Citrus, chomera cha banja la Arantioideae la banja la Rutaceae, ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a zipatso zonse padziko lapansi. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zipatso za citrus, kuphatikizapo malalanje, malalanje, pomelo, manyumwa, mandimu ndi mandimu. M'mayiko oposa 140 ndi zigawo, kuphatikizapo China, Brazil ndi United States, kubzala dera zipatso za citrus anafika 10.5530 miliyoni hm2, ndi linanena bungwe anali 166.3030 miliyoni matani. China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kupanga zipatso za citrus ndi malonda, m'zaka zaposachedwa, malo obzala ndi kutulutsa akupitilizabe kukula, mu 2022, dera la pafupifupi 3,033,500 hm2, linanena bungwe la matani miliyoni 6,039. Komabe, malonda a citrus ku China ndi aakulu koma osalimba, ndipo United States ndi Brazil ndi mayiko ena ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu.
Citrus ndi mtengo wazipatso womwe umalimidwa mokulirapo komanso ndi mwayi wofunikira kwambiri pazachuma kumwera kwa China, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lapadera pakuchepetsa umphawi m'mafakitale komanso kutsitsimutsa kumidzi. Ndi kusintha kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chidziwitso cha thanzi komanso chitukuko cha mayiko ndi chidziwitso cha makampani a citrus, zipatso za citrus zobiriwira pang'onopang'ono zikukhala malo otentha kwambiri omwe anthu amadya, ndipo kufunikira kwapamwamba, kosiyanasiyana komanso koyenera kwapachaka kukukulirakulira. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani a citrus ku China amakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (kutentha, mpweya, mtundu wa nthaka), ukadaulo wopanga (mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ukadaulo wa kulima, zolowetsa zaulimi) ndi njira yoyendetsera, ndi zinthu zina, pali mavuto monga mitundu ya zabwino ndi zoyipa, zofooka zoteteza matenda ndi tizirombo, kuzindikira kwamtundu sikuli kolimba, njira yoyendetsera ndikubwerera m'mbuyo ndipo kugulitsa zipatso zanyengo kumakhala kovuta. Pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko chobiriwira komanso chapamwamba cha makampani a citrus, m'pofunika kulimbikitsa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana, mfundo ndi teknoloji yochepetsera thupi ndi kuchepetsa mankhwala, khalidwe ndi kukonza bwino. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zipatso za citrus ndipo amakhudza mwachindunji zokolola ndi mtundu wa zipatso za citrus. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kusankha mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakupanga zobiriwira za citrus kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa komanso tizirombo ndi udzu.
Kufufuza m’nkhokwe ya kalembera wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China Pesticide Information Network kunapeza kuti pofika pa Ogasiti 24, 2023, panali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 3,243 olembetsedwa m’malo abwino pa zipatso za citrus ku China. Analipo 1515mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi 46.73% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali ma acaricides 684, owerengera 21.09%; 537 fungicides, owerengera 16.56%; 475 mankhwala a herbicides, omwe ali 14.65%; Analipo 132zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, ndi 4.07 %. Kawopsedwe wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'dziko lathu amagawidwa m'magulu 5 kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumunsi: wapoizoni kwambiri, wapoizoni wambiri, wapakatikati, wapoizoni wochepa komanso wofatsa. Panali 541 mankhwala oopsa kwambiri, owerengera 16.68% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali 2,494 mankhwala otsika kawopsedwe, omwe amawerengera 76.90% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Panali 208 mankhwala owopsa pang'ono, owerengera 6.41% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa.
1. Kalembetsedwe ka mankhwala a citrus/akaricides
Pali mitundu 189 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipatso za citrus ku China, omwe 69 ali ndi mankhwala amtundu umodzi ndipo 120 amakhala osakanikirana. Chiwerengero cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa chinali chokwera kwambiri kuposa magulu ena, okwana 1,515. Pakati pawo, zinthu zonse za 994 zinalembedwa pa mlingo umodzi, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 5 anali acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mafuta amchere (53) ndi ethozole (51), owerengera 29.70%. Zinthu zonse za 521 zidasakanizidwa, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo 5 apamwamba omwe adalembetsa anali actinospirin (zogulitsa 52), actinospirin (zogulitsa 35), actinospirin (zogulitsa 31), actinospirin (zogulitsa 31) ndi dihydrazide (zogulitsa 28), zomwe zimawerengera 11.68%. Monga tikuonera pa Table 2, pakati pa 1515 mankhwala olembetsedwa, pali 19 mafomu mlingo, amene pamwamba 3 ndi mankhwala emulsion (653), kuyimitsidwa mankhwala (518) ndi wettable ufa (169), mlandu okwana 88.45%.
