Anthu amachita zinthu zina zopanda pake kuti apewe kulumidwa ndi udzudzu. Amawotcha ndowe za ng'ombe, zipolopolo za kokonati, kapena khofi. Amamwa gin ndi tonic. Amadya nthochi. Amadzipopera okha ndi madzi otsukira pakamwa kapena kudzipaka okha mu clove/alcohol solution. Amadziumanso okha ndi Bounce. "Mukudziwa, mapepala onunkhira bwino omwe mumayika mu dryer," adatero Immo Hansen, PhD, pulofesa ku Institute of Applied Biosciences ku New Mexico State University.
Palibe njira iliyonse mwa izi yomwe yayesedwa kuti ione ngati ingathe kuthamangitsa udzudzu. Koma zimenezo sizinalepheretse anthu kuyesa, malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa chilimwe chino ndi Hansen ndi mnzake Stacy Rodriguez, yemwe amayendetsa labu ya Hansen ku New Mexico State University. Stacy Rodriguez amaphunzira njira zopewera matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu. Iye ndi anzake adafunsa anthu 5,000 za momwe amadzitetezera ku kulumidwa ndi udzudzu. Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa udzudzu achikhalidwe.
Kenako ofufuzawo anawafunsa za mankhwala achikhalidwe ochizira matenda apakhomo. Apa ndi pomwe ndowe za ng'ombe ndi pepala lowumitsira zimagwirira ntchito. Pa kuyankhulana, Hansen ndi Rodriguez adagawana mayankho ena omwe adalandira. Nkhani yawo idasindikizidwa mu magazini ya PeerJ yomwe idawunikidwa ndi anzawo.
Kupatula njira zochizira matenda achikhalidwe ndi njira zodzitetezera, palinso njira zina zotsimikizika zodzitetezera ku udzudzu ndi matenda omwe umayambitsa. NPR idalankhula ndi ofufuza, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'nkhalango, m'madambo, ndi m'madera otentha omwe muli udzudzu.
Mankhwala okhala ndi DEET awonetsedwa kuti ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima. DEET ndi chidule cha mankhwala a N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri mu mankhwala ambiri othamangitsa tizilombo. Pepala la 2015 lomwe linasindikizidwa mu Journal of Insect Science linayang'ana momwe mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo amagwirira ntchito amagwirira ntchito ndipo linapeza kuti mankhwala okhala ndi DEET anali othandiza komanso okhalitsa. Rodriguez ndi Hansen anali olemba kafukufuku wa 2015, womwe adabwerezanso mu pepala la 2017 mu magazini yomweyi.
DEET inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'masitolo mu 1957. Poyamba panali nkhawa yokhudza chitetezo chake, ndipo ena ankanena kuti chingayambitse mavuto a mitsempha. Komabe, ndemanga zaposachedwa, monga kafukufuku wa mu June 2014 wofalitsidwa mu magazini ya Parasites and Vectors, zanena kuti "mayeso a nyama, maphunziro owonera, ndi mayesero olowererapo sanapeze umboni wa zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito DEET komwe kumalimbikitsidwa."
DEET si chida chokhacho. Mankhwala okhala ndi zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za picaridin ndi IR 3535 ndi othandiza mofanana, akutero Dr. Dan Strickman wa Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (wothandizira NPR) komanso wolemba buku lotchedwa Preventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
Bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention linanena kuti mankhwala othamangitsira matenda okhala ndi chilichonse mwa zinthuzi ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima. Mankhwala othamangitsira matenda amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
“Picaridinndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposaDEETndipo zikuoneka kuti zimathamangitsa udzudzu,” iye anatero. Anthu akamagwiritsa ntchito DEET, udzudzu ukhoza kugwera pa iwo koma suluma. Akagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi picaridin, udzudzu sunali wovuta kwambiri kugwera. Mankhwala othamangitsa omwe ali ndi IR 3535 sagwira ntchito bwino kwenikweni, anatero Strickman, koma alibe fungo lamphamvu ngati mankhwala ena.
