Mu pulojekiti yapitayi yomwe inkayesa mafakitale opangira chakudya ku Thailand kuti aone ngati pali udzudzu, mafuta ofunikira (EOs) a Cyperus rotundus, galangal ndi sinamoni adapezeka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zabwino zotsutsana ndi udzudzu motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti. Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe.mankhwala ophera tizilombondikuwongolera kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa udzudzu wosagonjetsedwa, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kuzindikira mgwirizano womwe ungakhalepo pakati pa zotsatira za ethylene oxide zomwe zimayambitsa kupha anthu akuluakulu ndi poizoni wa permethrin ku udzudzu wa Aedes, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya udzudzu wosagonjetsedwa ndi pyrethroid komanso wosavuta kumva.
Kuti tiwunikire kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kupha kwa EO yotengedwa kuchokera ku rhizomes ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum motsutsana ndi mtundu wofooka wa Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) ndi mtundu wofooka wa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) Ae. Aedes aegypti ya akuluakulu. Kuwunikanso kwa bioassay ya akuluakulu ya EO-permethrin kunachitikanso pa udzudzu wa Aedes kuti timvetse momwe umagwirira ntchito limodzi.
Kufotokozera mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira ya GC-MS kunawonetsa kuti mankhwala 48 adapezeka kuchokera ku ma EO a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, omwe ndi 80.22%, 86.75% ndi 97.24% ya zigawo zonse, motsatana. Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), ndi cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ndi zigawo zazikulu za mafuta a cyperus, mafuta a galangal, ndi mafuta a balsamic, motsatana. Mu mayeso a kupha akuluakulu achilengedwe, ma C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum EVs anali othandiza popha Ae. aegypti, MCM-S ndi PMD-R LD50 anali 10.05 ndi 9.57 μg/mg wamkazi, 7.97 ndi 7.94 μg/mg wamkazi, ndi 3.30 ndi 3.22 μg/mg wamkazi, motsatana. Kuchita bwino kwa MCM-S ndi PMD-R Ae popha akuluakulu. Aegypti mu ma EO awa inali pafupi ndi piperonyl butoxide (ma PBO values, LD50 = 6.30 ndi 4.79 μg/mg ya akazi, motsatana), koma osati yodziwika bwino monga permethrin (ma LD50 values = 0.44 ndi 3.70 ng/mg ya akazi motsatana). Komabe, kuphatikiza kwa bioassays kunapeza mgwirizano pakati pa EO ndi permethrin. Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi permethrin motsutsana ndi mitundu iwiri ya udzudzu wa Aedes. Aedes aegypti idadziwika mu EM ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga. Kuwonjezeredwa kwa mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa LD50 kwa permethrin pa MCM-S kuchokera pa 0.44 mpaka 0.07 ng/mg ndi 0.11 ng/mg mwa akazi, motsatana, ndi ma synergy ratio (SR) a 6.28 ndi 4.00 motsatana. Kuphatikiza apo, C. rotundus ndi A. galanga EOs zinachepetsanso kwambiri ma LD50 kwa permethrin pa PMD-R kuchokera pa 3.70 mpaka 0.42 ng/mg ndi 0.003 ng/mg mwa akazi, motsatana, ndi ma SR a 8.81 ndi 1233.33, motsatana.
Mphamvu yogwirizana ya kuphatikiza kwa EO-permethrin kuti iwonjezere poizoni wa akuluakulu motsutsana ndi mitundu iwiri ya udzudzu wa Aedes. Aedes aegypti ikuwonetsa ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya ethylene oxide monga mgwirizano pakuwonjezera mphamvu yolimbana ndi udzudzu, makamaka pamene mankhwala achikhalidwe sagwira ntchito bwino kapena osayenera.
Udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ndiye woyambitsa matenda a dengue ndi matenda ena opatsirana monga yellow fever, chikungunya ndi Zika virus, zomwe zikuwopseza kwambiri anthu [1, 2]. . Dengue virus ndiye matenda oopsa kwambiri okhudza kutuluka magazi omwe amakhudza anthu, ndipo milandu yokwana 5-100 miliyoni imachitika chaka chilichonse ndipo anthu oposa 2.5 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali pachiwopsezo [3]. Kufalikira kwa matendawa kumaika mtolo waukulu pa anthu, machitidwe azaumoyo ndi zachuma m'maiko ambiri otentha [1]. Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Thailand, panali milandu 142,925 ya dengue fever ndipo anthu 141 anamwalira mdziko lonse mu 2015, kuchulukitsa katatu kuposa milandu ndi imfa mu 2014 [4]. Ngakhale umboni wa m'mbiri, dengue fever yathetsedwa kapena yachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Pambuyo pa kulamulira Aedes aegypti [5], kuchuluka kwa matenda kunawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo matendawa anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha zaka makumi ambiri za kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. Kuchotsa ndi kulamulira Ae. Aedes aegypti ndi kovuta chifukwa ndi udzudzu wapakhomo womwe umaberekana, kudyetsa, kupumula ndikuikira mazira mkati ndi mozungulira malo okhala anthu masana. Kuphatikiza apo, udzudzu uwu uli ndi mphamvu yosinthira kusintha kwa chilengedwe kapena kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe (monga chilala) kapena njira zowongolera anthu, ndipo ukhoza kubwerera ku chiwerengero chake choyambirira [6, 7]. Chifukwa katemera wotsutsana ndi malungo a dengue wangovomerezedwa kumene ndipo palibe chithandizo chenicheni cha malungo a dengue, kupewa ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa dengue kumadalira kwathunthu kulamulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuchotsa kukhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala poletsa udzudzu tsopano kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu monga gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kasamalidwe kathunthu ka ma vector. Njira zodziwika bwino za mankhwala zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alibe poizoni omwe amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mphutsi za udzudzu (larvicides) ndi udzudzu wa akuluakulu (adidocides). Kuletsa mphutsi kudzera mu kuchepetsa magwero ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga organophosphates ndi owongolera kukula kwa tizilombo kumaonedwa kuti ndikofunikira. Komabe, zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi ntchito yochuluka komanso yosamalira kwambiri imakhalabe nkhawa yayikulu [8, 9]. Kuletsa mphutsi zachikhalidwe, monga kuletsa akuluakulu, kumakhalabe njira yothandiza kwambiri yoletsa panthawi ya kufalikira kwa mavairasi chifukwa kumatha kuthetseratu ma vector matenda opatsirana mwachangu komanso pamlingo waukulu, komanso kuchepetsa moyo wautali ndi moyo wautali wa ma vector am'deralo [3]. , 10]. Magulu anayi a mankhwala ophera tizilombo: organochlorines (omwe amangotchedwa DDT), organophosphates, carbamates, ndi pyrethroids amapanga maziko a mapulogalamu oletsa ma vector, ndipo ma pyrethroids amaonedwa kuti ndi gulu lopambana kwambiri. Ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana ndipo tili ndi mphamvu yochepa yowononga nyama zoyamwitsa. Pakadali pano, mankhwala opangira pyrethroid ndi omwe amapanga mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 25% ya msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo [11, 12]. Permethrin ndi deltamethrin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zambiri kuti athetse tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timakhala ndi ntchito zaulimi ndi zamankhwala [13, 14]. M'zaka za m'ma 1950, DDT idasankhidwa kukhala mankhwala osankhidwa kwambiri pa pulogalamu yowongolera udzudzu ku Thailand. Pambuyo pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa DDT m'madera omwe malungo amapezeka, Thailand pang'onopang'ono idasiya kugwiritsa ntchito DDT pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000 ndipo idasinthidwa ndi mankhwala awiri a pyrethroid: permethrin ndi deltamethrin [15, 16]. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid awa adayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 kuti athetse malungo ndi malungo a dengue, makamaka kudzera mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chifunga cha kutentha komanso mankhwala opopera poizoni ochepa kwambiri [14, 17]. Komabe, alephera kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha kukana udzudzu mwamphamvu komanso kusatsatira malamulo a anthu chifukwa cha nkhawa zokhudza thanzi la anthu komanso momwe mankhwala opangidwa amakhudzira chilengedwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zazikulu kuti mapulogalamu owongolera zoopsa apambane [14, 18, 19] apitirire kugwira ntchito bwino, panthawi yake komanso moyenera. Njira zoyendetsera zomwe zalimbikitsidwa zikuphatikizapo kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe, kusinthana kwa mankhwala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera ma synergists, ndi kusakaniza mankhwala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amitundu yosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi [14, 20, 21]. Chifukwa chake, pali kufunika kofulumira kupeza ndikupanga njira ina yothandiza zachilengedwe, yosavuta komanso yothandiza komanso yothandiza ndipo kafukufukuyu cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi vutoli.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera mwachilengedwe, makamaka omwe amachokera ku zomera, awonetsa kuthekera koyesa njira zina zopewera udzudzu zomwe zilipo komanso zamtsogolo [22, 23, 24]. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kuwongolera tizilombo tofunikira pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku zomera, makamaka mafuta ofunikira (EOs), ngati mankhwala opha akuluakulu. Mphamvu zophera udzudzu kwa anthu akuluakulu zapezeka mu mafuta ambiri a masamba monga celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, pipe pepper, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata ndi Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Ethylene oxide tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito osati yokha, komanso kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zochokera ku zomera kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poizoni wosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga organophosphates, carbamates ndi pyrethroids ndi ethylene oxide/zotulutsa zomera kumagwira ntchito mogwirizana kapena motsutsana ndi zotsatira zake zoopsa ndipo kwawonetsedwa kuti ndi kothandiza polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo [31,32,33,34,35]. Komabe, kafukufuku wambiri pa zotsatira zoopsa zogwirizana ndi kuphatikiza mankhwala a phytochemicals okhala ndi kapena opanda mankhwala opangidwa achitika pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo m'malo mwa udzudzu wofunikira pazachipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yambiri pa zotsatira zogwirizana za kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi zomera motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yayang'ana kwambiri pa zotsatira za kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mu kafukufuku wakale wochitidwa ndi olembawo monga gawo la kafukufuku wopitilira wofufuza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku zomera zachikhalidwe ku Thailand, ma ethylene oxides ochokera ku Cyperus rotundus, galangal ndi sinamoni adapezeka kuti ali ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi Aedes akuluakulu. Egypt [36]. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kuyesa momwe ma EOs omwe achotsedwa ku zomera zamankhwala izi amagwirira ntchito motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes, kuphatikizapo mitundu yolimbana ndi pyrethroid komanso yovuta. Mphamvu yogwirizana ya zosakaniza za binary za ethylene oxide ndi pyrethroid zopangidwa zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino mwa akuluakulu yawunikidwanso kuti ichepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo achikhalidwe ndikuwonjezera kukana kwa udzudzu, makamaka motsutsana ndi Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za mawonekedwe a mankhwala a mafuta ofunikira ogwira ntchito komanso kuthekera kwawo kowonjezera poizoni wa permethrin yopangidwa motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes, aegypti mu mitundu yogwirizana ndi pyrethroid (MCM-S) ndi mitundu yosagwirizana (PMD-R).
Ma Rhizomes a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum (Chithunzi 1) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta ofunikira adagulidwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa mankhwala azitsamba ku Chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand. Kuzindikira kwasayansi kwa zomera izi kudachitika pokambirana ndi a James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Dipatimenti ya Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand, ndi wasayansi Wannari Charoensap; mu Dipatimenti ya Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, zitsanzo za Ms. Voucher za chomera chilichonse zimasungidwa mu Dipatimenti ya Parasitology ku Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo.
