Njira zoyendetsera ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zomera zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% popanda kusokoneza kulamulira tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola za mbewu.

Kusamalira tizilombo ndi matenda n'kofunika kwambiri pa ulimi, kuteteza mbewu ku tizilombo ndi matenda oopsa. Mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kwapitirira malire omwe adakhazikitsidwa, amatha kuchepetsamankhwala ophera tizilombokagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwa mapulogalamuwa sikukudziwika bwino ndipo kumasiyana kwambiri. Kuti tiwone momwe mapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito malire amakhudzira tizilombo ta arthropod, tinachita kafukufuku wokhudza maphunziro 126, kuphatikizapo mayeso 466 pa mbewu 34, poyerekeza mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito malire ndi ozikidwa pa kalendala (monga, sabata iliyonse kapena yosakhala yeniyeni)kulamulira mankhwala ophera tizilombomapulogalamu ndi/kapena njira zowongolera zomwe sizinachiritsidwe. Poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala, mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% ndipo ndalama zogwirizana nazo ndi 40%, popanda kukhudza mphamvu yowongolera tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola zonse. Mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire awonjezeranso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa ndipo adapeza milingo yofanana yowongolera matenda obwera chifukwa cha arthropod monga mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala. Popeza ubwino uwu ndi wofanana, thandizo la ndale komanso lazachuma likufunika kuti lilimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera iyi muulimi.
Mankhwala a zaulimi ndi omwe amalamulira kwambiri kasamalidwe ka tizilombo ndi matenda masiku ano. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka, ndi ena mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi, ndipo ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a malonda a mankhwala ophera tizilombo padziko lonse lapansi.¹Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso zotsatira zake zofunika, mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakondedwa ndi oyang'anira minda. Komabe, kuyambira m'ma 1960, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwatsutsidwa kwambiri (onani 2, 3). Ziwerengero zaposachedwa zikusonyeza kuti 65% ya minda padziko lonse lapansi ili pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.⁴Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakhudzana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zambiri, zomwe zambiri zimapitirira malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito; mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zinyama zambiri.^{5, 6, 7}Makamaka, tizilombo tomwe timatulutsa mungu tachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.^8,9Mitundu ina, kuphatikizapo mbalame zodya tizilombo, yawonetsa zomwezi, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuchepa ndi 3–4% pachaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid.¹⁰Kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka neonicotinoids, kukuyembekezeredwa kuti mitundu yoposa 200 yomwe ili pangozi idzatha.¹¹Mosadabwitsa, zotsatira izi zapangitsa kuti ntchito za agroecosystem zichepe. Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zalembedwa kwambiri zikuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa zamoyo.^{ulamuliro12,13}ndi^{kupukutira 14,15,16}Zotsatirazi zapangitsa maboma ndi ogulitsa kuti akhazikitse njira zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (monga EU Sustainable Use of Crop Protection Products Regulation).
Zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zitha kuchepetsedwa mwa kukhazikitsa malire a kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali m'malo otseguka ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera tizilombo molumikizana (IPM). Lingaliro la IPM linaperekedwa koyamba ndi Stern et al. mu¹⁹⁵⁹¹⁷ndipo amadziwika kuti "lingaliro lophatikizana." IPM imaganiza kuti kasamalidwe ka tizilombo kumadalira pa momwe ndalama zimagwirira ntchito: ndalama zowonongera tizilombo ziyenera kulipira kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kuchepetsedwa^bwinondi zokolola zomwe zimapezeka poletsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo.18 Chifukwa chake, ngati zokolola zamalonda sizikukhudzidwa, zokolola^kutayikachifukwa cha tizilombo ndizovomerezeka. Malingaliro azachuma awa adathandizidwa ndi zitsanzo za masamu mu^{zaka za m'ma 1980. 19, 20}M'machitidwe, lingaliro ili limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malire azachuma, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kapena kuwonongeka kwafika.21 Ofufuza ndi akatswiri oyang'anira tizilombo nthawi zonse amaganizira malire azachuma ngati maziko a kukhazikitsa IPM. Mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali m'malo otseguka amapereka zabwino zambiri: kuchulukitsa zokolola, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, ndi^{yachepetsedwa}zotsatira zomwe sizili pa cholinga.22,23 Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kuchepetsa kumeneku^zimasiyanakutengera zinthu monga mtundu wa tizilombo, njira yobzala, ndi malo opangira.24 Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold-based pest kumapanga maziko a integrated pest management (IPM), kuthekera kwake kopititsa patsogolo kupirira kwa agroecosystems padziko lonse lapansi sikukumveka bwino. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wakale watsimikizira kuti mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ophera kalendala, izi zokha sizokwanira kumvetsetsa bwino momwe amakhudzira kupirira. Mu kafukufukuyu, tinayesa mapulogalamu ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold-based pesticide pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwathunthu, kuwerengera bwino kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso chofunika kwambiri, kupirira kwake pakusunga zokolola ndikulimbikitsa thanzi la arthropods ndi agroecosystems zothandiza m'njira zosiyanasiyana zaulimi. Mwa kulumikiza mwachindunji thresholds ndi zizindikiro zingapo zokhazikika, zotsatira zathu zikupititsa patsogolo chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a IPM kupitirira kumvetsetsa kwachikhalidwe, kuwonetsa ngati njira yolimba yopezera mgwirizano pakati pa zokolola zaulimi ndi kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe.
Zolemba zinazindikirika kudzera mu kufufuza kwa database ndi magwero ena, zinafufuzidwa kuti zione ngati zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka, zinayesedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zapezeka, ndipo pamapeto pake zinachepetsedwa kufika pa maphunziro 126, omwe anaphatikizidwa mu kusanthula komaliza kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu.
Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi zolakwika zodziwika bwino, njira zotsatirazi 1 ndi 2 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha log ndi zolakwika zofananira 25.
Magawo azachuma ali ndi gawo lalikulu mu lingaliro la kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tosakanikirana (IPM), ndipo ofufuza akhala akunena kwa nthawi yayitali za ubwino wa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire. Kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti kulamulira tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo ambiri n'kofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri, chifukwa 94% ya maphunziro akusonyeza kuchepa kwa zokolola popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwanzeru n'kofunika kwambiri popititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha ulimi chokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Tapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo kumawongolera bwino kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo popanda kuchepetsa zokolola poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oposa 40%.^ZinaKuwunika kwakukulu kwa njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda yaku France komanso mayeso oletsa matenda a zomera kwawonetsanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungachepe chifukwa cha^40-50% popanda kukhudza zokolola. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kopititsa patsogolo njira zatsopano zoyang'anira tizilombo komanso kupereka zinthu zothandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito malo olima kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzapitiriza kuopseza machitidwe achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.^{malo okhala}Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo kungathandize kuchepetsa mavutowa, motero kuonjezera kukhazikika komanso kusamalira chilengedwe cha ulimi.