Palinso petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), mafuta achilengedwe ochokera ku masamba ndi nthambi za mtengo wa eucalyptus wokhala ndi fungo la mandimu, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwanso ndi CDC. PMD ndiye gawo la mafuta omwe amathamangitsa tizilombo. Ofufuza ku New Mexico State University adapeza kuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi mafuta a eucalyptus a mandimu zinali zogwira mtima mofanana ndi zomwe zili ndi DEET, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala nthawi yayitali. "Anthu ena amadana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pakhungu lawo. Amakonda zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri," akutero Rodriguez.
Mu 2015, chinthu chodabwitsa chinapezeka: Fungo la Victoria's Secret la Bombshell linali lothandiza kwambiri pothamangitsa udzudzu. Hansen ndi Rodriguez anati adaliwonjezera pa zinthu zomwe adayesa kuti liwathandize chifukwa ankaganiza kuti fungo lake la maluwa lingakope udzudzu. Zinapezeka kuti udzudzu umadana ndi fungolo.
Kafukufuku wawo waposachedwa, wochokera mu 2017, nawonso wapereka zodabwitsa. Mankhwalawa, otchedwa Off Clip-On, amamangiriridwa ku zovala ndipo ali ndi metofluthrin yoletsa tizilombo, yomwe ikulimbikitsidwanso ndi CDC. Chipangizo chovalidwachi chapangidwira anthu omwe amakhala pamalo amodzi, monga makolo akuonera masewera a softball. Wovala chigoba amayatsa fani yaying'ono yogwiritsa ntchito batri yomwe imawulutsa mtambo waung'ono wa utsi wothamangitsa mumlengalenga mozungulira wovalayo. "Imagwiradi ntchito," adatero Hansen, ndikuwonjezera kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri pothamangitsa tizilombo monga DEET kapena mafuta a eucalyptus a mandimu.
Si mankhwala onse omwe amapereka zotsatira zomwe amalonjeza. Kafukufuku wa mu 2015 adapeza kuti ma vitamin B1 patches sanagwire ntchito pothamangitsa udzudzu. Kafukufuku wa mu 2017 adaphatikizapo makandulo a citronella pakati pa mankhwala omwe sankathamangitsa udzudzu.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti zibangili ndi mikanda yotchedwa zothamangitsira udzudzu sizithamangitsira udzudzu. Zogulitsazi zili ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo citronella ndi lemongrass.
“Ndalumidwa ndi udzudzu pa zibangili zomwe ndaziyesa,” anatero Rodriguez. “Amalengeza zibangili ndi mabandeji awa ngati chitetezo ku Zika [kachilombo kofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu komwe kangayambitse zilema zazikulu zobereka mwa amayi apakati], koma zibangili izi sizigwira ntchito konse.”
Zipangizo zamagetsi, zomwe zimatulutsa mawu omwe anthu sangamve koma omwe amalonda amanena kuti udzudzu umadana nawo, sizigwiranso ntchito. "Zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe tinayesa sizinagwire ntchito," adatero Hansen. "Tayesapo zida zina kale. Sizinali zogwira ntchito. Palibe umboni wa sayansi wosonyeza kuti udzudzu umathamangitsidwa ndi mawu."
Akatswiri amati nthawi zambiri ndi bwino kutsatira malangizo a wopanga. Ngati anthu akufuna kukhala panja kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi DEET yochepa (yomwe chizindikirocho chimati pafupifupi 10 peresenti) kuti adziteteze. Dr. Jorge Rey, mkulu wa Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory ku Vero Beach, anati ngati anthu akufuna kukhala m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango, m'nkhalango, kapena m'madambo, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito DEET yambiri — 20 peresenti mpaka 25 peresenti — ndikusintha pafupifupi maola anayi aliwonse. "Kuchuluka kwa zinthu kukakhala kwakukulu, kumakhala nthawi yayitali," adatero Rey.
Apanso, tsatirani malangizo a wopanga mlingo. "Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ngati ndi yabwino pang'ono, imakhala bwino kwambiri ngati ndi yambiri," adatero Dr. William Reisen, pulofesa wopuma pantchito ku University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. "Simuyenera kusamba ndi zinthuzo."