Zitsanzo za zomera zinaumitsidwa payokha payokha kwa masiku 3-5 pamalo otseguka okhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso kutentha kwa pafupifupi 30 ± 5 °C kuti achotse chinyezi asanachotse mafuta ofunikira achilengedwe (EOs). 250 g ya chomera chilichonse chouma chinaphwanyidwa ndi makina kukhala ufa wosalala ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula mafuta ofunikira (EOs) pogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi. Chipangizo choyeretsera chinali ndi chotenthetsera chamagetsi, botolo lozungulira la 3000 mL, mzati woyeretsera, condenser, ndi chipangizo cha Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Onjezani madzi osungunuka a 1600 ml ndi mikanda yagalasi 10-15 mu botolo kenako mutenthetse kufika pafupifupi 100°C pogwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera chamagetsi kwa maola osachepera atatu mpaka kusungunuka kwathunthu ndipo palibe EO ina yopangidwa. Chigawo cha EO chinalekanitsidwa ndi gawo lamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolekanitsira, choumitsidwa pa sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) yotsekedwa bwino ndikusungidwa mu botolo lofiirira pa 4°C mpaka kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi momwe munthu wamkulu amagwirira ntchito zitayang'aniridwa.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mafuta ofunikira kanachitika nthawi imodzi ndi kuyesedwa kwa bioassay kwa chinthu chachikulu. Kusanthula kwa qualitative kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya GC-MS yokhala ndi Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph yokhala ndi chowunikira chimodzi cha quadrupole mass selective (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) ndi MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Kolamu ya Chromatographic - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × makulidwe a filimu 0.25 µm). Nthawi yonse yogwiritsira ntchito GC-MS inali mphindi 20. Zomwe zimayesedwa ndi izi: kutentha kwa injector ndi transfer line ndi 250 ndi 280 °C, motsatana; kutentha kwa ng'anjo kukuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka kuchokera pa 50°C mpaka 250°C pa liwiro la 10°C/min, mpweya wonyamula ndi helium; kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi 1.0 ml/min; kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi 0.2 µL (1/10% ndi voliyumu mu CH2Cl2, kugawanika kwa 100:1); Dongosolo la ionization la ma elekitironi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu ya ionization ya 70 eV limagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira GC-MS. Kuchuluka kwa ma acquisition ndi 50–550 atomic mass units (amu) ndipo liwiro la scanning ndi 2.91 scans pa sekondi. Maperesenti ofanana a zigawo amafotokozedwa ngati maperesenti omwe amasinthidwa malinga ndi dera lapamwamba. Kuzindikira zosakaniza za EO kumadalira pa retention index yawo (RI). RI idawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya Van den Dool ndi Kratz [37] ya n-alkanes series (C8-C40) ndipo idayerekezeredwa ndi retention index kuchokera m'mabuku [38] ndi ma database a laibulale (NIST 2008 ndi Wiley 8NO8). Kudziwika kwa mankhwala omwe awonetsedwa, monga kapangidwe ndi ma molecular formula, kunatsimikiziridwa poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zomwe zilipo.
Miyezo yowunikira ya permethrin yopangidwa ndi piperonyl butoxide (PBO, positive control in synergy studies) idagulidwa ku Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Zida zoyesera akuluakulu za World Health Organization (WHO) ndi kuchuluka kwa mapepala oyezera a permethrin (0.75%) zidagulidwa ku WHO Vector Control Center ku Penang, Malaysia. Mankhwala ena onse ndi ma reagents omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito anali a kalasi yowunikira ndipo adagulidwa ku mabungwe am'deralo ku Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.
Udzudzu womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu kafukufuku wa akuluakulu unali kuyanjana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes wopezeka m'ma laboratories, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) wosavuta kuupeza komanso mtundu wa Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). Mtundu wa MCM-S unapezeka kuchokera ku zitsanzo zakomweko zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa m'dera la Muang Chiang Mai, Chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand, ndipo wakhala ukusungidwa m'chipinda cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda cha Dipatimenti ya Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, kuyambira 1995 [39]. Mtundu wa PMD-R, womwe unapezeka kuti sungathe kuupeza ndi permethrin, unapezeka kuchokera ku udzudzu wakumunda womwe unasonkhanitsidwa koyamba kuchokera ku Ban Pang Mai Dang, Chigawo cha Mae Tang, Chigawo cha Chiang Mai, Thailand, ndipo wakhala ukusungidwa ku bungwe lomwelo kuyambira 1997 [40]. Mitundu ya PMD-R inakulitsidwa pansi pa kukakamizidwa kosankha kuti isunge mphamvu zotsutsa mwa kuwonetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ku 0.75% permethrin pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodziwira za WHO ndi zosintha zina [41]. Mtundu uliwonse wa Ae. Aedes aegypti inaikidwa m'malo osungira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa kutentha kwa madigiri 25 ± 2 °C ndi chinyezi cha madigiri 80 ± 10% komanso nthawi yowunikira/yamdima ya maola 14:10. Mphutsi pafupifupi 200 zinasungidwa m'mathireyi apulasitiki (kutalika kwa masentimita 33, m'lifupi mwa masentimita 28 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 9) zodzazidwa ndi madzi apampopi pa mphutsi za 150-200 pathireyi iliyonse ndipo zinadyetsedwa kawiri patsiku ndi mabisiketi agalu oyeretsedwa. Mphutsi zazikulu zinasungidwa m'makhola onyowa ndipo nthawi zonse zimadyetsedwa ndi yankho la madzi la 10% sucrose ndi yankho la madzi la 10% multivitamin. Udzudzu wachikazi nthawi zonse umayamwa magazi kuti uyike mazira. Udzudzu wachikazi wa masiku awiri kapena asanu womwe sunadyetsedwe magazi ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mu mayeso a zamoyo za akuluakulu.
