Mu ntchito yapitayi yoyesa mafakitale opangira chakudya cham'deralo kwa udzudzu ku Thailand, mafuta ofunikira (EOs) a Cyperus rotundus, galangal ndi sinamoni adapezeka kuti ali ndi ntchito yabwino yolimbana ndi udzudzu motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti.Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwemankhwala ophera tizilombondikuwongolera kuwongolera kwa udzudzu wosamva, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake ndi kuzindikira kuthekera kolumikizana pakati pa zotsatira zachikulire za ethylene oxide ndi kawopsedwe ka permetrin ku udzudzu wa Aedes.aegypti, kuphatikizapo pyrethroid-resistant komanso zovuta zovuta.
Kuwunika mankhwala opangidwa ndi kupha ntchito ya EO yotengedwa ku rhizomes ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum motsutsana ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Ae.Aedes aegypti.Kafukufuku wamkulu wa bioassay wa EO-permethrin adachitidwanso pa udzudzu wa Aedes kuti amvetse ntchito yake ya synergistic.mitundu ya aegypti.
Makhalidwe a mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya GC-MS analytical anasonyeza kuti mankhwala a 48 adadziwika kuchokera ku EOs ya C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, owerengera 80.22%, 86.75% ndi 97.24% ya zigawo zonse, motero.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), ndi cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndizo zigawo zikuluzikulu za mafuta a cyperus, mafuta a galangal, ndi mafuta a basamu, motero.Poyesa kupha anthu akuluakulu a biological, C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum EVs anali othandiza pakupha Ae.aegypti, MCM-S ndi PMD-R LD50 mfundo zinali 10.05 ndi 9.57 μg/mg akazi, 7.97 ndi 7.94 μg/mg akazi, ndi 3.30 ndi 3.22 μg/mg akazi, motero.Kuchita bwino kwa MCM-S ndi PMD-R Ae pakupha akuluakulu.aegypti mu ma EO awa anali pafupi ndi piperonyl butoxide (ma PBO values, LD50 = 6.30 ndi 4.79 μg/mg wamkazi, motsatira), koma osati monga permethrin (LD50 values = 0.44 ndi 3.70 ng/mg akazi motsatira).Komabe, ma bioassays ophatikizana adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa EO ndi permetrin.Kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi permetrin motsutsana ndi mitundu iwiri ya udzudzu wa Aedes.Aedes aegypti adadziwika mu EM ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga.Kuwonjezeredwa kwa C. rotundus ndi mafuta a A. galanga kunachepetsa kwambiri LD50 za permetrin pa MCM-S kuchokera ku 0.44 mpaka 0.07 ng/mg ndi 0.11 ng/mg mwa akazi, motsatana, ndi ma synergy ratio (SR) ya 6.28 ndi 4.00 motsatana.Kuphatikiza apo, C. rotundus ndi A. galanga EOs adachepetsanso kwambiri ma LD50 a permetrin pa PMD-R kuchokera ku 3.70 mpaka 0.42 ng/mg ndi 0.003 ng/mg mwa akazi, motsatana, ndi SR values ya 8.81 ndi 1233.33, motero..
Synergistic zotsatira za kuphatikiza kwa EO-permethrin kuti apititse patsogolo kawopsedwe achikulire motsutsana ndi mitundu iwiri ya udzudzu wa Aedes.Aedes aegypti akuwonetsa ntchito yodalirika ya ethylene oxide ngati synergist pakulimbikitsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi udzudzu, makamaka pamene mankhwala azikhalidwe sagwira ntchito kapena osayenera.
Udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ndiye woyambitsa matenda a dengue fever ndi matenda ena opatsirana monga yellow fever, chikungunya ndi Zika virus, zomwe zikuwopseza anthu mosalekeza [1, 2]..Dengue virus ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri omwe amakhudza anthu, ndipo pafupifupi 5-100 miliyoni amapezeka chaka chilichonse komanso anthu opitilira 2.5 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali pachiwopsezo.Kuphulika kwa matenda opatsiranawa kumadzetsa cholemetsa chachikulu pa anthu, machitidwe azaumoyo ndi chuma chamayiko ambiri otentha [1].Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Thailand, panali milandu 142,925 ya matenda a dengue fever ndi kufa kwa 141 komwe kunachitika mdziko lonse mu 2015, kupitilira katatu kuchuluka kwa milandu ndi kufa mu 2014 [4].Ngakhale kuti pali umboni wa mbiri yakale, matenda a dengue anathetsedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.Kutsatira kulamulira kwa Aedes aegypti [5], chiwerengero cha matenda chinawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo matendawa anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za kutentha kwa dziko.Kuchotsa ndi kulamulira Ae.Aedes aegypti ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa udzudzu m'nyumba zomwe zimagonana, zimadyetsa, zimapumula ndikuikira mazira mkati ndi kuzungulira komwe anthu amakhala masana.Kuphatikiza apo, udzudzu uwu umatha kusintha kusintha kwa chilengedwe kapena zosokoneza zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe (monga chilala) kapena njira zowongolera anthu, ndipo zimatha kubwerera ku manambala ake oyamba [6, 7].Chifukwa chakuti katemera wolimbana ndi matenda a dengue angovomerezedwa posachedwapa ndipo palibe mankhwala enieni ochizira matenda a dengue, kupeŵa ndi kuchepetsa kufala kwa dengue kumadalira kotheratu kulamulira zotengera udzudzu ndi kuthetsa kukhudzana kwa anthu ndi zotengerazo.
Makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa udzudzu tsopano kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu monga gawo lofunikira la kasamalidwe kabwino ka ma vector ophatikizika.Njira zodziwika bwino za mankhwala ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo tochepa omwe amalimbana ndi mphutsi za udzudzu (larvicides) ndi udzudzu wamkulu (adidocides).Kuwongolera mphutsi kudzera mukuchepetsa magwero ndikugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga organophosphates ndi zowongolera kukula kwa tizilombo zimawonedwa kuti ndizofunikira.Komabe, zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukonza kwawo movutikira komanso kovutirapo kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu [8, 9].Kuwongolera ma vector achikhalidwe, monga kuwongolera achikulire, kumakhalabe njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi ma virus chifukwa kumatha kuthetseratu zotengera matenda opatsirana mwachangu komanso pamlingo waukulu, komanso kuchepetsa moyo ndi moyo wautali wa anthu am'deralo [3]., 10].Magulu anayi a mankhwala ophera tizilombo: organochlorines (omwe amangotchedwa DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, ndi pyrethroids amapanga maziko a mapulogalamu owongolera ma vector, ma pyrethroids amawonedwa ngati gulu lopambana kwambiri.Ndiwothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi ma arthropods osiyanasiyana ndipo sagwira ntchito bwino.kawopsedwe kwa zoyamwitsa.Pakadali pano, ma pyrethroids opangidwa amapanga mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 25% ya msika wapadziko lonse wopha tizilombo [11, 12].Permethrin ndi deltamethrin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana a pyrethroid omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zambiri kuthana ndi tizirombo tosiyanasiyana taulimi ndi zamankhwala [13, 14].M'zaka za m'ma 1950, DDT inasankhidwa kukhala mankhwala osankhidwa a pulogalamu yapadziko lonse ya Thailand yoletsa udzudzu.Kutsatira kufalikira kwa DDT m'madera omwe ali ndi malungo, Thailand pang'onopang'ono inasiya kugwiritsa ntchito DDT pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000 ndipo inasintha ndi ma pyrethroids awiri: permethrin ndi deltamethrin [15, 16].Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid adayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 kuti athetse malungo ndi dengue fever, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira ma bedi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chifunga chotentha ndi kupopera koopsa kwambiri [14, 17].Komabe, ataya mphamvu chifukwa cha kukana kwamphamvu kwa udzudzu komanso kusamvera kwa anthu chifukwa cha nkhawa zokhudzana ndi thanzi la anthu komanso kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe kwa mankhwala opangidwa.Izi zimabweretsa zovuta zazikulu pakupambana kwa mapulogalamu owongolera ziwopsezo [14, 18, 19].Kuti njirayi ikhale yogwira mtima, njira zotsutsana ndi nthawi yake ndi zoyenera ndizofunikira.Njira zoyendetsera zolangizidwa zimaphatikizapo kulowetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, kusinthasintha kwa mankhwala amagulu osiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera ma synergists, ndi kusakaniza mankhwala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amagulu osiyanasiyana [14, 20, 21].Chifukwa chake, pakufunika mwachangu kupeza ndikukhazikitsa njira yothandiza zachilengedwe, yosavuta komanso yothandiza komanso yolumikizana ndipo kafukufukuyu akufuna kuthana ndi vutoli.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwachilengedwe, makamaka omwe amachokera ku zigawo za zomera, awonetsa kuthekera pakuwunika njira zothana ndi udzudzu zomwe zikuchitika komanso zam'tsogolo [22, 23, 24].Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kulamulira tizilombo toyambitsa udzudzu pogwiritsa ntchito zomera, makamaka mafuta ofunikira (EOs), monga akupha akuluakulu.Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku mitundu ina yofunika ya udzudzu yapezeka m'mafuta ambiri a masamba monga udzu winawake, chitowe, zedoaria, anise, tsabola wa chitoliro, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosicorniptus, Escape, Economy, Econoid ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata ndi Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Ethylene oxide tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati payokha, komanso kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zakumera zochotsedwa kapena mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe alipo, kutulutsa kawopsedwe kosiyanasiyana.Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga organophosphates, carbamates ndi pyrethroids okhala ndi ethylene oxide/zotulutsa zamitengo zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana kapena motsutsa muzowopsa zawo ndipo zawonetsedwa kuti ndizothandiza polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo [31,32,33,34,35].Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi kuphatikizika kwa poizoni wakuphatikizika kwa ma phytochemicals okhala ndi kapena opanda mankhwala opangidwa achitika pazinyalala zaulimi ndi tizirombo m'malo mwa udzudzu wofunikira pamankhwala.Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yambiri yokhudzana ndi kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motsutsana ndi ma vectors a udzudzu yayang'ana kwambiri kuphulika kwa larvicidal.
Pakafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wopangidwa ndi olemba monga gawo la kafukufuku wopitilira kafukufuku wowunika zowopseza zowopsa kuchokera ku mbewu zakutchire ku Thailand, ma ethylene oxides ochokera ku Cyperus rotundus, galangal ndi sinamoni adapezeka kuti ali ndi ntchito yolimbana ndi Aedes wamkulu.Egypt [36].Choncho, phunziro ili cholinga kuwunika mphamvu EOs olekanitsidwa zomera mankhwala motsutsana Aedes udzudzu.aegypti, kuphatikizapo pyrethroid-resistant komanso zovuta zovuta.Mphamvu ya synergistic ya zosakaniza zamabina a ethylene oxide ndi ma pyrethroids opangira omwe ali ndi mphamvu yabwino mwa akulu adawunikidwanso kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukulitsa kukana kwa ma vector a udzudzu, makamaka motsutsana ndi Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa momwe mafuta ofunikira amapangidwira komanso kuthekera kwawo kowonjezera kawopsedwe ka permetrin polimbana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.aegypti mu pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) ndi mitundu yotsutsa (PMD-R).
Ma Rhizomes a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum (mkuyu 1) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta ofunikira adagulidwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa mankhwala azitsamba ku Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.Chidziwitso cha sayansi cha zomera izi chinapezedwa mwa kukambirana ndi Bambo James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Dipatimenti ya Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, ndi wasayansi Wannari Charoensap;mu Dipatimenti ya Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher zitsanzo za chomera chilichonse zimasungidwa mu Dipatimenti ya Parasitology ku Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo.
