Kodi zotsatira zake ndi ziti kwa makampani omwe akulowa mumsika wa ku Brazil pankhani ya zinthu zachilengedwe komanso njira zatsopano zothandizira mfundo?

Msika wa zinthu zopangira ulimi ku Brazil wakhala ukukulirakulira mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Poganizira za kudziwika bwino kwa kuteteza chilengedwe, kutchuka kwa malingaliro a ulimi wokhazikika, komanso kuthandizira kwambiri mfundo za boma, pang'onopang'ono Brazil ikukhala malo ofunikira kwambiri pamsika komanso opanga zinthu zatsopano padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimakopa makampani opanga zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi kuti akhazikitse ntchito mdzikolo.

Mkhalidwe wamakono wa msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Brazil

Mu 2023, malo obzala mbewu za ku Brazil anafika mahekitala 81.82 miliyoni, pomwe mbewu yayikulu kwambiri ndi soya, yomwe imayimira 52% ya malo onse obzalidwa, kutsatiridwa ndi chimanga cha m'nyengo yozizira, nzimbe ndi chimanga cha chilimwe. Pamalo ake akuluakulu olima, dziko la Brazilmankhwala ophera tizilomboMsika unafika pafupifupi $20 biliyoni (kugulitsidwa kumapeto kwa ulimi) mu 2023, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a soya anali gawo lalikulu pamsika (58%) komanso msika womwe ukukula mofulumira kwambiri m'zaka zitatu zapitazi.

Gawo la mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'msika wonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Brazil likadali lochepa kwambiri, koma likukula mofulumira kwambiri, likukwera kuchoka pa 1% mu 2018 kufika pa 4% mu 2023 m'zaka zisanu zokha, ndi kuchuluka kwa pachaka kwa 38%, kupitirira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa 12% kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Mu 2023, msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mdziko muno unafika pamtengo wa $800 miliyoni kumapeto kwa alimi. Pakati pawo, pankhani ya gulu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la zinthu (makamaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu soya ndi nzimbe); Gulu lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri ndimankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe, kutsatiridwa ndi ma microbes ndi biocides; CAGR yapamwamba kwambiri pamsika mu 2018-2023 ndi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda achilengedwe, mpaka 52%. Ponena za mbewu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo la soya biopesticides pamsika wonse ndilokwera kwambiri, kufika pa 55% mu 2023; Nthawi yomweyo, soya ndiye mbewu yomwe ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo 88% ya malo ake obzalidwa akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotere mu 2023. Chimanga cha m'nyengo yozizira ndi nzimbe ndi mbewu yachiwiri ndi yachitatu yayikulu pamsika motsatana. Mtengo wamsika wa mbewu izi wawonjezeka m'zaka zitatu zapitazi.

Pali kusiyana kwa magulu akuluakulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbewu zofunika izi. Mtengo waukulu kwambiri pamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a soya ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe ndi 43% mu 2023. Magulu ofunikira kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chimanga cha m'nyengo yozizira ndi chimanga cha chilimwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe ndi 66% ndi 75% ya mtengo wamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mitundu iwiri ya mbewu, motsatana (makamaka poletsa tizilombo toluma). Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mankhwala ophera tizilombo a nzimbe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe ndi oposa theka la msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a nzimbe.

Ponena za malo ogwiritsira ntchito, tchati chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa zosakaniza zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa malo okonzedwa pa mbewu zosiyanasiyana, ndi malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chimodzi. Pakati pawo, Trichoderma ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri logwira ntchito, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mahekitala 8.87 miliyoni a mbewu pachaka, makamaka polima soya. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi Beauveria bassiana (mahekitala 6.845 miliyoni), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku chimanga cha m'nyengo yozizira. Zisanu ndi zitatu mwa zosakaniza zisanu ndi zinayi zazikuluzikuluzi sizimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo majeremusi ndi tizilombo tokha tomwe timadya mdani (tonse timagwiritsidwa ntchito polima nzimbe). Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zosakaniza izi zimagulitsidwa bwino:

Trichoderma, Beauveria bassiana ndi Bacillus amylus: makampani opanga zinthu oposa 50, omwe amapereka chithandizo chabwino pamsika komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu;

Rhodospore: kuwonjezeka kwakukulu, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chimbalangondo cha chimanga, malo oyeretsera zinthu okwana mahekitala 11 miliyoni mu 2021, ndi mahekitala 30 miliyoni mu 2024 pa chimanga cha m'nyengo yozizira;

Mavu oyambitsa matenda a nzimbe: amakhala olimba kwa nthawi yayitali pa nzimbe, makamaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi borer wa nzimbe;

Metarhizium anisopliae: Kukula mofulumira, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mimbulu ndi kuletsa kulembetsa kwa carbofuran (mankhwala akuluakulu oletsa mimbulu).