Njira zoyendetsera ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zomera zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% popanda kusokoneza kulamulira tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola za mbewu.

Kusamalira tizilombo ndi matenda n'kofunika kwambiri pa ulimi, kuteteza mbewu ku zinthu zoopsatizilombo ndi matendaMapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito mipanda, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kwapitirira malire omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale, amatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mapulogalamuwa sikukudziwika bwino ndipo kumasiyana kwambiri. Kuti tiwone momwe mapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito mipanda amakhudzira tizilombo ta alimi, tinachita kafukufuku wa meta wa maphunziro 126, kuphatikizapo mayeso 466 pa mbewu 34, poyerekeza mapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito mipanda ndi mapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito kalendala.kulamulira mankhwala ophera tizilombomapulogalamu ndi/kapena njira zowongolera zomwe sizinachiritsidwe. Poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala, mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% ndipo ndalama zogwirizana nazo ndi 40%, popanda kukhudza mphamvu yowongolera tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola zonse. Mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire awonjezeranso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa ndipo adapeza milingo yofanana yowongolera matenda obwera chifukwa cha arthropod monga mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala. Popeza ubwino uwu ndi wofanana, thandizo la ndale komanso lazachuma likufunika kuti lilimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera iyi muulimi.
Zolemba zinazindikirika kudzera mu kufufuza kwa database ndi magwero ena, zinafufuzidwa kuti zione ngati zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka, zinayesedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zapezeka, ndipo pamapeto pake zinachepetsedwa kufika pa maphunziro 126, omwe anaphatikizidwa mu kusanthula komaliza kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu.

Si maphunziro onse omwe adanena za njira ndi kusiyana; chifukwa chake, tinawerengera kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwapakati kuti tiyerekeze kusiyana kwa chipika.^{chiŵerengero.25}Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi kupotoka kosadziwika bwino, tidagwiritsa ntchito Equation 4 kuti tiyerekezere chiŵerengero cha log ndi Equation 5 kuti tiyerekezere kupotoka kofanana. Ubwino wa njira iyi ndikuti ngakhale kupotoka koyerekeza kwa lnRR kulibe, kumatha kuphatikizidwa mu meta-analysis powerengera kupotoka kosayenera pogwiritsa ntchito weighted mean coefficient of variation kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe amafotokoza za kupotoka koyenera.
Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi zolakwika zodziwika bwino, ma formula 1 ndi 2 otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha log ndi zolakwika zofananira zofanana.
Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi zolakwika zosadziwika, ma formula 3 ndi 4 otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha log ndi zolakwika zofananira.
Gome 1 likuwonetsa kuyerekezera kwa mfundo za ma ratio, zolakwika zofanana, nthawi zodzidalira, ndi ma p-values ​​​​pa muyeso uliwonse ndi kuyerekeza. Ma funnel plots adapangidwa kuti adziwe kupezeka kwa asymmetry pa miyeso yomwe ikukambidwa (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 1). Zithunzi Zowonjezera 2-7 zikuwonetsa kuyerekezera kwa miyeso yomwe ikukambidwa mu kafukufuku aliyense.
Zambiri zokhudza kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu zikupezeka mu chidule cha lipoti la Nature Portfolio chomwe chili munkhaniyi.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, sitinapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakati pa mbewu zapadera ndi zachikhalidwe paziyeso zofunika monga kuwongolera tizilombo ndi matenda, zokolola, phindu la zachuma, ndi momwe tizilombo topindulitsa timakhudzira. Zotsatirazi sizodabwitsa chifukwa, kuchokera ku lingaliro la zamoyo, mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo ochokera ku malire sasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ya mbewu. Kusiyana pakati pa mbewu zachikhalidwe ndi zapadera makamaka kumachokera ku zinthu zachuma ndi/kapena malamulo, osati zachilengedwe. Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa mitundu ya mbewu kumatha kukhudza kwambiri machitidwe oyendetsera tizilombo ndi matenda kuposa zotsatira za zamoyo za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku malire. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu zapadera nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtengo wokwera pa hekitala ndipo motero zimafuna miyezo yokhwima kwambiri, zomwe zingalimbikitse alimi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo popewa chifukwa cha nkhawa za tizilombo ndi matenda omwe sapezeka kawirikawiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maekala akuluakulu a mbewu zachikhalidwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyang'anira tizilombo ndi matenda kukhale kovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku malire. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe onsewa amakumana ndi zovuta zapadera zomwe zingathandize kapena kulepheretsa kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku malire. Popeza pafupifupi maphunziro onse mu meta-analysis yathu adachitika m'malo omwe malamulo oletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo adachotsedwa, sizodabwitsa kuti tawona mitengo yokhazikika pamitundu yonse ya mbewu.

Kusanthula kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti mapulogalamu oyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire okhazikika amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso ndalama zina zogwirizana nawo, koma sizikudziwika ngati opanga ulimi amapinduladi ndi zimenezi. Maphunziro omwe adaphatikizidwa mu meta-analysis yathu adasiyana kwambiri m'matanthauzidwe awo a mapulogalamu "okhazikika" oyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuyambira machitidwe am'deralo mpaka mapulogalamu osavuta a kalendala. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zabwino zomwe timapereka pano sizingawonetse bwino zomwe opanga adakumana nazo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale tidalemba za ndalama zomwe zasungidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, maphunziro oyamba nthawi zambiri sanaganizire za ndalama zowunikira m'munda. Chifukwa chake, phindu lonse lazachuma la mapulogalamu oyang'anira mankhwala okhazikika lingakhale lotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwathu. Komabe, maphunziro onse omwe adanena za ndalama zowunikira m'munda adalemba za kuchepa kwa ndalama zopangira chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zophera tizilombo. Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse ndi kuwunika m'munda kungakhale kovuta kwa opanga otanganidwa ndi oyang'anira minda (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
Magawo azachuma ali ndi gawo lalikulu mu lingaliro la kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tosakanikirana (IPM), ndipo ofufuza akhala akunena kwa nthawi yayitali za ubwino wa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire. Kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti kulamulira tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo ambiri n'kofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri, chifukwa 94% ya maphunziro akusonyeza kuchepa kwa zokolola popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwanzeru n'kofunika kwambiri popititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha ulimi chokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Tapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo kumawongolera bwino kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo popanda kuchepetsa zokolola poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oposa 40%.^ZinaKuwunika kwakukulu kwa njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda yaku France komanso mayeso oletsa matenda a zomera kwawonetsanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungachepe chifukwa cha^40-50% popanda kukhudza zokolola. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kopititsa patsogolo njira zatsopano zoyang'anira tizilombo komanso kupereka zinthu zothandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito malo olima kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzapitiriza kuopseza machitidwe achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.^{malo okhala}Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo kungathandize kuchepetsa mavutowa, motero kuonjezera kukhazikika komanso kusamalira chilengedwe cha ulimi.