Kuyesa kwa EO poyankha mlingo wa imfa kunachitika pa udzudzu wachikazi wa Aedes, aegypti, MCM-S ndi PMD-R pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthidwa malinga ndi ndondomeko ya WHO yoyesera kufooka [42]. EO kuchokera ku chomera chilichonse idasungunuka motsatizana ndi chosungunulira choyenera (monga ethanol kapena acetone) kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa 4-6. Pambuyo pa mankhwala oletsa ululu pogwiritsa ntchito carbon dioxide (CO2), udzudzu unkayesedwa payekhapayekha. Udzudzu wogonekedwa ndi mankhwala oletsa ululu unasungidwa wosasuntha pa pepala louma losefera pa mbale yozizira pansi pa stereomicroscope kuti usayambitsenso panthawi ya opaleshoni. Pa chithandizo chilichonse, 0.1 μl ya yankho la EO idayikidwa pa pronotum yapamwamba ya mkaziyo pogwiritsa ntchito microdispenser ya Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Akazi makumi awiri ndi asanu adachiritsidwa ndi kuchuluka kulikonse, ndipo imfa zinali kuyambira 10% mpaka 95% pa kuchuluka kosachepera 4 kosiyana. Udzudzu wogonekedwa ndi chosungunulira unakhala ngati wolamulira. Kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo zoyesera, sinthani pepala losefera ndi pepala latsopano losefera pa EO iliyonse yoyesedwa. Mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayeso a bioassays awa umawonetsedwa mu ma microgram a EO pa milligram iliyonse ya kulemera kwa thupi la mkazi wamoyo. Ntchito ya PBO ya akuluakulu idayesedwanso mofanana ndi EO, ndipo PBO idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yabwino yowongolera mayeso ogwirizana. Udzudzu wochiritsidwa m'magulu onse udayikidwa m'makapu apulasitiki ndipo unapatsidwa 10% sucrose kuphatikiza 10% ya madzi a multivitamin. Mayeso onse a bioassays adachitidwa pa 25 ± 2 °C ndi 80 ± 10% chinyezi choyerekeza ndipo adabwerezedwa kanayi ndi owongolera. Kufa kwa udzudzu panthawi yolerera maola 24 kunayang'aniridwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi kusayankha kwa udzudzu ku kusonkhezera kwamakina kenako nkulembedwa kutengera avareji ya ma replicates anayi. Mankhwala oyesera adabwerezedwa kanayi pa chitsanzo chilichonse choyesera pogwiritsa ntchito magulu osiyanasiyana a udzudzu. Zotsatira zake zidafupikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa imfa, komwe kudagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mlingo wakupha wa maola 24 pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa probit.
Mphamvu yolimbana ndi kupha ya EO ndi permethrin inayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera poizoni [42] monga momwe tafotokozera kale. Gwiritsani ntchito acetone kapena ethanol ngati chosungunulira kuti mukonzekere permethrin pamlingo womwe mukufuna, komanso chisakanizo cha binary cha EO ndi permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin yosakanikirana ndi EO pamlingo wa LD25). Zipangizo zoyesera (permethrin ndi EO-permethrin) zinayesedwa motsutsana ndi mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R ya Ae. Aedes aegypti. Udzudzu uliwonse wa akazi 25 unapatsidwa mlingo wachinayi wa permethrin kuti uyese mphamvu yake popha akuluakulu, ndipo chithandizo chilichonse chinabwerezedwa kanayi. Kuti mudziwe akatswiri ogwirizana ndi EO, mlingo wa 4 mpaka 6 wa EO-permethrin unaperekedwa kwa udzudzu uliwonse wa akazi 25, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kunabwerezedwa kanayi. Chithandizo cha PBO-permethrin (permethrin yosakanikirana ndi kuchuluka kwa LD25 kwa PBO) chinathandizanso ngati njira yabwino yowongolera. Mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayeso a bioassays awa umafotokozedwa mu nanograms za chitsanzo choyesera pa milligram iliyonse ya kulemera kwa thupi la mkazi wamoyo. Kuyesa kanayi koyesera kwa mtundu uliwonse wa udzudzu kunachitika pa magulu osiyanasiyana oleredwa, ndipo deta ya imfa idasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito Probit kuti adziwe mlingo wakupha wa maola 24.
Chiŵerengero cha imfa chinasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Abbott [43]. Deta yosinthidwayo inasanthulidwa ndi kusanthula kwa Probit regression pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ziwerengero za kompyuta ya SPSS (mtundu 19.0). Ma values opha a 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% ndi 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 ndi LD99, motsatana) adawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Kuyeza kufunika ndi kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo zoyesera kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a chi-square kapena mayeso a Mann-Whitney U mkati mwa mayeso aliwonse achilengedwe. Zotsatira zinaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pa P.< 0.05. Chofunikira cha kukana (RR) chimawerengedwa pa mulingo wa LD50 pogwiritsa ntchito fomula iyi [12]:
RR > 1 imasonyeza kukana, ndipo RR ≤ 1 imasonyeza kukhudzidwa. Mtengo wa synergy ratio (SR) wa munthu aliyense wogwirizana ndi synergist umawerengedwa motere [34, 35, 44]:
Izi zimagawa zotsatira zake m'magulu atatu: SR value ya 1±0.05 imaonedwa kuti ilibe zotsatira zooneka, SR value ya >1.05 imaonedwa kuti ili ndi zotsatira zogwirizana, ndipo SR value ya A yamadzimadzi achikasu pang'ono ingapezeke mwa kusungunuka kwa nthunzi kwa ma rhizomes a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga ndi khungwa la C. verum. Zokolola zomwe zinawerengedwa pa kulemera kouma zinali 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), ndi 0.54% (v/v). w) motsatana (Table 1). Kafukufuku wa GC-MS wa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mafuta a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum adawonetsa kupezeka kwa mankhwala 19, 17 ndi 21, omwe anali 80.22, 86.75 ndi 97.24% ya zigawo zonse, motsatana (Table 2). Mafuta a C. lucidum rhizome opangidwa ndi C. lucidum rhizome amakhala ndi cyperonene (14.04%), kutsatiridwa ndi carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), ndi α-capsellan (7.53%). Gawo lalikulu la mankhwala a galangal rhizome mafuta ndi β-bisabolene (18.27%), kutsatiridwa ndi α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) ndi piperonol (10.09%). Ngakhale cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) idadziwika kuti ndi gawo lalikulu la mafuta a C. verum bark, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) ndi 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) adaonedwa ngati zosakaniza zazing'ono. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a cyperne, β-bisabolene ndi cinnamaldehyde ndi mankhwala akuluakulu a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, motsatana, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2.