Zitsanzo za zomera zinawumitsidwa pamthunzi paokha kwa masiku 3-5 pamalo otseguka ndi mpweya wabwino komanso kutentha kwapakati pafupifupi 30 ± 5 °C kuti achotse chinyezi asanatulutse mafuta ofunikira achilengedwe (EOs).Zokwana 250 g za chomera chilichonse chowuma zimasiyidwa mwamakani kukhala ufa wowuma ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula mafuta ofunikira (EOs) ndi distillation ya nthunzi.Zida zopangira distillation zinali ndi chofunda chamagetsi chotenthetsera, botolo la 3000 mL kuzungulira pansi, ndime yochotsa, condenser, ndi chipangizo cha Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Onjezani 1600 ml madzi osungunuka ndi mikanda ya galasi 10-15 ku botolo ndikutenthetsa mpaka pafupifupi 100 ° C pogwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera chamagetsi kwa maola osachepera atatu mpaka distillation itatha ndipo palibenso EO yopangidwa.The EO wosanjikiza analekanitsidwa ndi gawo amadzimadzi ntchito olekanitsa funnel, zouma pa anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) ndi kusungidwa losindikizidwa bulauni botolo pa 4 ° C mpaka mankhwala zikuchokera ndi akuluakulu ntchito anayesedwa.
The mankhwala zikuchokera mafuta ofunikira inachitika nthawi imodzi ndi bioassay kwa zinthu wamkulu.Kusanthula koyenera kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina a GC-MS opangidwa ndi Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph yokhala ndi chowunikira chimodzi cha quadrupole mass selective (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) ndi MSD 5975C (EI) ).(Agilent Technologies).
Chromatographic column - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × filimu makulidwe 0.25 µm).Nthawi yonse yothamanga ya GC-MS inali mphindi 20.Kusanthula mikhalidwe kuti jekeseni ndi kusamutsa mzere kutentha ndi 250 ndi 280 °C, motero;kutentha kwa ng'anjo kumawonjezeka kuchokera ku 50 ° C mpaka 250 ° C pa mlingo wa 10 ° C / min, mpweya wonyamulira ndi helium;kuthamanga kwa 1.0 ml / min;voliyumu ya jakisoni ndi 0.2 µL (1/10% ndi voliyumu mu CH2Cl2, chiŵerengero chogawanika 100: 1);Dongosolo la ionization la elekitironi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu ya ionization ya 70 eV imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira GC-MS.Mtundu wopeza ndi 50–550 atomic mass unit (amu) ndipo liwiro la sikani ndi masikani 2.91 pa sekondi iliyonse.Maperesenti ofananirako amawonetsedwa ngati maperesenti okhazikika ndi malo apamwamba.Kuzindikiritsidwa kwa zosakaniza za EO kumachokera ku index yawo yosungira (RI).RI inawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya Van den Dool ndi Kratz [37] pa mndandanda wa n-alkanes (C8-C40) ndikuyerekeza ndi zolemba zosungirako kuchokera m'mabuku [38] ndi nkhokwe za library (NIST 2008 ndi Wiley 8NO8).Kudziwika kwa zinthu zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, monga kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe ka maselo, zidatsimikiziridwa poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zomwe zilipo.
Miyezo yowunikira ya permethrin yopangidwa ndi piperonyl butoxide (PBO, control positive in synergy studies) idagulidwa ku Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Zida zoyezera anthu akuluakulu a World Health Organisation (WHO) ndi milingo yoyezetsa ya pepala lopangidwa ndi permethrin (0.75%) zidagulidwa pamalonda kuchokera ku WHO Vector Control Center ku Penang, Malaysia.Mankhwala ena onse ndi ma reagents omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito anali a kalasi yowunikira ndipo adagulidwa ku mabungwe am'chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Udzudzu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zamoyo zoyesera mu kafukufuku wamkulu wa bioassay unali kukweretsa mwaufulu mu labotale ya Aedes udzudzu.aegypti, kuphatikizirapo vuto la Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) ndi Pang Mai Dang strain (PMD-R).Strain MCM-S idapezedwa kuchokera ku zitsanzo zakomweko zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa m'dera la Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, ndipo zasungidwa m'chipinda cha entomology cha Department of Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, kuyambira 1995 [39].Mtundu wa PMD-R, womwe unapezeka kuti sugonjetsedwa ndi permethrin, unali wolekanitsidwa ndi udzudzu wochokera ku Ban Pang Mai Dang, m'chigawo cha Mae Tang, m'chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand, ndipo wakhala akusungidwa pamalo omwewo kuyambira 1997 [40]. ].Matenda a PMD-R adakula pansi pa kukakamizidwa kosankha kuti apitirizebe kukana mwa kuwonetsetsa kwapakati pa 0.75% permetrin pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodziwira za WHO ndi zosintha zina [41].Mtundu uliwonse wa Ae.Aedes aegypti anaikidwa payekha payekha mu labotale yopanda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa 25 ± 2 ° C ndi 80 ± 10% chinyezi chapafupi ndi 14:10 h kuwala / mdima wamdima.Pafupifupi mphutsi 200 zinkasungidwa m'matayala apulasitiki (utali wa 33 cm, 28 cm m'lifupi ndi 9 cm msinkhu) wodzazidwa ndi madzi apampopi pa kachulukidwe ka 150-200 mphutsi pa tray ndipo amadyetsedwa kawiri tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mabisiketi a galu osabala.Nyongolotsi zazikulu zimasungidwa m'makola achinyezi ndikudyetsedwa mosalekeza ndi 10% yamadzi amadzimadzi a sucrose solution ndi 10% multivitamin syrup solution.Udzudzu waukazi nthawi zonse umayamwa magazi kuti uikire mazira.Azimayi amasiku awiri kapena asanu omwe sanadyetse magazi angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza poyesa kuyesa kwachilengedwe kwa achikulire.
