Njira zoyendetsera ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito malo osungiramo mankhwala zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% popanda kuwononga mphamvu ya tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola za mbewu.

     Kusamalira tizilombo ndi matendandikofunikira kwambiri pa ulimi, kuteteza mbewu ku tizilombo ndi matenda oopsa. Mapulogalamu owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera tizilombo, momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda kwapitirira malire omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale, amatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, zotsatira za mapulogalamuwa sizikudziwika bwino ndipo zimasiyana malinga ndi malo. Kuti tiwone momwe mapulogalamu owongolera tizilombo ogwiritsira ntchito njira yochepetsera tizilombo angakhalire pa tizilombo ta arthropod, tinachita kafukufuku wa kafukufuku 126 wonena za mayeso 466 pa mbewu 34, poyerekeza mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito njira yochepetsera tizilombo ndi omwe amachitika pakalendala.kulamulira mankhwala ophera tizilombomapulogalamu (monga, a sabata iliyonse kapena osakhudzana ndi mitundu) ndi/kapena malo owongolera osachiritsidwa. Poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala, mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 44% ndipo ndalama zogwirizana nazo ndi 40% popanda kusokoneza mphamvu yowongolera tizilombo ndi matenda kapena zokolola zonse. Mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa malire awonjezeranso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa ndipo adapeza njira yowongolera matenda obwera chifukwa cha arthropod monga mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa kalendala. Popeza kukula ndi kukhazikika kwa maubwino awa, thandizo lowonjezera la ndale ndi ndalama likufunika kuti lilimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera iyi muulimi.

Kuti tiwone momwe njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold-based mu ulimi zikugwiritsidwira ntchito, tinafufuza mwadongosolo maphunziro oyenerera omwe amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito threshold mu njira zobzala. Pogwiritsa ntchito mainjini ambiri osakira, pamapeto pake tinasanthula maphunziro 126 kuti tidziwe momwe njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold-based zikhudzira kulamulira tizilombo ta arthropod, kupanga bwino ulimi, komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ta arthropod. Tikuganiza kuti njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito threshold-based zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo popanda kukhudza zokolola. Kuphatikiza apo, poyerekeza ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito kalendala, njira zogwiritsira ntchito threshold-based ndi zothandiza kwambiri poletsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha arthropod pomwe nthawi yomweyo zimathandizira kupulumuka kwa tizilombo topindulitsa.
Tinachita kafukufuku wa mabuku kuti tidziwe momwe mapulogalamu oyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire angakhudzire ulimi. Mabuku ofalitsidwa adatengedwa kuchokera ku Web of Science ndi Google Scholar (Chithunzi 1). Tinagwiritsanso ntchito njira yosakanikirana, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera kuti tiwongolere kuyimira ndi kukwanira kwa database. Tinaphatikizanso maphunziro ozikidwa pa chidziwitso cha ofufuza pa kafukufuku wakale, malo osungira deta oyenera, ndi njira yopezera zitsanzo za snowball (monga, kusankha nkhani kuchokera ku maumboni oyenera). Tinawunikanso deta yoyamba mu Meyi 2023 kuti tiwonetsetse kuti ndi yokwanira pazinthu zofunika zaulimi, kuphatikiza mtundu wa mbewu, mitundu ya arthropod, ndi dziko lophunzirira. Mipata mu database idathetsedwa kudzera mu kusaka mawu ofunikira pambuyo pake. Kusaka konse kwa maphunziro komwe kunakwaniritsa zofunikira zophatikizidwa kunayamba kuyambira February 2021 mpaka June 2023.
Zolemba zinazindikirika kudzera mu kufufuza kwa database ndi magwero ena, zinafufuzidwa kuti zione ngati zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka, zinayesedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zapezeka, ndipo pamapeto pake zinachepetsedwa kufika pa maphunziro 126 omwe anaphatikizidwa mu kusanthula komaliza kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu.
Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi zolakwika zodziwika bwino, ma formula 1 ndi 25 otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha log ndi zolakwika zofananira.
Pa maphunziro omwe ali ndi zolakwika zosadziwika, ma formula 3 ndi 4 otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha log ndi zolakwika zofananira 25.
Kutengera ndi mayeso a Geary (1930) a normality test26, maphunziro omwe ali ndi mfundo zomwe zili pansipa 3 sanaphatikizidwe (malinga ndi fomula 5 ya Nakagawa et al. 2023).
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira yophunzirira, chonde onani Chidule cha Nature Portfolio Report chomwe chili munkhaniyi.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa vuto lalikulu pa mbewu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zambiri kuposa izi²⁰% ya kutayika kwa zokolola padziko lonse lapansi.²⁸Ngakhale mapulogalamu owongolera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito malire (threshold-based pest management) ndiye maziko a kasamalidwe ka tizilombo kophatikizana (IPM), zotsatira zake zonse pa ulimi sizikudziwika bwino. Komabe, maphunziro angapo odziyimira pawokha apeza zotsatira zabwino za mapulogalamuwa, kuphatikizapo kulamulira bwino tizilombo, zokolola zambiri, komanso zotsatira zabwino zosalunjika nthawi zina (monga kuchuluka kwa mungu kapena kulamulira zachilengedwe). Tikuganiza kuti zotsatira zabwinozi zili ponseponse paulimi. Zotsatira za meta-analysis zimachirikiza lingaliro ili. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri m'mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito malire kuposa m'mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito kalendala, zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo zinawonetsa mphamvu yolamulira yofanana pa mapulogalamu onse ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito malire ndi kalendala nawonso adawonetsanso kuletsa kofanana kwa matenda a zomera obadwa ndi arthropod. Mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito malire adawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa arthropod yopindulitsa poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo wamba. Zotsatirazi zitha kufotokozedwa pang'ono ndi kuchepa konse kwa 44% kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito malire poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito kalendala. Komabe, ngakhale njira zowongolera pogwiritsa ntchito malire ndi kalendala sizinawonetse kusiyana kwakukulu pa zokolola, tapeza kuti njira yochepetsera pang'ono yachepetsa ubwino wa zokolola. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa mbewu (mbewu zapadera poyerekeza ndi mbewu zachikhalidwe) zitha kukhudza kwambiri momwe njira yowongolera malire imagwirira ntchito. Ponseponse, zotsatira zathu zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakale lakuti mapulogalamu oyang'anira tizilombo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malire angapereke phindu lalikulu poyang'anira tizilombo ndi matenda m'machitidwe aulimi.
Miyezo yazachuma ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa lingaliro la Integrated Pest Management (IPM), ndipo ofufuza akhala akunena kwa nthawi yayitali za ubwino wa mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi malire. Kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti kulamulira tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo ambiri n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa 94% ya maphunziro akusonyeza kuchepa kwa zokolola popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwanzeru n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha ulimi chikhale chokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Tapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo kumawongolera bwino kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo popanda kuchepetsa zokolola poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi kalendala. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magawo angapo kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zoposa 40%.^ZinaKuwunika kwakukulu kwa momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'minda yaku France komanso mayeso oletsa matenda a zomera kwawonetsanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungachepetsedwe ndi^40-50% popanda kukhudza zokolola. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunika kopitiliza kupanga njira zatsopano zoyang'anira tizilombo ndikupereka zinthu zothandizira kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito malo olima kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzapitiriza kuopseza machitidwe achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo omwe ndi ofunikira komanso ofunikira kwambiri.^{malo okhala}Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophera tizilombo kungachepetse mavutowa, motero kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa ulimi komanso kusamalira chilengedwe.
Detayo imaperekedwa mu zolemba kapena fayilo yowonjezera, ndipo imapezekanso pagulu pa akaunti ya GitHub ya wolembayo pa https://github.com/aleach379/Thresholdsreduce.