Unyolo wa mafakitale wa zinthu zoteteza zomera ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo anayi: "zipangizo zopangira - zapakatikati - mankhwala oyambira - zokonzekera". Kumtunda kuli makampani opanga mafuta/mankhwala, omwe amapereka zinthu zopangira zinthu zoteteza zomera, makamaka zinthu zopangira mankhwala osapangidwa monga phosphorous yachikasu ndi chlorine yamadzimadzi, ndi zinthu zopangira mankhwala oyambira monga methanol ndi "tribenzene".
Makampani apakati makamaka amaphatikizapo mankhwala ophatikizana ndi mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito. Mankhwala ophatikizana ndi omwe amapangira mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo mankhwala osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito amafuna mankhwala ophatikizana osiyanasiyana popanga, omwe angagawidwe m'magulu awiri: mankhwala ophatikizana okhala ndi fluorine, mankhwala ophatikizana okhala ndi cyano, ndi mankhwala ophatikizana a heterocyclic. Mankhwala oyamba ndi mankhwala omaliza omwe amapangidwa ndi zosakaniza zogwira ntchito komanso zodetsa zomwe zimapezeka popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Malinga ndi cholinga chowongolera, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zina zotero.
Makampani otsatira njirazi makamaka amagulitsa mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kusasungunuka m'madzi komanso kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, mankhwala ambiri ogwira ntchito sangagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji, amafunika kuwonjezera zowonjezera zoyenera (monga zosungunulira, zosakaniza, zotulutsa, ndi zina zotero) zomwe zimakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi, nkhalango, ziweto, thanzi ndi zina.
01Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko cha msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China
Mankhwala ophera tizilomboMakampani opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ali pakati pa makampani opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makampani ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amayang'anira kafukufuku watsopano wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ambiri mwa opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi othandizira amasankha kugula kuchokera ku China, India ndi mayiko ena, ndipo China ndi India akhala malo opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso othandizira othandizira padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China kwakhala kotsika, ndipo kuchuluka kwapakati pa chaka kwakula ndi 1.4% kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2023. Makampani ophera tizilombo ku China akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mfundoyi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kochepa. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapangidwa ku China amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za makampani ophera tizilombo, koma ena amafunika kutumizidwa kunja. Ena mwa iwo amapangidwa ku China, koma kuchuluka kapena mtundu wake sungakwaniritse zofunikira pakupanga; Gawo lina la China silingathe kupanga.
Kuyambira mu 2017, kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo kuchepa kwa msika kuli kochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchepa kwa kufunikira. Makamaka chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa njira yosakula ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kupanga mankhwala osaphika ku China kwachepa kwambiri, ndipo kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwachepanso kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha zoletsa zoteteza chilengedwe, mtengo wamsika wa mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo unakwera mofulumira mu 2017, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kukula kwa msika wamakampani kukhale kokhazikika, ndipo mtengo wamsika unatsika pang'onopang'ono kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2019 pamene kupezeka kunabwerera pang'onopang'ono. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pofika mu 2022, kukula kwa msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China ndi pafupifupi 68.78 biliyoni yuan, ndipo mtengo wamsika wapakati ndi pafupifupi 17,500 yuan/tani.
02Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko cha msika wokonzekera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China
Kugawa phindu kwa unyolo wa makampani opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapereka mawonekedwe a "kuseka": kukonzekera kumakhala ndi 50%, pakati 20%, mankhwala oyambira 15%, mautumiki 15%, ndipo malonda a mankhwala otsiriza ndiye mgwirizano waukulu wa phindu, womwe uli ndi malo enieni pakugawa phindu kwa unyolo wa makampani opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Poyerekeza ndi kupanga mankhwala oyambilira, omwe amagogomezera ukadaulo wopanga ndi kuwongolera ndalama, kukonzekera kuli pafupi ndi msika wa terminal, ndipo luso la bizinesiyo ndi lokwanira.
Kuwonjezera pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo, gawo la kukonzekera limagogomezeranso njira ndi kumanga chizindikiro, ntchito zogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa, ndi mipikisano yosiyanasiyana komanso mtengo wowonjezera. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa njira yosakula ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza, kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China kwapitirira kuchepa, zomwe zakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa msika ndi liwiro la chitukuko cha makampani. Pakadali pano, kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa China kwabweretsa vuto lalikulu la kuchuluka kwa zinthu, zomwe zawonjezera mpikisano pamsika ndikukhudza phindu la mabizinesi ndi chitukuko cha makampani.
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera kunja kwa China ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ochokera kunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malonda achuluke. Kuyambira 2020 mpaka 2022, kutumiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera kunja kwa China kudzasintha, kusintha, ndikusintha pakukula ndi kutsika. Mu 2023, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera kunja kwa China kunali madola 974 miliyoni aku US, kuwonjezeka kwa 1.94% kuposa nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha, ndipo mayiko omwe amatumiza mankhwala ochokera kunja anali Indonesia, Japan ndi Germany. Kutumiza kunja kunafika pa $8.087 biliyoni, kutsika ndi 27.21% pachaka, pomwe malo otumizira mankhwala akuluakulu ndi Brazil (18.3%), Australia ndi United States. 70%-80% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku China amatumizidwa kunja, zinthu zomwe zili pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kusinthidwa, ndipo mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali pamwamba pa mankhwala watsika kwambiri, chomwe ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera kunja kwa mankhwala mu 2023.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-22-2024