Njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% popanda kuwononga tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola.

Kasamalidwe ka tizirombo ndi matenda ndikofunikira pakupanga ulimi, kuteteza mbewu ku tizirombo ndi matenda. Mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pokhapokha kuchulukana kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kupitirira malire omwe anakonzedweratu, akhoza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwa mapulogalamuwa sikudziwika bwino ndipo kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kuti tiwone momwe madongosolo oyendetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amawonongera tizilombo taulimi, tidasanthula kafukufuku 126, kuphatikiza mayesero 466 pa mbewu 34, kufananiza mapulogalamu otengera kalendala (mwachitsanzo, sabata iliyonse kapena osakhala ndi mitundu) yoletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi/kapena osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Poyerekeza ndi mapologalamu otengera kalendala, mapologalamu okhazikika pazipatala anachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% komanso ndalama zoyendera ndi 40%, osasokoneza mphamvu zowononga tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola zonse. Mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi ma threshold adakulitsanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa ndipo adakwanitsanso kuwongolera matenda oyambitsidwa ndi arthropod monga mapulogalamu a kalendala. Chifukwa cha kukula ndi kusasinthasintha kwa ubwino umenewu, kuwonjezeka kwa ndale ndi ndalama zothandizira kumafunika kulimbikitsa kutsata njira yoyendetsera ulimi.
Zolemba zidadziwika kudzera muzosungirako ndi zosaka zina, zoyesedwa kuti zikuyenera, zimayesedwa kuti zikuyenera, ndipo pamapeto pake zidatsitsidwa ku maphunziro a 126, omwe adaphatikizidwa pakuwunika komaliza kwa meta.
Sikuti maphunziro onse adanenedwa njira ndi zosiyana; choncho, tinawerengera chiŵerengero cha chiŵerengero cha kusiyanasiyana kuti tiyerekeze kusiyana kwa chipikacho^{chiŵerengero.25}Pakafukufuku wokhala ndi mipatuko yosadziwika bwino, tinagwiritsa ntchito Equation 4 kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha chipika ndi Equation 5 kuti tiyerekeze kupatuka kofananako. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti ngakhale kupendekera koyerekeza kwa lnRR kulibe, kungaphatikizidwebe mu kusanthula kwa meta powerengera kusokonekera kwapang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito chiwongolero cholemetsa chosiyana ndi maphunziro omwe amafotokoza zapakatikati.
Pakafukufuku wokhala ndi zopatuka zomwe zimadziwika, njira zotsatirazi 1 ndi 2 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha chipika ndi kupatuka kofananako 25.
Pakafukufuku wopatuka kosadziwika bwino, njira zotsatirazi 3 ndi 4 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha chipika ndi kupatuka kofananako 25.
Gome 1 likuwonetsa kuyerekezera kwamagawo, zolakwika zofananira, nthawi zodalirika, ndi ma p-values ​​pamlingo uliwonse ndi kuyerekeza. Mapangidwe a funnel adapangidwa kuti adziwe kukhalapo kwa asymmetry pamiyeso yomwe ikufunsidwa (Chithunzi chowonjezera 1). Zithunzi Zowonjezera 2-7 zikupereka kuyerekezera kwa miyeso yomwe ikufunsidwa mu phunziro lirilonse.
Zambiri za kapangidwe ka kafukufuku zitha kupezeka mu chidule cha lipoti la Nature Portfolio cholumikizidwa ndi nkhaniyi.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti sitinapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakati pa mbewu zapadera ndi zodziwika bwino pazitsulo zazikulu monga kuwononga tizilombo ndi matenda, zokolola, phindu lachuma, ndi zotsatira za tizilombo topindulitsa. Izi ndizosadabwitsa chifukwa, malinga ndi momwe zamoyo zimakhalira, mapulogalamu opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo samasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya mbewuyi. Kusiyana pakati pa mbewu zamasiku onse ndi zapadera makamaka kumachokera kuzinthu zachuma ndi/kapena zowongolera, osati za chilengedwe. Kusiyanaku pakati pa mitundu ya mbewu kumakhala kovutirapo pakuwongolera tizirombo ndi matenda kusiyana ndi momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu zapadera zimakhala ndi mtengo wokwera pa hekitala imodzi motero zimafunika kutsatira malamulo okhwima kwambiri, zomwe zingapangitse alimi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo modziteteza chifukwa chodera nkhawa za tizilombo tochepa komanso matenda. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maekala akuluakulu a mbewu wamba amapangitsa kuyang'anira tizirombo ndi matenda kukhala kovutirapo, ndikuchepetsa kuthekera kokhazikitsa mapulogalamu opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe onsewa amakumana ndi zovuta zapadera zomwe zitha kuthandizira kapena kulepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Popeza pafupifupi maphunziro onse mu kusanthula kwathu kwa meta adachitidwa m'malo momwe zoletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo zidachotsedwa, sizosadabwitsa kuti tidawona kukhazikika kokhazikika pamitundu yonse ya mbewu.
Kuwunika kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti mapulogalamu owongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mtengo wogwirizana nawo, koma sizikudziwikabe ngati alimi amapinduladi nawo. Maphunziro omwe adaphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwathu kwa meta adasiyana kwambiri pamatanthauzidwe awo a "mapulogalamu" owongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuyambira machitidwe amdera kupita kumapulogalamu osavuta amakalendala. Choncho, zotsatira zabwino zomwe timapereka pano sizingawonetsere zochitika zenizeni za opanga. Komanso, ngakhale tidalemba zopulumutsa ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, maphunziro oyambira nthawi zambiri samaganizira za mtengo woyendera. Choncho, phindu lonse lazachuma la mapulogalamu oyang'anira pakhomo likhoza kukhala locheperapo kusiyana ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwathu. Komabe, maphunziro onse omwe adapereka malipoti owunikira amawonetsa kuchepa kwa mtengo wopangira chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse komanso kuyendera m'minda kumatha kukhala kovuta kwa opanga otanganidwa komanso oyang'anira mafamu (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
Njira zachuma zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro a Integrated Pest Management (IPM), ndipo ofufuza akhala akufotokoza kwa nthawi yayitali ubwino wa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kafukufuku wathu adawonetsa kuti kuwongolera tizirombo ta arthropod ndikofunikira pamakina ambiri, popeza 94% ya kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zokolola popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi kwanthawi yayitali. Tidapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito poyambira poyambira kumawongolera bwino kuwonongeka kwa arthropod popanda kupereka zokolola kuyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu a kalendala opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito polowera pakhomo kumatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 40%.^Zinakuwunika kwakukulu kwa njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mayesero olimbana ndi matenda a ku France ndi matenda a zomera kwawonetsanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndi^40-50% popanda kusokoneza zokolola. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kowonjezereka kwa njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi tizirombo komanso kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zolimbikitsira kufalikira kwawo. Pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka kwaulimi kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kupitilira kuwopseza zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza zovuta komanso zofunika kwambiri^{malo okhala}. Komabe, kutengera kufalikira kwa mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo kungachepetse zovuta izi, potero kukulitsa kukhazikika komanso kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe paulimi.