Citrus, chomera cha banja la Arantioideae la banja la Rutaceae, ndi chimodzi mwa mbewu zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a zipatso zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zipatso za citrus, kuphatikizapo citrus, lalanje, pomelo, grapefruit, mandimu ndi mandimu. M'maiko ndi madera opitilira 140, kuphatikiza China, Brazil ndi United States, malo obzala zipatso za citrus adafika pa 10.5530 miliyoni hm2, ndipo zokolola zake zinali matani 166.3030 miliyoni. China ndiye dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga ndi kugulitsa zipatso za citrus, m'zaka zaposachedwa, malo obzala ndi zokolola zake zikupitilizabe kukwera, mu 2022, malo okwana pafupifupi 3,033,500 hm2, zokolola zake ndi matani 6,039 miliyoni. Komabe, makampani opanga zipatso za citrus ku China ndi akulu koma si olimba, ndipo United States ndi Brazil ndi mayiko ena ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu.
Mtengo wa zipatso wa Citrus ndi mtengo wa zipatso womwe uli ndi malo okulirapo kwambiri olima komanso chuma chofunikira kwambiri kum'mwera kwa China, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lapadera pochepetsa umphawi wa mafakitale komanso kubwezeretsa kumidzi. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chidziwitso cha thanzi komanso chitukuko cha mayiko ndi kufalitsa chidziwitso cha makampani a citrus, zipatso zobiriwira ndi zachilengedwe pang'onopang'ono zikukhala malo otchuka kwambiri kwa anthu, ndipo kufunikira kwa zinthu zabwino, zosiyanasiyana komanso zoyenerera pachaka kukupitirirabe kukula. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani a citrus ku China akukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (kutentha, mvula, ubwino wa nthaka), ukadaulo wopanga (mitundu, ukadaulo wolima, zolowetsa zaulimi) ndi njira yoyendetsera, ndi zina, pali mavuto monga mitundu yabwino ndi yoyipa, kuthekera kofooka kopewa matenda ndi tizilombo, chidziwitso cha mtundu sichili champhamvu, njira yoyendetsera ikubwerera m'mbuyo ndipo kugulitsa zipatso nyengo ndi kovuta. Pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko chobiriwira komanso chapamwamba cha makampani a citrus, ndikofunikira kulimbitsa kafukufuku wokhudza kusintha kwa mitundu, mfundo ndi ukadaulo wochepetsera thupi ndi kuchepetsa mankhwala, kusintha kwa ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zipatso za citrus ndipo amakhudza mwachindunji zokolola ndi ubwino wa zipatso za citrus. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kusankha mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'munda wobiriwira wa zipatso za citrus kwakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa komanso tizilombo ndi udzu.
Kafukufuku mu database yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ya China Pesticide Information Network adapeza kuti pofika pa Ogasiti 24, 2023, panali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 3,243 omwe adalembetsedwa kuti agwire ntchito pa zipatso za citrus ku China. Panali 1515mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zili ndi 46.73% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali ma acaricides 684, omwe anali 21.09%; fungicides 537, omwe anali 16.56%; 475 mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe anali 14.65%; Panali 132owongolera kukula kwa zomera, zomwe zili ndi 4.07%. Kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'dziko lathu kumagawidwa m'magulu 5 kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi: poizoni kwambiri, poizoni wambiri, poizoni wapakati, poizoni wochepa komanso poizoni wochepa. Panali mankhwala 541 oopsa pang'ono, omwe anali 16.68% ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali mankhwala 2,494 otsika poizoni, omwe anali 76.90% ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali mankhwala 208 oopsa pang'ono, omwe anali 6.41% ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa.
1. Momwe kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a citrus/acaricides
Pali mitundu 189 ya zosakaniza zophera tizilombo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipatso za citrus ku China, zomwe 69 ndi zosakaniza zophera tizilombo kamodzi ndipo 120 ndi zosakaniza zophera tizilombo. Chiwerengero cha zophera tizilombo zomwe zalembetsedwa chinali chokwera kwambiri kuposa magulu ena, zonse pamodzi ndi 1,515. Pakati pawo, zinthu 994 zonse zinalembetsedwa mu mlingo umodzi, ndipo zophera tizilombo 5 zapamwamba zinali acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mafuta amchere (53) ndi ethozole (51), zomwe ndi 29.70%. Zinthu 521 zonse zinasakanizidwa, ndipo zophera tizilombo 5 zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zinalembetsedwa zinali actinospirin (zinthu 52), actinospirin (zinthu 35), actinospirin (zinthu 31), actinospirin (zinthu 31) ndi dihydrazide (zinthu 28), zomwe ndi 11.68%. Monga momwe taonera pa Table 2, pakati pa zinthu 1515 zolembetsedwa, pali mitundu 19 ya mlingo, yomwe itatu yapamwamba ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi emulsion (653), zinthu zoyimitsidwa (518) ndi ufa wonyowa (169), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 88.45% ikhale yokwanira.