Zotsatira kuchokera ku ma OO atatu omwe adayesa momwe akuluakulu amachitira motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Udzudzu wa aegypti wawonetsedwa mu Gome 3. Ma EO onse adapezeka kuti ali ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa pa udzudzu wa MCM-S Aedes pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mlingo. Aedes aegypti. EO yogwira mtima kwambiri ndi C. verum, kutsatiridwa ndi A. galanga ndi C. rotundus okhala ndi LD50 values ya 3.30, 7.97 ndi 10.05 μg/mg ya akazi a MCM-S motsatana, yokwera pang'ono kuposa 3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) ndi 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R mwa akazi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi PBO yokhala ndi zotsatira zapamwamba pang'ono kwa akuluakulu pa PMD-R kuposa mtundu wa MSM-S, ndi ma LD50 a akazi a 4.79 ndi 6.30 μg/mg, motsatana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Zitha kuwerengedwa kuti ma LD50 a C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus ndi PBO motsutsana ndi PMD-R ndi otsika nthawi pafupifupi 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 ndi 0.76 kuposa omwe motsutsana ndi MCM-S, motsatana. Chifukwa chake, izi zikusonyeza kuti kutengera kwa PBO ndi EO kuli kofanana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya Aedes. Ngakhale PMD-R inali yotetezeka kwambiri kuposa MCM-S, kutengera kwa Aedes aegypti sikunali kofunikira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mitundu iwiri ya Aedes inali yosiyana kwambiri pa kumvera kwawo permethrin. aegypti (Table 4). PMD-R inasonyeza kukana kwakukulu kwa permethrin (LD50 value = 0.44 ng/mg mwa akazi) ndi LD50 value yokwera ya 3.70 poyerekeza ndi MCM-S (LD50 value = 0.44 ng/mg mwa akazi) ng/mg mwa akazi (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Ngakhale kuti PMD-R siimva kwambiri permethrin kuposa MCM-S, kumvera kwake PBO ndi C. verum, A. galanga, ndi C. rotundus oils n'kokwera pang'ono kuposa MCM-S.
Monga momwe zawonedwera mu kafukufuku wa anthu akuluakulu wa kuphatikiza kwa EO-permethrin, kusakaniza kwa binary kwa permethrin ndi EO (LD25) kunawonetsa mgwirizano (SR value > 1.05) kapena kusagwira ntchito (SR value = 1 ± 0.05). Zotsatira zovuta za akuluakulu za kusakaniza kwa EO-permethrin pa udzudzu woyesera wa albino. Mitundu ya Aedes aegypti MCM-S ndi PMD-R ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 4 ndi Chithunzi 3. Kuwonjezera mafuta a C. verum kunapezeka kuti kumachepetsa pang'ono LD50 ya permethrin motsutsana ndi MCM-S ndikuwonjezera pang'ono LD50 motsutsana ndi PMD-R kufika pa 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg mwa akazi ndi kuchoka pa 3.70 mpaka 3.85 ng/mg mwa akazi, motsatana. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwonjezera mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga kunachepetsa kwambiri LD50 ya permethrin pa MCM-S kuchoka pa 0.44 kufika pa 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi kufika pa 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg azimayi. Kutengera ndi LD50 ya MCM-S, SR values ya EO-permethrin osakaniza pambuyo powonjezera mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga anali 6.28 ndi 4.00, motsatana. Motero, LD50 ya permethrin motsutsana ndi PMD-R inachepa kwambiri kuchoka pa 3.70 kufika pa 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi kufika pa 0.003 powonjezera C. rotundus ndi A. galanga oils (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg ya akazi. Mtengo wa SR wa permethrin pamodzi ndi C. rotundus motsutsana ndi PMD-R unali 8.81, pomwe mtengo wa SR wa galangal-permethrin osakaniza unali 1233.33. Poyerekeza ndi MCM-S, mtengo wa LD50 wa PBO yowongolera bwino unatsika kuchoka pa 0.44 kufika pa 0.26 ng/mg (akazi) ndi kuchoka pa 3.70 ng/mg (akazi) kufika pa 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ndi PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Ma SR values a PBO-permethrin mix ya mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R anali 1.69 ndi 5.69, motsatana. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti C. rotundus ndi A. galanga oils ndi PBO zimawonjezera poizoni wa permethrin kwambiri kuposa C. verum oil ya mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R.
Zochita za akuluakulu (LD50) za EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) ndi kuphatikiza kwawo motsutsana ndi mitundu ya udzudzu wa Aedes yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi pyrethroid (MCM-S) komanso yosagonjetsedwa ndi PMD-R.
[45]. Ma pyrethroids opangidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuwongolera pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya arthropods yofunika paulimi ndi zamankhwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa, makamaka pankhani ya chitukuko ndi kukana kwa udzudzu, komanso momwe zimakhudzira thanzi la nthawi yayitali komanso chilengedwe, tsopano pali kufunika kochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa mwachikhalidwe ndikupanga njira zina [35, 46, 47]. Kuphatikiza pa kuteteza chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, ubwino wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi zomera umaphatikizapo kusankha bwino, kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kusavuta kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikopa kwambiri poletsa udzudzu [32,48, 49]. Kafukufukuyu, kuwonjezera pa kufotokoza za mankhwala a mafuta ofunikira ogwira ntchito kudzera mu kusanthula kwa GC-MS, adawunikanso mphamvu ya mafuta ofunikira akuluakulu komanso kuthekera kwawo kuwonjezera poizoni wa permethrin yopangidwa mu mitundu yosagwirizana ndi pyrethroid (MCM-S) ndi mitundu yolimbana ndi (PMD-R).