Kuyankha kwakufa kwa mlingo wa EO kunachitidwa pa udzudzu wa Aedes wamkazi wamkulu.aegypti, MCM-S ndi PMD-R pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapamutu yosinthidwa molingana ndi muyezo wa WHO woyesa kuyesedwa [42].EO ku chomera chilichonse anali kuchepetsedwa ndi abwino zosungunulira (mwachitsanzo Mowa kapena acetone) kupeza maphunziro angapo 4-6 woipa.Pambuyo pa anesthesia ndi carbon dioxide (CO2), udzudzu unkayesedwa payekha.Udzudzu wogonetsa umakhala wosasunthika papepala lowuma losasunthika pa mbale yozizira yachizolowezi pansi pa stereomicroscope kuti apewe kuyambiranso panthawi ya njirayi.Pa chithandizo chilichonse, 0.1 μl ya yankho la EO inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mawu apamwamba aakazi pogwiritsa ntchito Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Azimayi makumi awiri ndi asanu adachiritsidwa ndi ndende iliyonse, ndi imfa kuyambira 10% mpaka 95% kwa osachepera 4 osiyanasiyana.Udzudzu wothiridwa ndi zosungunulira unkagwira ntchito yoletsa.Pofuna kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo zoyesa, sinthani pepala la fyuluta ndi pepala latsopano la fyuluta pa EO iliyonse yoyesedwa.Mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayesowa amawonetsedwa mu ma micrograms a EO pa milligram ya kulemera kwa thupi la mkazi.Ntchito ya PBO ya Akuluakulu idawunikidwanso mofanana ndi EO, ndi PBO yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwongolero chabwino pakuyesa kwa synergistic.Udzudzu wothiridwa m'magulu onse adayikidwa m'makapu apulasitiki ndikupatsidwa 10% sucrose kuphatikiza 10% yamadzi a multivitamin.Ma bioassays onse adachitidwa pa 25 ± 2 °C ndi 80 ± 10% chinyezi wachibale ndikubwereza kanayi ndi zowongolera.Kufa pa nthawi ya kulera kwa maola 24 kunafufuzidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi kusowa kwa udzudzu wokhudzidwa ndi makina okondoweza ndipo kenako amalembedwa potengera pafupifupi maulendo anayi.Thandizo loyesera linabwerezedwa kanayi pa chitsanzo chilichonse choyesera pogwiritsa ntchito magulu osiyanasiyana a udzudzu.Zotsatirazo zinafupikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha imfa, chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe mlingo wakupha wa maola 24 mwa kufufuza kwa probit.
Mphamvu ya synergistic anticidal ya EO ndi permetrin idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesa poizoni wamba [42] monga tafotokozera kale.Gwiritsani ntchito acetone kapena ethanol monga zosungunulira pokonzekera permethrin pa ndende yomwe mukufuna, komanso kusakaniza kwa binary kwa EO ndi permetrin (EO-permethrin: permetrin wosakaniza ndi EO pa ndende ya LD25).Zida zoyesera (permethrin ndi EO-permethrin) zidawunikidwa motsutsana ndi mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R ya Ae.Aedes aegypti.Udzudzu uliwonse wa 25 waukazi unapatsidwa milingo inayi ya permetrin kuti ayese mphamvu yake popha akuluakulu, ndipo chithandizo chilichonse chibwerezedwa kanayi.Kuti adziwe phungu EO synergists, 4 kwa 6 Mlingo wa EO-permethrin anaperekedwa kwa aliyense wa 25 udzudzu wamkazi, ndi ntchito iliyonse kubwerezedwa kanayi.Chithandizo cha PBO-permethrin (permethrin wosakanikirana ndi LD25 ndende ya PBO) chinagwiranso ntchito ngati chiwongolero chabwino.Mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa bioassaywa umawonetsedwa mu nanograms ya mayeso pa milligram ya kulemera kwa thupi la mkazi.Mayesero anayi amtundu uliwonse wa udzudzu anachitidwa pamagulu oleredwa payekhapayekha, ndipo deta ya imfa inaphatikizidwa ndikuwunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Probit kuti adziwe mlingo wakupha wa maola 24.
Chiwopsezo cha kufa chidasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Abbott [43].Zomwe zidasinthidwazo zidawunikidwa ndi kusanthula kwa Probit regression pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ziwerengero zamakompyuta SPSS (mtundu 19.0).Zowopsa za 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% ndi 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 ndi LD99, motsatana) zidawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yodalirika ya 95% (95% CI).Kuyeza kufunikira ndi kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo zoyesedwa kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa chi-square kapena Mann-Whitney U mkati mwa kuyesa kwachilengedwe kulikonse.Zotsatira zinkaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pa P<0.05.The resistance coefficient (RR) akuyerekezeredwa pamlingo wa LD50 pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi [12]:
RR> 1 imasonyeza kukana, ndipo RR ≤ 1 imasonyeza kukhudzidwa.Chiyerekezo cha synergy ratio (SR) cha wosankhidwa aliyense wa synergist chimawerengedwa motere [34, 35, 44]:
Izi zimagawanitsa zotsatira m'magulu atatu: mtengo wa SR wa 1 ± 0.05 umaonedwa kuti ulibe zotsatira zoonekeratu, mtengo wa SR wa> 1.05 umaganiziridwa kuti uli ndi mgwirizano, ndipo mtengo wa SR wa A light yellow liquid mafuta akhoza kukhala. zopezedwa ndi nthunzi distillation wa rhizomes wa C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum.Zokolola zowerengedwa pa kulemera kowuma zinali 0.15%, 0.27% (w / w), ndi 0.54% (v / v).w) motsatira (Gulu 1).Kafukufuku wa GC-MS wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi mafuta a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum adawonetsa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala a 19, 17 ndi 21, omwe amawerengera 80.22, 86.75 ndi 97.24% ya zigawo zonse, motsatira (Table 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome mafuta opangira mafuta makamaka amakhala ndi cyperonene (14.04%), otsatiridwa ndi carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), ndi α-capsellan (7.53%).Chigawo chachikulu cha mankhwala a galangal rhizome mafuta ndi β-bisabolene (18.27%), kenako α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) ndi piperonol (10.09%).Ngakhale kuti cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) inadziwika kuti ndi chigawo chachikulu cha C. verum bark mafuta, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) ndi 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) ankaonedwa kuti ndi zosakaniza zazing'ono.Mankhwala a cyperne, β-bisabolene ndi cinnamaldehyde ndizo zikuluzikulu za C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, motero, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2.