Pali mitundu 83 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za ma acaricides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipatso za citrus, kuphatikiza mitundu 24 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu 59 ya zosakaniza zosakanikirana. Mankhwala a 684 acaricidal adalembedwa (wachiwiri kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo), omwe 476 anali othandizira amodzi, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 3. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 4 pa chiwerengero cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalembedwa anali acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) ndi 2445% phenyl. Okwana 208 mankhwala anali osakaniza, ndi pamwamba 4 mankhwala ophera tizilombo nambala olembetsedwa anali aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mchere mafuta (15), ndi Aviculin · mchere mafuta (13), mlandu 10,67%. Pakati pa 684 mankhwala olembetsedwa, panali 11 mafomu mlingo, amene pamwamba 3 anali mankhwala emulsion (330), kuyimitsidwa mankhwala (198) ndi wettable ufa (124), mlandu 95.32% onse.
Mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo / acaricidal a mlingo umodzi (kupatula woyimitsidwa, microemulsion, emulsion yoyimitsidwa ndi emulsion yamadzi) anali ochulukirapo kuposa osakanikirana. Panali mitundu 18 ya mankhwala amtundu umodzi ndi mitundu 9 ya mankhwala osakanikirana. Pali mitundu 11 ya mlingo umodzi ndi mitundu isanu yosakanikirana ya ma acaricides. Zinthu zowononga tizilombo tosakanikirana ndi Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kangaude wofiira), Gall mite (dzimbiri nkhupakupa, dzimbiri kangaude), Whitefly (Whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid aphid), Ophididae (Ophididae) (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) ndi tizirombo tina. Zinthu zazikulu zowongolera pa mlingo umodzi ndi Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (kangaude wofiira), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), ntchentche zogwira ntchito, Tangerleader leafafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), and Longicidae (Longicidae). Ndi tizirombo tina. Zinthu zowongolera za ma acaricides olembetsedwa ndi nthata za phyllodidae (kangaude wofiira), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (dzimbiri nkhupakupa), aphid (anphid). Kuchokera ku mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa ndi ma acaricides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, 60 ndi 21 mitundu, motsatana. Panali mitundu 9 yokha yochokera ku zachilengedwe ndi mchere, kuphatikizapo neem (2) ndi matrine (3) kuchokera ku zomera ndi zinyama, ndi Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) ndi avermectin (103) kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Magwero a mchere ndi mafuta amchere (62), osakaniza sulfure mwala (7), ndi magulu ena ndi sodium rosin (6).
2. Kulembetsa mankhwala a fungicides a citrus
Pali mitundu 117 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za mankhwala opha bowa, mitundu 61 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu 56 ya zosakaniza zosakanikirana. Panali mankhwala opha tizilombo 537, omwe 406 anali mlingo umodzi. Mankhwala 4 apamwamba opha tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa anali imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) ndi copper king (19), zomwe zidapanga 29.24% yonse. Zinthu zonse za 131 zinasakanizidwa, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 4 omwe analembedwa anali Chunlei · Wang mkuwa (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), ndi azole · imimine (7), owerengera 7.64% yonse. Monga tawonera mu Table 2, pali mitundu 18 ya mankhwala a 537 fungicides, omwe mitundu itatu yapamwamba kwambiri ndi ufa wonyowa (159), kuyimitsidwa (148) ndi granule omwazika madzi (86), owerengera 73.18% yonse. Pali mitundu 16 ya mlingo umodzi wa fungicide ndi mitundu 7 yosakanikirana ya mlingo.