Kufotokozera kwa GC-MS kunawonetsa kuti cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) ndi cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) zinali zigawo zazikulu za mafuta a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, motsatana. Mankhwalawa awonetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamoyo. Ahn et al. [50] adanenanso kuti 6-acetoxycyperene, yopatulidwa kuchokera ku rhizome ya C. rotundus, imagwira ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa chotupa ndipo ingayambitse apoptosis yodalira caspase m'maselo a khansa ya ovari. β-Bisabolene, yotengedwa mu mafuta ofunikira a mtengo wa mure, imasonyeza poizoni weniweni motsutsana ndi maselo a khansa ya m'mawere a anthu ndi a mbewa mu vitro ndi mu vivo [51]. Cinnamaldehyde, yopezeka kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe kapena yopangidwa mu labotale, yanenedwa kuti ili ndi ntchito zopha tizilombo, zotsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, zotsutsana ndi bowa, zotsutsana ndi kutupa, zoteteza thupi, zotsutsana ndi khansa, komanso zotsutsana ndi angiogenic [52].
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa bioassay wa akuluakulu wodalira mlingo zinasonyeza kuthekera kwabwino kwa ma EO oyesedwa ndipo zinasonyeza kuti mitundu ya udzudzu ya Aedes MCM-S ndi PMD-R inali ndi chiopsezo chofanana ndi EO ndi PBO. Aedes aegypti. Kuyerekeza kwa mphamvu ya EO ndi permethrin kunasonyeza kuti yomalizayi ili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya allercidal: LD50 values ndi 0.44 ndi 3.70 ng/mg mwa akazi a mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motsatana. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuthandizidwa ndi maphunziro ambiri omwe akusonyeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe, makamaka zinthu zochokera ku zomera, nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito bwino kuposa zinthu zopangidwa [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa choyamba ndi kuphatikiza kovuta kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kapena zosagwira ntchito, pomwe yomalizayi ndi chinthu chimodzi chogwira ntchito choyeretsedwa. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana ndi kusinthasintha kwa zosakaniza zachilengedwe zomwe zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito kungawonjezere ntchito ya zamoyo kapena kulepheretsa kukula kwa kukana kwa tizilombo [55, 56, 57]. Ofufuza ambiri anena za mphamvu yolimbana ndi udzudzu ya C. verum, A. galanga ndi C. rotundus ndi zigawo zake monga β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde ndi 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63,64]. Komabe, kuwunikanso mabukuwa kwawonetsa kuti palibe malipoti am'mbuyomu okhudza mphamvu yake yogwirizana ndi permethrin kapena mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo opangidwa motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Aedes aegypti.
Mu kafukufukuyu, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya permethrin kunawonedwa pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya Aedes. Aedes aegypti. MCM-S imakhudzidwa ndi permethrin, pomwe PMD-R imakhudzidwa pang'ono nayo, yokhala ndi kukana kwa 8.41. Poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya MCM-S, PMD-R imakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi permethrin koma imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi EO, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maphunziro ena omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya permethrin poiphatikiza ndi EO. Kuyesa kwa bioassay kogwirizana ndi zotsatira za akuluakulu kunawonetsa kuti kusakaniza kwa binary kwa EO ndi permethrin kunachepetsa kapena kuwonjezera imfa ya Aedes akuluakulu. Aedes aegypti. Kuwonjezera mafuta a C. verum kunachepetsa pang'ono LD50 ya permethrin motsutsana ndi MCM-S koma kunawonjezera pang'ono LD50 motsutsana ndi PMD-R yokhala ndi SR values ya 1.05 ndi 0.96, motsatana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mafuta a C. verum alibe mphamvu yogwirizana kapena yotsutsana ndi permethrin akayesedwa pa MCM-S ndi PMD-R. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga adawonetsa mphamvu yogwirizana kwambiri pochepetsa kwambiri LD50 values ya permethrin pa MCM-S kapena PMD-R. Pamene permethrin idaphatikizidwa ndi EO ya C. rotundus ndi A. galanga, SR values ya EO-permethrin yosakaniza ya MCM-S inali 6.28 ndi 4.00, motsatana. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene permethrin idayesedwa motsutsana ndi PMD-R pamodzi ndi C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) kapena A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), SR values idakwera kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti C. rotundus ndi A. galanga zonse zidawonjezera poizoni wa permethrin motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae. aegypti kwambiri. Mofananamo, PBO idapezeka kuti ikuwonjezera poizoni wa permethrin ndi SR values ya 1.69 ndi 5.69 ya mitundu ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motsatana. Popeza C. rotundus ndi A. galanga anali ndi SR values yapamwamba kwambiri, amaonedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pakuwonjezera poizoni wa permethrin pa MCM-S ndi PMD-R, motsatana.