Zotsatira zochokera ku ma OO atatu adawunika zochita za akuluakulu motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.udzudzu wa aegypti ukuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Ma EO onse adapezeka kuti ali ndi zotsatira zakupha pa udzudzu wa MCM-S Aedes pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mlingo.Aedes aegypti.EO yothandiza kwambiri ndi C. verum, yotsatiridwa ndi A. galanga ndi C. rotundus ndi LD50 makhalidwe 3.30, 7.97 ndi 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S akazi motero, apamwamba kuposa 3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) ndi 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R mwa akazi.Izi zikufanana ndi PBO yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pang'ono pa PMD-R kuposa zovuta za MSM-S, zokhala ndi LD50 za 4.79 ndi 6.30 μg/mg zazikazi, motsatana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Zitha kuwerengedwa kuti milingo ya LD50 ya C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus ndi PBO motsutsana ndi PMD-R ndi pafupifupi 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 ndi 0.76 nthawi zotsika kuposa zomwe zimatsutsana ndi MCM-S, motsatana.Choncho, izi zikusonyeza kuti kutengeka kwa PBO ndi EO kuli kofanana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya Aedes.Ngakhale kuti PMD-R inali yovuta kwambiri kuposa MCM-S, kukhudzidwa kwa Aedes aegypti sikunali kofunikira.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mitundu iwiri ya Aedes inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhudzidwa kwawo ndi permetrin.Aigupto (Gulu 4).PMD-R inasonyeza kukana kwakukulu kwa permethrin (mtengo wa LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg mwa akazi) ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa LD50 wa 3.70 poyerekeza ndi MCM-S (LD50 value = 0.44 ng/mg mwa akazi) ng/mg mwa akazi (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Ngakhale kuti PMD-R imakhala yochepa kwambiri ku permetrin kuposa MCM-S, kukhudzidwa kwake kwa PBO ndi C. verum, A. galanga, ndi C. rotundus mafuta ndi apamwamba pang'ono kuposa MCM-S.
Monga taonera mu chiwerengero cha anthu akuluakulu bioassay wa EO-permethrin kuphatikiza, bayinare zosakaniza permetrin ndi EO (LD25) anasonyeza mwina synergy (SR mtengo> 1.05) kapena palibe zotsatira (SR mtengo = 1 ± 0.05).Zovuta za akuluakulu a EO-permethrin osakaniza pa udzudzu wa albino woyesera.Mitundu ya Aedes aegypti ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 4 ndi Chithunzi 3. Kuwonjezera kwa C. verum mafuta kunapezeka kuti kuchepetsa pang'ono LD50 ya permetrin motsutsana ndi MCM-S ndikuwonjezera pang'ono LD50 motsutsana ndi PMD-R ku 0.44- 0 .42 ng/mg mwa akazi ndi kuchokera ku 3.70 mpaka 3.85 ng/mg mwa akazi, motero.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwonjezera kwa C. rotundus ndi mafuta a A. galanga kunachepetsa kwambiri LD50 ya permetrin pa MCM-S kuchokera ku 0.44 mpaka 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg akazi.Kutengera ndi mfundo za LD50 za MCM-S, ma SR osakaniza a EO-permethrin atawonjezera mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga anali 6.28 ndi 4.00, motsatana.Choncho, LD50 ya permetrin motsutsana ndi PMD-R inatsika kwambiri kuchokera ku 3.70 mpaka 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi 0.003 ndi kuwonjezera kwa C. rotundus ndi A. galanga mafuta (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg wamkazi.Mtengo wa SR wa permetrin pamodzi ndi C. rotundus motsutsana ndi PMD-R unali 8.81, pamene mtengo wa SR wa galangal-permetrin osakaniza unali 1233.33.Mogwirizana ndi MCM-S, mtengo wa LD50 wa PBO yolamulira bwino unatsika kuchokera ku 0.44 kufika ku 0.26 ng/mg (akazi) ndi kuchoka ku 3.70 ng/mg (akazi) kufika ku 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Miyezo ya SR yosakaniza ya PBO-permetrin pamitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R inali 1.69 ndi 5.69, motsatana.Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti C. rotundus ndi A. galanga mafuta ndi PBO amawonjezera permethrin kawopsedwe kwambiri kuposa C. verum mafuta kwa mitundu MCM-S ndi PMD-R.
Zochita za akuluakulu (LD50) za EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) ndi kuphatikiza kwawo motsutsana ndi pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) ndi kugonjetsedwa (PMD-R) mitundu ya Aedes udzudzu.Aedes aegypti
[45].Synthetic pyrethroids amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuwongolera pafupifupi ma arthropods onse ofunikira paulimi ndi zamankhwala.Komabe, chifukwa cha zotsatira zovulaza za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka ponena za chitukuko ndi kufalikira kwa udzudzu, komanso kukhudzidwa kwa thanzi la nthawi yayitali ndi chilengedwe, tsopano pakufunika kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito. mankhwala ophera tizirombo tachikhalidwe ndikupanga njira zina [35, 46, 47].Kuphatikiza pa kuteteza chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, ubwino wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda umaphatikizapo kusankha kwakukulu, kupezeka kwapadziko lonse, komanso kupanga mosavuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokongola kwambiri poletsa udzudzu [32,48, 49].Kafukufukuyu, kuphatikiza pakuwunikira mawonekedwe amafuta ofunikira amafuta ofunikira kudzera mu kusanthula kwa GC-MS, adawunikiranso mphamvu yamafuta ofunikira achikulire komanso kuthekera kwawo kowonjezera kawopsedwe ka permetrin.aegypti mu pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) ndi mitundu yotsutsa (PMD-R).