Zinthu zothana ndi fungicides ndi powdery mildew, nkhanambo, mawanga akuda (nyenyezi yakuda), nkhungu yotuwa, canker, matenda a utomoni, matenda a anthrax ndi nthawi yosungira (kuwola kwa mizu, zowola zakuda, penicillium, nkhungu zobiriwira ndi zowola za asidi). Ma fungicides makamaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pali mitundu 41 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo mitundu 19 yokha ya magwero achilengedwe ndi mchere amalembetsedwa, pomwe magwero a zomera ndi nyama ndi berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Magwero a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Magwero a mchere ndi cuprous oxide (1), mfumu mkuwa (19), miyala ya sulfure osakaniza (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfure (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Kulembetsa mankhwala a herbicides a citrus
Pali mitundu 20 ya zosakaniza zothandiza za herbicide, mitundu 14 ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu 6 ya zosakaniza zogwira mtima. Mankhwala ophera udzu okwana 475 adalembetsedwa, kuphatikiza othandizira amodzi 467 ndi othandizira 8 osakanikirana. Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 5, mankhwala ophera zitsamba 5 apamwamba omwe adalembetsedwa anali glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) ndi fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), owerengera 94.95% onse. Monga tikuonera pa Table 2, pali mitundu 7 ya mankhwala a herbicides, omwe 3 oyambirira ndi madzi (302), sungunuka granule mankhwala (78) ndi mankhwala sungunuka ufa (69), owerengera 94.53% onse. Pankhani ya zamoyo, mankhwala onse 20 a herbicides adapangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo palibe mankhwala achilengedwe omwe adalembetsedwa.
4. Kulembetsa owongolera kukula kwa zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 35 ya zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, kuphatikiza mitundu 19 ya othandizira amodzi ndi mitundu 16 ya othandizira osakanikirana. Pali zinthu 132 zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu zonse, zomwe 100 ndi mlingo umodzi. Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 6, olamulira 5 apamwamba omwe amalembetsa zipatso za citrus anali gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) ndi S-inducidin (5), owerengera 59.85% yonse. Zogulitsa zonse za 32 zinasakanizidwa, ndipo mankhwala apamwamba a 3 omwe adalembetsa anali benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) ndi 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), owerengera 10.61% yonse. Monga tikuwonera mu Table 2, pali mitundu yonse ya 13 ya mlingo wa owongolera kukula kwa mbewu, omwe 3 apamwamba kwambiri ndi zinthu zosungunulira (52), zonona zonona (19) ndi zosungunuka za ufa (13), zomwe zimawerengera 63.64% yonse. Ntchito za olamulira kakulidwe ka zomera ndi makamaka kuwongolera kakulidwe, kulamulira mphukira, kusunga zipatso, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zipatso, kukulitsa, kukongoletsa mitundu, kuonjezera kupanga ndi kusunga. Malinga ndi mitundu olembetsedwa, waukulu zomera kukula owongolera anali mankhwala kaphatikizidwe, ndi okwana 14 mitundu, ndi mitundu 5 okha magwero kwachilengedwenso, amene magwero tizilombo anali S-allantoin (5), ndi mankhwala biochemical anali gibberellanic asidi (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) ndi brassinolactone (1).
4. Kulembetsa owongolera kukula kwa zipatso za citrus
Pali mitundu 35 ya zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu, kuphatikiza mitundu 19 ya othandizira amodzi ndi mitundu 16 ya othandizira osakanikirana. Pali zinthu 132 zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu zonse, zomwe 100 ndi mlingo umodzi. Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 6, olamulira 5 apamwamba omwe amalembetsa zipatso za citrus anali gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) ndi S-inducidin (5), owerengera 59.85% yonse. Zogulitsa zonse za 32 zinasakanizidwa, ndipo mankhwala apamwamba a 3 omwe adalembetsa anali benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) ndi 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), owerengera 10.61% yonse. Monga tikuwonera mu Table 2, pali mitundu yonse ya 13 ya mlingo wa owongolera kukula kwa mbewu, omwe 3 apamwamba kwambiri ndi zinthu zosungunulira (52), zonona zonona (19) ndi zosungunuka za ufa (13), zomwe zimawerengera 63.64% yonse. Ntchito za olamulira kakulidwe ka zomera ndi makamaka kuwongolera kakulidwe, kulamulira mphukira, kusunga zipatso, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zipatso, kukulitsa, kukongoletsa mitundu, kuonjezera kupanga ndi kusunga. Malinga ndi mitundu olembetsedwa, waukulu zomera kukula owongolera anali mankhwala kaphatikizidwe, ndi okwana 14 mitundu, ndi mitundu 5 okha magwero kwachilengedwenso, amene magwero tizilombo anali S-allantoin (5), ndi mankhwala biochemical anali gibberellanic asidi (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) ndi brassinolactone (1).
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-24-2024