Anthu adzapita kutali kuti apewe kulumidwa ndi udzudzu. Amawotcha ndowe za ng’ombe, zipolopolo za kokonati, kapena khofi. Amamwa gin ndi tonics. Amadya nthochi. Amadzipopera okha ndi ochapira pakamwa kapena kudzipaka okha mu clove/mowa solution. Amadziwumitsanso ndi Bounce. "Mukudziwa, mapepala onunkhira bwino omwe mumayika mu chowumitsira," adatero Immo Hansen, PhD, pulofesa ku Institute of Applied Biosciences ku New Mexico State University.
Palibe njira iliyonseyi yomwe yayesedwa kuti awone ngati ikuthamangitsadi udzudzu. Koma izi sizinalepheretse anthu kuyesa, malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'chilimwe ndi Hansen ndi mnzake Stacy Rodriguez, yemwe amayendetsa labu ya Hansen ku New Mexico State University. Stacy Rodriguez amaphunzira njira zopewera matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu. Iye ndi anzake anafunsa anthu 5,000 za mmene amadzitetezera ku kulumidwa ndi udzudzu. Anthu ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa udzudzu.
Kenako ofufuzawo anawafunsa za mankhwala a m’nyumba. Kumeneko n’kumene kumabwera ndowe za ng’ombe ndi zowumitsira. Pepala lawo lidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala yowunikiridwa ndi anzawo PeerJ.
Kupatulapo njira zochiritsira zodziwika bwino komanso chitetezo chachikhalidwe, pali njira zina zotsimikiziridwa zodzitetezera ku udzudzu ndi matenda omwe amanyamula. NPR inalankhula ndi ofufuza, omwe ambiri a iwo amathera nthawi yochuluka m’nkhalango zodzala ndi udzudzu, madambo, ndi madera otentha.
Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi DEET zawonetsedwa kuti ndizotetezeka komanso zothandiza. DEET ndi chidule cha mankhwala a N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, omwe ndi omwe amagwira ntchito muzinthu zambiri zothamangitsa tizilombo. Pepala la 2015 lofalitsidwa mu Journal of Insect Science linayang'ana mphamvu ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo ndipo adapeza kuti mankhwala omwe ali ndi DEET anali othandiza komanso okhalitsa. Rodriguez ndi Hansen ndi omwe adalemba kafukufuku wa 2015, omwe adalembanso mu pepala la 2017 m'magazini yomweyo.
DEET inagunda mashelufu a sitolo mu 1957. Panali zodetsa nkhaŵa zoyamba za chitetezo chake, ndipo ena amanena kuti zingayambitse matenda a ubongo. Komabe, ndemanga zaposachedwa, monga kafukufuku wa June 2014 wofalitsidwa m'magazini yotchedwa Parasites and Vectors, zindikirani kuti "mayesero a zinyama, maphunziro owonetsetsa, ndi mayesero ochitapo kanthu sanapeze umboni wa zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi DEET."
DEET si chida chokhacho. Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi picaridin ndi IR 3535 zimagwira ntchito mofananamo, akutero Dr. Dan Strickman wa Global Health Programme ya Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (wothandizira NPR) komanso wolemba Kupewa Kulumidwa ndi Tizilombo, Kuluma, ndi Matenda.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inanena kuti zothamangitsa zomwe zili ndi chilichonse mwazinthu zogwira ntchitozi ndizotetezeka komanso zothandiza. Zothamangitsirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
“Picaridinndiwothandiza kuposaDEETndipo zimawoneka ngati zimathamangitsa udzudzu.” Anthu akamagwiritsira ntchito DEET, udzudzu ukhoza kutera pa iwo koma suluma.” Akamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi picaridin, udzudzu umakhala wocheperapo kutera.” Zothamangitsa zomwe zili ndi IR 3535 sizigwira ntchito pang’ono, Strickman anati, koma zilibe fungo lamphamvu la zinthu zina.