Makhalidwe a GC-MS adawonetsa kuti cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) ndi cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndizo zigawo zikuluzikulu za C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum mafuta, motero.Mankhwalawa awonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamoyo.Ahn ndi al.[50] inanena kuti 6-acetoxycyperene, yotalikirana ndi rhizome ya C. rotundus, imakhala ngati antitumor pawiri ndipo imatha kuyambitsa apoptosis yodalira caspase m'maselo a khansa ya ovari.β-Bisabolene, yotengedwa mumafuta ofunikira a mure, imawonetsa cytotoxicity yeniyeni motsutsana ndi maselo a chotupa chamunthu ndi mbewa onse mu vitro ndi vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, yotengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe kapena zopangidwa mu labotale, akuti ili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antiangiogenic activities [52].
Zotsatira za bioassay yodalira anthu akuluakulu zomwe zimadalira mlingo zinasonyeza kuthekera kwabwino kwa ma EO oyesedwa ndipo zinasonyeza kuti mitundu ya udzudzu ya Aedes MCM-S ndi PMD-R inali ndi chiwopsezo chofanana ndi EO ndi PBO.Aedes aegypti.Poyerekeza mphamvu ya EO ndi permetrin anasonyeza kuti yotsirizira ali ndi mphamvu allercidal zotsatira: LD50 mfundo ndi 0,44 ndi 3.70 ng/mg akazi kwa tizilombo MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motero.Zomwe zapezazi zimathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wambiri wosonyeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe, makamaka opangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu, nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito kuposa zinthu zopangira [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa choyambiriracho ndi chophatikizika chophatikizika cha zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kapena zosagwira ntchito, pomwe chomalizacho ndi choyeretsedwa chimodzi chogwira ntchito.Komabe, kusiyanasiyana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana zimatha kupititsa patsogolo zochitika zachilengedwe kapena kulepheretsa kukana kwa anthu omwe akukhala nawo [55, 56, 57].Ofufuza ambiri anena za kuthekera kwa anti-mosquito C. verum, A. galanga ndi C. rotundus ndi zigawo zake monga β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde ndi 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 63, 64].Komabe, kuwunika kwa mabukuwa kunawonetsa kuti sipanakhalepo malipoti am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi synergistic effect ndi permetrin kapena mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Aedes.Aedes aegypti.
Mu phunziro ili, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwopsezo cha permetrin kunawonedwa pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya Aedes.Aedes aegypti.MCM-S imakhudzidwa ndi permetrin, pamene PMD-R imakhala yochepa kwambiri kwa izo, ndi kukana kwa 8.41.Poyerekeza ndi kukhudzika kwa MCM-S, PMD-R sichikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi permetrin koma imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi EO, kupereka maziko a maphunziro owonjezera omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya permetrin poyiphatikiza ndi EO.Kuphatikizika kwa bioassay yochokera kumagulu achikulire kunawonetsa kuti zosakaniza za binary za EO ndi permetrin zidachepetsa kapena kuchulukitsa kufa kwa Aedes wamkulu.Aedes aegypti.Kuphatikiza kwa mafuta a C. verum kunachepetsa pang'ono LD50 ya permethrin motsutsana ndi MCM-S koma idakulitsa pang'ono LD50 motsutsana ndi PMD-R yokhala ndi ma SR a 1.05 ndi 0.96, motsatana.Izi zikusonyeza kuti C. verum mafuta alibe synergistic kapena antagonistic zotsatira pa permetrin poyesedwa pa MCM-S ndi PMD-R.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga adawonetsa chidwi chachikulu cha synergistic mwa kuchepetsa kwambiri LD50 values permethrin pa MCM-S kapena PMD-R.Pamene permetrin idaphatikizidwa ndi EO ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga, mikhalidwe ya SR ya EO-permetrin osakaniza a MCM-S anali 6.28 ndi 4.00, motsatana.Kuonjezera apo, pamene permetrin inayesedwa motsutsana ndi PMD-R pamodzi ndi C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) kapena A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), SR values inakula kwambiri.Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti onse a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga amawonjezera poizoni wa permetrin motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae.Egypt kwambiri.Momwemonso, PBO idapezeka kuti imachulukitsa kawopsedwe wa permetrin wokhala ndi SR 1.69 ndi 5.69 pamitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motsatana.Popeza C. rotundus ndi A. galanga anali ndi makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri a SR, ankaonedwa kuti ndi ogwirizana kwambiri popititsa patsogolo poizoni wa permetrin pa MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motsatira.
