm mulifupi ndi 15 cm kutalika, lodzazidwa ndi 13.2 mg ya chogwiritsira ntchito cha clothianidin ndipo linagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mkati mwa maola 24 kuchokera pamene laikidwa.
Mkhalidwe wa udzudzu womwe unaphunziridwa unatsimikiziridwa motsatira mfundo za WHO:
Magawo anayi adaphunziridwa: kuchuluka kwa Anopheles gambiae komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mphamvu ya kugwetsa kapena kufa nthawi yomweyo mkati mwa mphindi 30, kufa mochedwa komanso mphamvu yotsala.
Deta yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi/kapena kufufuzidwa panthawi ya kafukufukuyu ikupezeka kwa wolemba woyenerera ngati pakufunika kutero.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-22-2025