Ray akapita kumadera omwe kuli tizilombo towononga, monga ku Everglades National Park ku Florida, kukachita kafukufuku, amavala zovala zodzitetezera. “Tidzavala mathalauza aatali ndi malaya a manja aatali,” iye anatero. “Ngati zili zoipa kwambiri, tidzaika zipewa zokhala ndi ukonde pankhope pathu. Timadalira ziwalo zowonekera za thupi lathu kuti tithamangitse udzudzu.” Zimenezi zingatanthauze manja athu, khosi, ndi nkhope. Komabe, akatswiri amalangiza kuti tisapopere pankhope panu. Kuti tipewe kuyabwa m’maso, ikani mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’manja mwanu, kenako mupakane pankhope panu.
Musaiwale za mapazi anu. Udzudzu uli ndi fungo lapadera. Udzudzu wambiri, makamaka udzudzu wa Aedes womwe umatulutsa kachilombo ka Zika, umakonda fungo la mapazi.
“Kuvala nsapato si lingaliro labwino,” anatero Rodriguez. Nsapato ndi masokosi ndizofunikira, ndipo kuyika mathalauza m'masokisi kapena nsapato kudzakuthandizani kupewa udzudzu kulowa m'zovala zanu. M'madera omwe muli udzudzu, amavala mathalauza ataliatali osati mathalauza a yoga. “Spandex ndi yabwino kwa udzudzu. Amaluma kudzera m'mabalawa. Ndimavala mathalauza akuluakulu ndi malaya a manja aatali ndipo ndimavala DEET.”
Udzudzu ukhoza kuluma nthawi iliyonse, koma udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti womwe umanyamula kachilombo ka Zika umakonda nthawi ya m'mawa ndi madzulo, anatero Strickman. Ngati n'kotheka, khalani m'nyumba yokhala ndi zotchingira mawindo kapena mpweya woziziritsa nthawi imeneyi.
Popeza udzudzu uwu umaswana m'madzi oima m'zidebe monga miphika ya maluwa, matayala akale, mabaketi ndi zinyalala, anthu ayenera kuchotsa malo aliwonse amadzi oima ozungulira iwo. "Maiwe osambira ndi ovomerezeka malinga ngati sanasiyidwe," adatero Ray. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maiwe otetezeka amathanso kuthamangitsa udzudzu. Kuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndikofunikira kuti mupeze malo onse oberekera udzudzu. "Ndawona udzudzu ukuswana m'madzi pafupi ndi masinki kapena pansi pagalasi omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kutsuka mano awo," adatero Strickman. Kuyeretsa malo amadzi oima kungachepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa udzudzu.
Anthu ambiri amene amachita ntchito yoyeretsa imeneyi, udzudzu udzakhala wochepa. "Sizingakhale zabwino kwenikweni, koma kuchuluka kwa udzudzu kudzachepa kwambiri," anatero Strickman.
Hansen anati labu yake ikugwira ntchito pa ukadaulo wothira udzudzu wamwamuna ndi kuwala kenako n’kuutulutsa m’chilengedwe. Udzudzu wamwamuna umakumana ndi wamkazi, ndipo wamkazi amaika mazira, koma mazirawo saswana. Ukadaulowu umayang’ana mitundu inayake, monga udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti, womwe umafalitsa Zika, malungo a dengue ndi matenda ena.
Gulu la asayansi aku Massachusetts likugwira ntchito yopangira mankhwala oletsa udzudzu omwe adzakhala pakhungu kwa maola ambiri kapena masiku ambiri, anatero Dr. Abrar Karan, dokotala ku Brigham and Women's Hospital. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adapanga Hour72+, mankhwala oletsa udzudzu omwe amati salowa pakhungu kapena kulowa m'magazi, koma sagwira ntchito kokha chifukwa cha kutuluka kwachilengedwe kwa khungu.
Chaka chino, Hour72+ yapambana mphoto yayikulu ya Dubilier ya $75,000 pa mpikisano wapachaka wa Harvard Business School. Karan akukonzekera kuyesanso chitsanzo cha prototype, chomwe sichikupezekabe kumalonda, kuti awone nthawi yomwe chingagwire ntchito bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-17-2025