Palinso mafuta a petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), mafuta achilengedwe opangidwa kuchokera kumasamba onunkhira a mandimu ndi nthambi za mtengo wa bulugamu, omwenso CDC imalimbikitsa. PMD ndi gawo la mafuta omwe amathamangitsa tizilombo. Ofufuza ku New Mexico State University adapeza kuti zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta a mandimu a bulugamu zinali zogwira mtima ngati zomwe zili ndi DEET, ndipo zotsatira zake zidatenga nthawi yayitali. "Anthu ena amanyansidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pakhungu lawo. Amakonda zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri," adatero Rodriguez.
Mu 2015, zodabwitsa zidapezeka: Fungo la Victoria Secret's Bombshell linali lothandiza pothamangitsa udzudzu. Hansen ndi Rodriguez adati adawonjezera kuzinthu zawo zoyeserera ngati njira yabwino chifukwa amaganiza kuti fungo lake lamaluwa lingakope udzudzu. Zikuoneka kuti udzudzu umadana ndi fungo.
Kafukufuku wawo waposachedwa, kuyambira 2017, adaperekanso zodabwitsa. Chogulitsacho, chotchedwa Off Clip-On, chimamamatira ku zovala ndipo chimakhala ndi metofluthrin yothamangitsa tizilombo, yomwe imalimbikitsidwanso ndi CDC. Chipangizo chovala chimapangidwira anthu omwe amakhala pamalo amodzi, monga makolo akuwonera masewera a softball. Wovala chigoba amayatsa fani yaing'ono yoyendetsedwa ndi batire yomwe imawombera kamtambo kakang'ono ka nkhungu yothamangitsa mumlengalenga mozungulira wovalayo. "Zimagwiradi ntchito," adatero Hansen, ndikuwonjezera kuti ndizothandiza pothamangitsa tizilombo monga DEET kapena mafuta a mandimu a eucalyptus.
Sizinthu zonse zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zomwe amalonjeza. Kafukufuku wa 2015 adapeza kuti zigamba za vitamini B1 sizinagwire ntchito pothamangitsa udzudzu. Kafukufuku wa 2017 adaphatikizapo makandulo a citronella pakati pa zinthu zomwe sizinathamangitse udzudzu.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti zibangili zothamangitsira udzudzu zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zoletsa udzudzu sizimathamangitsa udzudzu. Zogulitsazi zimakhala ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza citronella ndi lemongrass.
Rodriguez anati: “Ndalumidwa ndi udzudzu pa zibangili zimene ndinaziyesa. “Amalengeza zibangili ndi mabandeji amenewa monga chitetezo ku Zika [kachilombo kamene kamafala ndi udzudzu kamene kamayambitsa matenda aakulu a amayi oyembekezera], koma zibangilizi sizigwira ntchito kwenikweni.”
Zipangizo zamakono, zomwe zimatulutsa mawu omwe anthu sangamve koma omwe amalonda amati udzudzu umadana nawo, nawonso sagwira ntchito. "Zida zomwe tidayesa zidalibe kanthu," adatero Hansen. “Tidayesapo zida zina m’mbuyomu, koma zinali zosagwira ntchito.
Akatswiri amati nthawi zambiri zimakhala zanzeru kutsatira malangizo opanga. Ngati anthu akhala panja kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi DEET (zolembazo zimati pafupifupi 10 peresenti) kuti atetezedwe. Dr. Jorge Rey, wogwirizira mkulu wa Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory ku Vero Beach, ananena kuti ngati anthu akakhala m’madera a nkhalango, m’nkhalango, kapena m’dambo, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wokulirapo wa DEET — 20 peresenti mpaka 25 peresenti — ndikusintha pafupifupi maola anayi aliwonse. Rey anati: "Kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kumatenga nthawi yayitali.
Apanso, tsatirani malangizo a wopanga. "Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ngati zili zabwino pang'onopang'ono, zimakhala bwino kwambiri," adatero Dr. William Reisen, pulofesa wopuma pantchito pa yunivesite ya California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. “Simuyenera kusamba m’zinthu.”