Kafukufuku angapo am'mbuyomu adanenanso za mphamvu yogwirizana ya kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zomera zomwe zimatengedwa motsutsana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzudzu. Kafukufuku wokhudza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motsutsana ndi Anopheles Stephensi yemwe adaphunziridwa ndi Kalayanasundaram ndi Das [65] adawonetsa kuti fenthion, organophosphate yodziwika bwino, inali yogwirizana ndi Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax ndi Parthenium hysterophorus. Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunawonedwa pakati pa zotengedwazo ndi mphamvu yogwirizana (SF) ya 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 ndi 2.23, motsatana. Pakuwunika mitundu 15 ya mangrove, petroleum ether extract ya mizu ya mangrove yodulidwa inapezeka kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi Culex quinquefasciatus yokhala ndi LC50 ya 25.7 mg/L [66]. Mphamvu yogwirizana ya chotsitsa ichi ndi botanical insecticide pyrethrum inanenedwanso kuti yachepetsa LC50 ya pyrethrum motsutsana ndi mphutsi za C. quinquefasciatus kuchoka pa 0.132 mg/L kufika pa 0.107 mg/L, kuphatikiza apo, kuwerengera kwa SF kwa 1.23 kunagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu. 34,35,44]. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa Solanum citron root extract ndi mankhwala angapo ophera tizilombo (monga fenthion, cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) ndi timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Anopheles kunayesedwa. Stephensi [54] ndi C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Kugwiritsa ntchito pamodzi kwa cypermethrin ndi chikasu zipatso petroleum ether extract kunawonetsa mphamvu yogwirizana pa cypermethrin m'magawo onse. Chiŵerengero chogwira mtima kwambiri chinali kuphatikiza kwa 1:1 binary ndi LC50 ndi SF values za 0.0054 ppm ndi 6.83, motsatana, poyerekeza ndi An. Stephen West[54]. Ngakhale kusakaniza kwa 1:1 binary kwa S. xanthocarpum ndi temephos kunali kotsutsana (SF = 0.6406), kuphatikiza kwa S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) kunawonetsa ntchito yogwirizana motsutsana ndi C. quinquefasciatus ndi SF ya 1.3125 [34]]. Tong ndi Blomquist [35] adaphunzira zotsatira za ethylene oxide ya zomera pa poizoni wa carbaryl (broad-spectrum carbamate) ndi permethrin ku udzudzu wa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ethylene oxide kuchokera ku agar, tsabola wakuda, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood ndi sesame zidawonjezera poizoni wa carbaryl ku udzudzu wa Aedes. Ma SR a mphutsi za aegypti amasiyana kuyambira 1.0 mpaka 7.0. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, palibe EOs yomwe inali poizoni kwa udzudzu wa Aedes wamkulu. Pakadali pano, palibe zotsatira zogwirizana zomwe zanenedwa za kuphatikiza kwa Aedes aegypti ndi EO-carbaryl. PBO idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yabwino yowongolera poizoni wa carbaryl motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Ma SR a mphutsi za Aedes aegypti ndi akuluakulu ndi 4.9-9.5 ndi 2.3, motsatana. Zosakaniza ziwiri zokha za permethrin ndi EO kapena PBO ndizo zinayesedwa kuti ziwone ngati zimayambitsa matenda a larvicidal. Zosakaniza za EO-permethrin zinali ndi zotsatira zotsutsana, pomwe zosakaniza za PBO-permethrin zinali ndi zotsatira zogwirizana motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Mphutsi za Aedes aegypti. Komabe, kuyesa kwa mlingo ndi kuwunika kwa SR kwa zosakaniza za PBO-permethrin sizinachitikebe. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zochepa zapezeka zokhudzana ndi zotsatira zogwirizana za kuphatikiza kwa phytosynthetic motsutsana ndi ma vectors a udzudzu, deta iyi ikuthandizira zotsatira zomwe zilipo, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wowonjezera ma synergists osati kungochepetsa mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu yopha. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zawonetsa koyamba kuti mafuta a C. rotundus ndi A. galanga amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi mitundu ya udzudzu wa Aedes yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi pyrethroid komanso pyrethroid poyerekeza ndi PBO ikaphatikizidwa ndi poizoni wa permethrin. Aedes aegypti. Komabe, zotsatira zosayembekezereka kuchokera ku kusanthula kwa synergistic zawonetsa kuti mafuta a C. verum anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotsutsana ndi akuluakulu motsutsana ndi mitundu yonse ya Aedes. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, mphamvu ya poizoni ya permethrin pa Aedes aegypti sinali yokhutiritsa. Kusiyana kwa zotsatira zoyipa ndi zotsatira zogwirizana kungakhale chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi milingo ya zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo m'mafuta awa.
Ngakhale kuti anthu akuyesetsa kumvetsetsa momwe angathandizire kuti zinthu ziyende bwino, njira zogwirira ntchito limodzi sizikudziwika bwino. Zifukwa zomwe zingayambitse kusiyana kwa mphamvu ndi kuthekera kogwirira ntchito limodzi zitha kuphatikizapo kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zinthu zomwe zayesedwa komanso kusiyana kwa kuthekera kwa udzudzu komwe kumakhudzana ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso kukula kwake. Pali kusiyana pakati pa zigawo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono za ethylene oxide zomwe zayesedwa mu kafukufukuyu, ndipo zina mwa zinthuzi zawonetsedwa kuti zili ndi mphamvu zothamangitsa komanso zowononga tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda [61,62,64,67,68]. Komabe, mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amadziwika mu mafuta a C. rotundus, A. galanga ndi C. verum, monga cypern, β-bisabolene ndi cinnamaldehyde, sanayesedwe mu pepalali kuti apeze ntchito zawo zotsutsana ndi akuluakulu komanso zogwirizana ndi Ae, motsatana. Aedes aegypti. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo akufunika kuti apeze zosakaniza zomwe zili mu mafuta ofunikira aliwonse ndikufotokozera momwe zimagwirira ntchito popha tizilombo komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi motsutsana ndi vector iyi ya udzudzu. Kawirikawiri, ntchito yopha tizilombo imadalira momwe poizoni ndi minofu ya tizilombo zimagwirira ntchito, zomwe zitha kuchepetsedwa ndikugawidwa m'magawo atatu: kulowa m'thupi la tizilombo pakhungu ndi ziwalo zomwe zili mu thupi, kuyambitsa (= kuyanjana ndi cholinga) ndi kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi [57, 69]. Chifukwa chake, mgwirizano wa tizilombo womwe umabweretsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuphatikiza poizoni kumafuna chimodzi mwa magulu awa, monga kuwonjezeka kwa kulowa, kuyambitsa kwambiri kwa mankhwala osonkhanitsidwa, kapena kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, kulekerera mphamvu kumachedwetsa kulowa kwa cuticle kudzera mu cuticle yokhuthala komanso kukana kwa biochemical, monga kuwonjezeka kwa kagayidwe ka tizilombo komwe kamapezeka m'mitundu ina ya tizilombo tolimba [70, 71]. Kugwira ntchito kwakukulu kwa ma EO pakuwonjezera poizoni wa permethrin, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R, kungasonyeze yankho la vuto la kukana tizilombo mwa kuyanjana ndi njira zotsutsana [57, 69, 70, 71]. Tong ndi Blomquist [35] adathandizira zotsatira za kafukufukuyu powonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa ma EO ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa. Aegypti, pali umboni wa ntchito yoletsa ma enzyme ochotsa poizoni m'thupi, kuphatikizapo ma monooxygenase a cytochrome P450 ndi ma carboxylesterases, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo. PBO sikuti imanenedwa kuti ndi choletsa kagayidwe kachakudya ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase komanso imathandizira kulowa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ngati njira yabwino yowongolera maphunziro a synergistic [35, 72]. Chosangalatsa n'chakuti, 1,8-cineole, imodzi mwa zigawo zofunika zomwe zimapezeka mu mafuta a galangal, imadziwika ndi zotsatira zake zoopsa pa mitundu ya tizilombo [22, 63, 73] ndipo yanenedwa kuti ili ndi zotsatira zogwirizana m'magawo angapo a kafukufuku wa zamoyo [74]. , , 75,76,77]. Kuphatikiza apo, 1,8-cineole pamodzi ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] ndi zidovudine [81] ilinso ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kulowerera kwa madzi mu vitro. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yomwe ingakhalepo ya 1,8-cineole mu ntchito yopha tizilombo yogwirizana sikuti imangokhala yogwira ntchito komanso ngati chowonjezera kulowa. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano waukulu ndi permethrin, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R, zotsatira za mgwirizano wa mafuta a galangal ndi mafuta a trichosanthes zomwe zawonedwa mu kafukufukuyu zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi njira zotsutsana, mwachitsanzo kuwonjezeka kwa kulowa kwa chlorine. Ma Pyrethroids amawonjezera kuyambitsa kwa mankhwala osonkhanitsidwa ndikuletsa ma enzymes ochotsa poizoni monga cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ndi carboxylesterases. Komabe, mbali izi zimafuna kuphunzira kwina kuti zimveketse bwino ntchito yeniyeni ya EO ndi mankhwala ake odzipatula (okha kapena osakanikirana) mu njira zogwirizanitsa.
Mu 1977, kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa permethrin kunanenedwa m'magulu akuluakulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Thailand, ndipo m'zaka makumi otsatira, kugwiritsa ntchito permethrin kunasinthidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ena a pyrethroid, makamaka omwe analowedwa m'malo ndi deltamethrin [82]. Komabe, kukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku deltamethrin ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikofala kwambiri mdziko lonselo chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso mosalekeza [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, tikulimbikitsa kusinthasintha kapena kugwiritsanso ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe anali otayika omwe kale anali othandiza komanso osaopsa kwa nyama zoyamwitsa, monga permethrin. Pakadali pano, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito permethrin kwachepetsedwa m'mapulogalamu aposachedwa a boma la dziko lonse oletsa udzudzu, kukana kwa permethrin kungapezekebe m'magulu a udzudzu. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi udzudzu ndi zinthu zogulitsa zowononga tizilombo zapakhomo, zomwe makamaka zimakhala ndi permethrin ndi pyrethroid zina [14, 17]. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsanso ntchito bwino permethrin kumafuna kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera kukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngakhale kuti palibe mafuta ofunikira omwe adayesedwa payekhapayekha mu kafukufukuyu omwe anali othandiza ngati permethrin, kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi permethrin kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zogwirizana. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chodalirika chakuti kuyanjana kwa EO ndi njira zotsutsana kumapangitsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa permethrin ndi EO kukhale kothandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena EO yokha, makamaka motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ubwino wa zosakaniza zogwirizana pakuwonjezera mphamvu, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wochepa wowongolera ma vector, kungayambitse kukonza bwino kukana ndi kuchepetsa ndalama [33, 87]. Kuchokera ku zotsatirazi, ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti A. galanga ndi C. rotundus EOs zinali zothandiza kwambiri kuposa PBO pogwirizanitsa poizoni wa permethrin m'mitundu yonse ya MCM-S ndi PMD-R ndipo ndi njira ina yothandiza m'malo mwa zothandizira zachilengedwe zoyambitsa matenda.
Ma EO osankhidwa anali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakugwirizana powonjezera poizoni wa akuluakulu motsutsana ndi PMD-R Ae. aegypti, makamaka mafuta a galangal, ali ndi SR yokwana 1233.33, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti EO ili ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu chogwirizana pakuwonjezera mphamvu ya permethrin. Izi zitha kuyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atsopano achilengedwe, omwe pamodzi angapangitse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandiza kwambiri oletsa udzudzu kuwonjezere. Zimavumbulanso kuthekera kwa ethylene oxide ngati njira ina yolumikizirana kuti iwonjezere bwino mankhwala akale kapena achikhalidwe ophera tizilombo kuti athetse mavuto omwe alipo pa udzudzu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zomera zomwe zikupezeka mosavuta m'mapulogalamu oletsa udzudzu sikungochepetsa kudalira zinthu zotumizidwa kunja komanso zodula, komanso kumalimbikitsa khama lakumaloko lolimbitsa machitidwe azaumoyo wa anthu.
Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa bwino mphamvu yogwirizana yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa ethylene oxide ndi permethrin. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa ethylene oxide ngati chogwirizanitsa zomera pakulamulira udzudzu, zomwe zikuwonjezera mphamvu ya permethrin polimbana ndi udzudzu, makamaka m'magulu omwe sagonjetsedwa. Zochitika zamtsogolo ndi kafukufuku zidzafunika kusanthula kwa bioanalysis kwa mafuta a galangal ndi alpinia ndi mankhwala awo odzipatula, kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe kapena opangidwa motsutsana ndi mitundu ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a udzudzu, komanso kuyesa poizoni motsutsana ndi zamoyo zomwe sizili m'gululi. Kugwiritsa ntchito ethylene oxide ngati njira ina yothandiza yogwirizanitsa.
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