Pali mitundu 83 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za acaricides zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipatso za citrus, kuphatikizapo mitundu 24 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito imodzi ndi mitundu 59 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito. Zosakaniza 684 za acaricides zinalembetsedwa (zachiwiri pambuyo pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo), zomwe 476 zinali zosakaniza chimodzi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 3. Zosakaniza 4 zapamwamba pa chiwerengero cha zosakaniza zolembetsedwa zinali acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) ndi phenylbutin (26), zomwe ndi 44.59% yonse. Zosakaniza 208 zonse zinasakanizidwa, ndipo zosakaniza 4 zapamwamba pa chiwerengero cholembetsedwa zinali aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mafuta amchere (15), ndi Aviculin · mafuta amchere (13), zomwe ndi 10.67%. Pakati pa mankhwala 684 olembetsedwa, panali mitundu 11 ya mlingo, ndipo atatu apamwamba anali mankhwala opangidwa ndi emulsion (330), mankhwala osungunuka (198) ndi ufa wonyowa (124), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 95.32% yonse ikhale yonse.
Mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo/acaricidal omwe ali ndi mlingo umodzi (kupatula mankhwala opachikidwa, microemulsion, suspended emulsion ndi aqueous emulsion) anali oposa osakaniza. Panali mitundu 18 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi mlingo umodzi ndi mitundu 9 ya mankhwala ophachikidwa. Pali mitundu 11 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi mlingo umodzi ndi 5 yophachikidwa. Zinthu zomwe zimalamulidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ophachikidwa ndi Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kangaude wofiira), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphid), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) ndi tizilombo tina. Zinthu zazikulu zowongolera mlingo umodzi ndi Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kangaude wofiira), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Nsabwe), ntchentche zothandiza (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), odulira masamba (leafleafers), odulira masamba (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), ndi Longicidae (Longicidae). Ndi tizirombo tina. Zinthu zowongolera ma acaricides olembetsedwa makamaka ndi nthata za phyllodidae (kangaude wofiira), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphid) ndi zina zotero. Kuchokera ku mitundu ya mankhwala olembetsedwa ndi ma acaricides makamaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mitundu 60 ndi 21, motsatana. Panali mitundu 9 yokha yochokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe ndi mchere, kuphatikizapo neem (2) ndi matrine (3) kuchokera kuzinthu zochokera ku zomera ndi zinyama, ndi Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) ndi avermectin (103) kuchokera kuzinthu zazing'ono. Zinthu zochokera kuzinthu zazing'ono ndi mafuta a mchere (62), sulfure wosakaniza (7), ndipo mitundu ina ndi sodium rosin (6).
2. Kulembetsa mankhwala ophera fungicide a zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 117 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za mankhwala ophera fungicide, mitundu 61 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito imodzi ndi mitundu 56 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Panali zinthu 537 zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera fungicide, zomwe 406 zinali mlingo umodzi. Mankhwala ophera fungicide apamwamba 4 anali imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) ndi copper king (19), zomwe ndi 29.24% yonse. Zinthu 131 zonse zinasakanizidwa, ndipo mankhwala ophera fungicide apamwamba 4 anali Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), ndi azole · imimine (7), zomwe ndi 7.64% yonse. Monga momwe taonera pa Table 2, pali mitundu 18 ya mankhwala ophera fungicide 537, pakati pawo mitundu itatu yapamwamba kwambiri ndi ufa wonyowa (159), mankhwala osungunuka (148) ndi granule yomwazika m'madzi (86), zomwe ndi 73.18% yonse. Pali mitundu 16 ya mankhwala ophera fungicide ndi mitundu 7 yosakanikirana ya mankhwala ophera fungicide.