Kafukufuku wambiri wam'mbuyomu adanenanso za synergistic zotsatira za kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi zotulutsa zomera motsutsana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzudzu.Kafukufuku wa larvicidal bioassay motsutsana ndi Anopheles Stephensi omwe adaphunzira ndi Kalayanasundaram ndi Das [65] adawonetsa kuti fenthion, organophosphate, yolumikizana ndi Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax ndi Parthenium hysterophorus.Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunawonedwa pakati pa zowonjezera ndi synergistic effect (SF) ya 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 ndi 2.23, motsatira.Pakuwunika kwa larvicidal mitundu ya 15 mangrove, petroleum ether extract ya mangrove stilted mizu idapezeka kuti ndiyothandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi Culex quinquefasciatus yokhala ndi mtengo wa LC50 wa 25.7 mg / L [66].Mphamvu ya synergistic ya chotsitsa ichi ndi botanical insecticide pyrethrum inanenedwanso kuchepetsa LC50 ya pyrethrum motsutsana ndi C. quinquefasciatus mphutsi kuchokera ku 0.132 mg / L mpaka 0.107 mg / L, kuphatikizapo, kuwerengera kwa SF kwa 1.23 kunagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli.34,35,44].Kuphatikiza mphamvu ya Solanum citron mizu Tingafinye ndi angapo kupanga tizilombo (mwachitsanzo, fenthion, cypermethrin (a kupanga pyrethroid) ndi timethphos (an organophosphorus larvicide)) motsutsana Anopheles udzudzu anawunikidwa.Stephensi [54] ndi C. quinquefasciatus [34].Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kophatikizana kwa cypermethrin ndi chikasu cha zipatso za petroleum ether extract kunawonetsa kugwirizanitsa kwa cypermethrin m'magulu onse.Chiyerekezo chothandiza kwambiri chinali 1: 1 yophatikizika ya binary ndi LC50 ndi SF milingo ya 0.0054 ppm ndi 6.83, motsatana, wachibale ndi An.Stephen West [54].Ngakhale kuti 1: 1 yosakaniza ya binary ya S. xanthocarpum ndi temephos inali yotsutsana (SF = 0.6406), kuphatikiza kwa S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) kunawonetsa ntchito ya synergistic motsutsana ndi C. quinquefasciatus ndi SF ya 1.3125 [34]].Tong ndi Blomquist [35] adaphunzira za zotsatira za chomera ethylene oxide pa kawopsedwe ka carbaryl (a wide-spectrum carbamate) ndi permethrin ku udzudzu wa Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ethylene oxide kuchokera ku agar, tsabola wakuda, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood ndi sesame adawonjezera kawopsedwe ka carbaryl ku udzudzu wa Aedes.Makhalidwe a aegypti larvae SR amasiyana kuchokera ku 1.0 mpaka 7.0.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, palibe EOs yomwe inali poizoni kwa udzudzu wa Aedes wamkulu.Pakadali pano, palibe zotsatira za synergistic zomwe zanenedwapo kuphatikiza kwa Aedes aegypti ndi EO-carbaryl.PBO idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yabwino yopititsira patsogolo kawopsedwe wa carbaryl motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.Miyezo ya SR ya Aedes aegypti mphutsi ndi akulu ndi 4.9-9.5 ndi 2.3, motsatana.Zosakaniza za binary zokha za permethrin ndi EO kapena PBO zinayesedwa kuti zikhale ndi larvicidal ntchito.Kusakaniza kwa EO-permethrin kunali ndi zotsatira zotsutsana, pamene kusakaniza kwa PBO-permethrin kunali ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.Mphutsi za Aedes aegypti.Komabe, kuyesa kuyankha kwa mlingo ndi kuwunika kwa SR kwa zosakaniza za PBO-permetrin sizinachitikebe.Ngakhale zotsatira zochepa zapindula zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za synergistic za phytosynthetic zosakaniza zotsutsana ndi ma vectors a udzudzu, detayi imathandizira zotsatira zomwe zilipo, zomwe zimatsegula chiyembekezo chowonjezera ma synergists osati kuchepetsa mlingo wogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuonjezera zotsatira zakupha.Kuchita bwino kwa tizilombo.Kuonjezera apo, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zinasonyeza kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga synergistically amachita bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant udzudzu wa Aedes poyerekeza ndi PBO akaphatikizidwa ndi permethrin poizoni.Aedes aegypti.Komabe, zotsatira zosayembekezereka kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa synergistic zinasonyeza kuti mafuta a C. verum anali ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a Aedes.Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, poizoni wa permetrin pa Aedes aegypti sanali wokwanira.Kusiyanasiyana kwa poizoni ndi zotsatira za synergistic zitha kukhala chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso magawo a bioactive mumafuta awa.
Ngakhale kuyesetsa kumvetsetsa momwe angathandizire bwino, njira zolumikizirana sizikudziwika.Zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuthekera kophatikizana kungaphatikizepo kusiyana kwa mankhwala azinthu zomwe zayesedwa komanso kusiyana kwa kutengeka kwa udzudzu komwe kumakhudzana ndi kukana ndi chitukuko.Pali kusiyana pakati pa zigawo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono za ethylene oxide zomwe zayesedwa mu phunziroli, ndipo zina mwazinthuzi zasonyezedwa kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda [61,62,64,67,68].Komabe, mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amadziwika mu C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. mafuta a verum, monga cypern, β-bisabolene ndi cinnamaldehyde, sanayesedwe mu pepala ili chifukwa cha ntchito zawo zotsutsana ndi akuluakulu ndi synergistic motsutsana ndi Ae, motero.Aedes aegypti.Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo akufunika kuti azitha kusiyanitsa zosakaniza zomwe zimapezeka mumafuta ofunikira aliwonse ndikuwunikira mphamvu zawo zophera tizilombo komanso kuyanjana kosagwirizana ndi vector ya udzudzu.Nthawi zambiri, zochita zowononga tizilombo zimadalira zomwe zimachitika ndi zomwe zimachitika pakati pa ziphe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zingathe kuphweka ndikugawidwa m'magawo atatu: kulowa mu khungu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zikopa za chiwalo chandamale, kuyambitsa (= kuyanjana ndi chandamale) ndi detoxification.zinthu zapoizoni [57, 69].Choncho, mankhwala synergism chifukwa kuchuluka mphamvu ya toxicant osakaniza amafuna osachepera mmodzi wa magulu amenewa, monga kuchuluka malowedwe, kwambiri kutsegula kwa anasonkhanitsa mankhwala, kapena kuchepetsa kuchepetsa detoxification wa mankhwala yogwira pophika.Mwachitsanzo, kulolerana kwamphamvu kumachedwetsa kulowa kwa cuticle kudzera mumtundu wokhuthala komanso kukana kwa biochemical, monga kupititsa patsogolo kagayidwe kake ka tizilombo tomwe timakumana ndi tizilombo tosamva [70, 71].Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa EOs pakuwonjezera poizoni wa permetrin, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R, kungasonyeze njira yothetsera vuto la kukana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwirizana ndi njira zotsutsa [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong ndi Blomquist [35] adathandizira zotsatira za kafukufukuyu powonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa ma EO ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.aegypti, pali umboni wa ntchito yoletsa kuletsa ma enzymes, kuphatikiza cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ndi carboxylesterases, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo.PBO sikuti imangonenedwa kuti ndi inhibitor ya cytochrome P450 monooxygenase komanso imapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo.Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, 1,8-cineole, imodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu mafuta a galangal, zimadziwika chifukwa cha poizoni wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda [22, 63, 73] ndipo zanenedwa kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatira za synergistic m'madera angapo a kafukufuku wachilengedwe [ 74]..[, 75,76,77].Kuonjezera apo, 1,8-cineole pamodzi ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] ndi zidovudine [81] imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zolimbikitsa.mu vitro.Choncho, ntchito yotheka ya 1,8-cineole mu synergistic insecticidal action sikuti ndi yogwira ntchito komanso ngati chowonjezera cholowera.Chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi permethrin, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R, zotsatira za synergistic za mafuta a galangal ndi mafuta a trichosanthes omwe amawonedwa mu phunziroli akhoza chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi njira zotsutsa, mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa chlorine.Ma pyrethroids amawonjezera kuyambitsa kwazinthu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikuletsa ma enzymes ochotsa poizoni monga cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ndi carboxylesterases.Komabe, mbali izi zimafuna kufufuza kwina kuti afotokoze mbali yeniyeni ya EO ndi mankhwala ake odzipatula (payekha kapena ophatikizana) mu njira zogwirizanitsa.
Mu 1977, kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa permetrin kudanenedwa m'magulu akuluakulu a ma vector ku Thailand, ndipo pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, kugwiritsa ntchito permetrin kunasinthidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ena a pyrethroid, makamaka omwe adasinthidwa ndi deltamethrin [82].Komabe, kukana kwa ma vector ku deltamethrin ndi magulu ena ophera tizilombo ndikofala kwambiri m'dziko lonselo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso mosalekeza [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, tikulimbikitsidwa kutembenuza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otayidwa omwe kale anali othandiza komanso opanda poizoni kwa nyama zoyamwitsa, monga permetrin.Pakalipano, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito permetrin kwachepetsedwa m'mapulogalamu aposachedwa a boma la dziko lonse oletsa udzudzu, kukana kwa permetrin kungapezekebe m'magulu a udzudzu.Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa udzudzu pazinthu zamalonda zowononga tizilombo m'nyumba, zomwe makamaka zimakhala ndi permetrin ndi ma pyrethroids ena [14, 17].Chifukwa chake, kukonzanso bwino kwa permetrin kumafuna kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera kukana kwa ma vector.Ngakhale kuti palibe mafuta ofunikira omwe anayesedwa payekha mu phunziroli anali othandiza monga permetrin, kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi permetrin kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zochititsa chidwi za synergistic.Ichi ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika kuti kuyanjana kwa EO ndi njira zotsutsa kumapangitsa kuti permetrin ndi EO ikhale yothandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena EO okha, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae.Aedes aegypti.Ubwino wa zosakaniza za synergistic pakuwonjezeka kwamphamvu, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito milingo yocheperako pakuwongolera vekitala, kungayambitse kuwongolera kukana komanso kuchepetsa ndalama [33, 87].Kuchokera pazotsatirazi, ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti A. galanga ndi C. rotundus EOs anali othandiza kwambiri kuposa PBO mu synergizing permethrin toxicity m'magulu onse a MCM-S ndi PMD-R ndipo ndi njira yotheka yogwiritsira ntchito ergogenic zothandizira.
Ma EO osankhidwa anali ndi zotsatira zazikulu za synergistic pakukulitsa kawopsedwe wamkulu motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae.aegypti, makamaka mafuta a galangal, ali ndi mtengo wa SR mpaka 1233.33, kusonyeza kuti EO ili ndi lonjezo lalikulu monga synergist pakulimbikitsa mphamvu ya permetrin.Izi zitha kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe atsopano, omwe pamodzi amatha kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa udzudzu.Ikuwonetsanso kuthekera kwa ethylene oxide ngati njira ina yolumikizirana bwino ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo akale kapena azikhalidwe kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto omwe alipo mu udzudzu.Kugwiritsa ntchito zomera zomwe zimapezeka mosavuta m'mapulogalamu oletsa udzudzu sikungochepetsa kudalira zinthu zochokera kunja ndi zokwera mtengo, komanso kumalimbikitsa kuyesetsa kwanuko kulimbikitsa machitidwe a zaumoyo.
Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa bwino kwambiri mphamvu ya synergistic yomwe imapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa ethylene oxide ndi permetrin.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa ethylene oxide monga cholumikizira chomera muulamuliro wa udzudzu, kukulitsa mphamvu ya permetrin motsutsana ndi udzudzu, makamaka m'magulu osamva.Zomwe zikuchitika m'tsogolomu ndi kafukufuku zidzafuna synergistic bioanalysis ya mafuta a galangal ndi alpinia ndi mankhwala omwe amadzipatula, kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe kapena opangidwa motsutsana ndi mitundu ingapo ya udzudzu, komanso kuyezetsa kawopsedwe kolimbana ndi zamoyo zomwe sizikufuna.Kugwiritsa ntchito ethylene oxide ngati njira yothandiza yolumikizirana.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-08-2024