Ray akamalowa m'malo odzaza ndi tizilombo, monga Florida Everglades National Park, kuti akafufuze, amavala zida zodzitetezera. “Tidzavala mathalauza aatali ndi malaya amikono aatali,” iye anatero. “Ngati zilidi zoipa, timavala zipewa zokhala ndi maukonde kumaso kwathu, ndipo timadalira mbali zoonekera za thupi lathu kuti tithamangitse udzudzu.” Zimenezi zingatanthauze manja, khosi, ndi nkhope zathu. Komabe, akatswiri amalangiza kuti musamapope pankhope yanu. Pofuna kupewa kukwiya m'maso, ikani mankhwalawa m'manja mwanu, kenako pakani kumaso.
Musaiwale za mapazi anu. Udzudzu umakonda kununkhiza mwapadera. Udzudzu wambiri, makamaka udzudzu wa Aedes womwe umanyamula kachilombo ka Zika, ngati fungo la mapazi.
"Kuvala nsapato si lingaliro labwino," adatero Rodriguez. Nsapato ndi masokosi ndizofunikira, ndipo kukweza mathalauza mu masokosi kapena nsapato kumathandiza kuti udzudzu usalowe mu zovala zanu. M'madera omwe muli udzudzu, amavala mathalauza aatali osati mathalauza a yoga. "Spandex silola udzudzu. Zimaluma. Ndimavala thalauza lachikwama ndi malaya aatali manja ndikuvala DEET."
Udzudzu ukhoza kuluma nthawi iliyonse ya tsiku, koma udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti umene umanyamula kachilombo ka Zika umakonda nthawi ya m'mawa ndi madzulo, Strickman adati. Ngati n'kotheka, khalani m'nyumba ndi zowonetsera mawindo kapena zoziziritsa kukhosi panthawizi.
Chifukwa chakuti udzudzuwu umaswana m’madzi osayima m’mitsuko monga miphika yamaluwa, matayala akale, zidebe ndi zinyalala, anthu ayenera kuchotsa madera onse okhala ndi madzi oima pozungulira. Maiwe osambira ndi ovomerezeka malinga ngati sanasiyidwe,” adatero Ray. Mankhwala opangira maiwe otetezedwa amathanso kuthamangitsa udzudzu. Kuyang'anitsitsa kumafunika kuti tipeze malo onse omwe udzudzu umaswana. "Ndawonapo udzudzu ukuswana mufilimu yamadzi pafupi ndi masinki kapena pansi pa galasi lomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito potsuka mano," adatero Strickman. Kuyeretsa malo omwe ali ndi madzi oyimilira kungachepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa udzudzu.
Anthu amene amatsuka zinthu zimenezi akachuluka, udzudzu umakhala wochepa. "Sizingakhale zangwiro, koma chiwerengero cha udzudzu chidzachepa kwambiri," adatero Strickman.
Hansen adati labu yake ikugwira ntchito paukadaulo woletsa udzudzu wamphongo ndi ma radiation ndikuwamasula ku chilengedwe. Udzudzu wamphongo umakumana ndi udzudzu waukazi, ndipo waukazi umaikira mazira, koma mazirawo saswa. Ukadaulowu ungayang'ane zamitundu ina, monga udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti, womwe umafalitsa Zika, dengue fever ndi matenda ena.
Gulu la asayansi a Massachusetts likugwira ntchito yochotsa udzudzu womwe umakhala pakhungu ndikukhala kwa maola kapena masiku, adatero Dr. Abrar Karan, dokotala ku Brigham ndi Women's Hospital. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Hour72 +, mankhwala othamangitsa omwe amati samalowa pakhungu kapena kulowa m'magazi, koma amapangidwa kuti asagwire ntchito kokha chifukwa cha kukhetsedwa kwachilengedwe kwa khungu.
Chaka chino, Hour72+ adapambana mphotho yayikulu ya $75,000 Dubilier pampikisano woyambira wapachaka wa Harvard Business School. A Karan akukonzekera kuyesanso fanizoli, lomwe silinapezekebe malonda, kuti awone kuti lingagwire ntchito nthawi yayitali bwanji.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-17-2025