Zinthu zoletsa matenda a fungicides ndi ufa, nkhanambo, dothi lakuda (nyenyezi yakuda), nkhungu ya imvi, nkhanambo, matenda a resin, anthrax ndi matenda a nthawi yosungira (kuwola kwa mizu, kuwola kwakuda, penicillium, nkhungu yobiriwira ndi kuwola kwa asidi). Mankhwala a fungicides makamaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pali mitundu 41 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo mitundu 19 yokha ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mchere ndi yomwe yalembedwa, yomwe zomera ndi nyama ndi berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Magwero a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Magwero a mchere ndi cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfure mixture (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfure (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kulembetsa mankhwala ophera udzu a zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 20 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, mitundu 14 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndi mitundu 6 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito. Zosakaniza 475 za mankhwala ophera udzu zinalembetsedwa, kuphatikizapo zosakaniza 467 ndi zosakaniza 8. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 5, zosakaniza 5 zapamwamba zolembetsedwa zinali glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) ndi fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), zomwe zili ndi 94.95% yonse. Monga momwe taonera mu Table 2, pali mitundu 7 ya mankhwala ophera udzu, pomwe yoyamba 3 ndi zinthu zamadzi (302), zinthu zosungunuka za granule (78) ndi zinthu zosungunuka za ufa (69), zomwe zili ndi 94.53% yonse. Ponena za mitundu, zosakaniza 20 zonse za mankhwala ophera udzu zinapangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo palibe zinthu zamoyo zomwe zinalembetsedwa.
4. Kulembetsa kwa oyang'anira kukula kwa zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 35 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa zomera, kuphatikizapo mitundu 19 ya owongolera umodzi ndi mitundu 16 ya owongolera osakaniza. Pali zinthu 132 zowongolera kukula kwa zomera zonse, zomwe 100 ndi mlingo umodzi. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Gome 6, owongolera kukula kwa zipatso 5 apamwamba olembetsedwa anali gibberellinic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) ndi S-inducidin (5), zomwe ndi 59.85% yonse. Zinthu 32 zonse zinasakanizidwa, ndipo zinthu zitatu zapamwamba zolembetsedwa zinali benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) ndi 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), zomwe ndi 10.61% yonse. Monga momwe taonera pa Table 2, pali mitundu 13 ya mankhwala owongolera kukula kwa zomera, pakati pawo 3 apamwamba ndi mankhwala osungunuka (52), mankhwala opaka kirimu (19) ndi mankhwala osungunuka a ufa (13), zomwe zimapangitsa 63.64% yonse. Ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa zomera makamaka ndikuwongolera kukula, kuwongolera kuphukira, kusunga zipatso, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zipatso, kukula, utoto, kuwonjezera kupanga ndi kusunga. Malinga ndi mitundu yolembetsedwa, owongolera kukula kwa zomera akuluakulu anali kupanga mankhwala, okhala ndi mitundu 14 yonse, ndi mitundu 5 yokha ya magwero a zamoyo, pakati pawo magwero a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali S-allantoin (5), ndipo mankhwala a biochemical anali gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) ndi brassinolactone (1).
4. Kulembetsa kwa oyang'anira kukula kwa zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 35 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa zomera, kuphatikizapo mitundu 19 ya owongolera umodzi ndi mitundu 16 ya owongolera osakaniza. Pali zinthu 132 zowongolera kukula kwa zomera zonse, zomwe 100 ndi mlingo umodzi. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Gome 6, owongolera kukula kwa zipatso 5 apamwamba olembetsedwa anali gibberellinic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) ndi S-inducidin (5), zomwe ndi 59.85% yonse. Zinthu 32 zonse zinasakanizidwa, ndipo zinthu zitatu zapamwamba zolembetsedwa zinali benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) ndi 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), zomwe ndi 10.61% yonse. Monga momwe taonera pa Table 2, pali mitundu 13 ya mankhwala owongolera kukula kwa zomera, pakati pawo 3 apamwamba ndi mankhwala osungunuka (52), mankhwala opaka kirimu (19) ndi mankhwala osungunuka a ufa (13), zomwe zimapangitsa 63.64% yonse. Ntchito za owongolera kukula kwa zomera makamaka ndikuwongolera kukula, kuwongolera kuphukira, kusunga zipatso, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zipatso, kukula, utoto, kuwonjezera kupanga ndi kusunga. Malinga ndi mitundu yolembetsedwa, owongolera kukula kwa zomera akuluakulu anali kupanga mankhwala, okhala ndi mitundu 14 yonse, ndi mitundu 5 yokha ya magwero a zamoyo, pakati pawo magwero a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali S-allantoin (5), ndipo mankhwala a biochemical anali gibberellanic acid (42), benzyl aminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) ndi brassinolactone (1).
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-24-2024