Karl Dirks, yemwe adabzala maekala 1,000 a malo ku Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, wakhala akumva za kukwera kwa mitengo ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate, koma alibe mantha ndi izi. Iye anati: "Ndikuganiza kuti mtengo udzikonza wokha. Mitengo yokwera nthawi zambiri imakwera kwambiri. Sindikuda nkhawa kwambiri. Ndili m'gulu la anthu omwe sakuda nkhawabe, koma ndikusamala pang'ono. Tidzapeza njira."
Komabe, Chip Bowling, yomwe yabzala maekala 275 a chimanga ndi maekala 1,250 a soya ku Newberg, Maryland, siili ndi chiyembekezo chotere. Posachedwapa anayesa kuyitanitsa glyphosate kuchokera ku R&D Cross, kampani yogawa mbewu ndi zolowetsa, koma wogulitsayo sanathe kupereka mtengo wake kapena tsiku lotumizira. Malinga ndi Bowling, kugombe lakum'mawa, akhala akukolola zambiri (kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana). Koma zaka zingapo zilizonse, padzakhala zaka zomwe zipatso zake zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Ngati chilimwe chotsatira chikhala chotentha komanso chouma, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kwa alimi ena.
Mitengo ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate (Liberty) yapitirira kukwera kwa mbiri yakale chifukwa cha kufooka kwa zinthu ndipo palibe kusintha komwe kukuyembekezeka kuchitika masika akubwerawa.
Malinga ndi Dwight Lingenfelter, katswiri wa udzu ku Penn State University, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa izi, kuphatikizapo mavuto omwe akuchitika chifukwa cha mliri watsopano wa crown pneumonia, kulephera kukumba miyala yokwanira ya phosphate kuti ipange glyphosate, Container ndi mavuto osungira, komanso kutsekedwa ndi kutsegulidwanso kwa chomera chachikulu cha Bayer CropScience ku Louisiana chifukwa cha Mphepo Yamkuntho Ida.
Lingenfelter akukhulupirira kuti: “Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuchitika panopa.” Iye anati glyphosate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa $12.50 pa galoni mu 2020 tsopano ikufuna $35 mpaka $40. Glufosinate-ammonium, yomwe inalipo pa US$33 mpaka US$34 pa galoni panthawiyo, tsopano ikufuna mpaka US$80. Ngati muli ndi mwayi wogula mankhwala ophera udzu, khalani okonzeka kudikira.
"Anthu ena amaganiza kuti ngati odayo ingafikedi, singafike mpaka mu June chaka chamawa kapena kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Poganizira za kupha udzu, ili ndi vuto. Ndikuganiza kuti apa ndi pomwe tili. Zochitika, ndikofunikira kuganizira mokwanira zomwe zingachitike kuti tisunge zinthu," adatero Lingenfelter. Kusowa kwa "udzu wawiri" kungayambitse zotsatira zofanana za 2,4-D kapena kusowa kwa clethodim. Clethodim ndi chisankho chodalirika chowongolera udzu.
Kupezeka kwa zinthu za glyphosate kuli kodzaza ndi kusatsimikizika
Ed Snyder wa ku Snyder's Crop Service ku Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, anati sakukhulupirira kuti kampani yake idzakhala ndi glyphosate m'nyengo ya masika ikubwerayi.
Snyder anati umu ndi momwe adauzira makasitomala ake. Sanathe kupereka tsiku loyerekeza. Sindingalonjeze kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe mungapeze. Ananenanso kuti popanda glyphosate, makasitomala ake angasinthe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena ochiritsira udzu, monga Gramoxone (paraquat). Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti mankhwala osakaniza omwe ali ndi glyphosate, monga Halex GT ya zomera zomwe zamera pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa zomera, akadalipo kwambiri.
Shawn Miller wa ku Melvin Weaver and Sons anati mtengo wa mankhwala ophera udzu wakwera kwambiri. Wakhala akukambirana ndi makasitomala za mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe akufuna kulipira pa mankhwalawo komanso momwe angakulitsire mtengo wa mankhwala ophera udzu pa galoni iliyonse akangolandira mtengo wa katunduyo.
Miller sadzalandira ngakhale maoda a 2022, chifukwa zinthu zonse zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wake, zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi momwe zikanagulitsidwira pasadakhale kale. Komabe, akukhulupirirabe kuti nthawi ya masika ikadzafika, zinthu zidzaonekera, ndipo akupemphera kuti zikhale chonchi. Iye anati: “Sitingathe kukhazikitsa mtengo chifukwa sitikudziwa komwe mtengo wake uli. Aliyense akuda nkhawa nazo.”
Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu mochepa
Kwa alimi omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zisanafike nthawi ya masika, Lingenfelter akupereka lingaliro lakuti ayenera kuganizira momwe angasungire zinthu kapena kuyesa njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito nthawi ya masika oyambirira. Iye anati m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito 32-ounce Roundup Powermax, ndi bwino kuchepetsa kufika pa 22 ounces. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati kupezeka kuli kochepa, nthawi yopopera iyenera kudziwika - kaya ndi yophera kapena yopopera mbewu.
Kusiya mitundu ya soya ya mainchesi 30 ndikusintha mitundu ya mainchesi 15 kungapangitse kuti denga likhale lolimba komanso kupikisana ndi udzu. Inde, kukonzekera nthaka nthawi zina ndi njira yabwino, koma izi zisanachitike, zolakwika zake ziyenera kuganiziridwa: kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta, kutayika kwa nthaka, komanso kuwononga nthawi yayitali osalima.
Lingenfelter adati kufufuza n'kofunika kwambiri, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kuwongolera zomwe anthu amayembekezera pamunda womwe ndi wabwino kwambiri.
“M’chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zikubwerazi, tingaone minda yambiri ya namsongole,” iye anatero. “Pa namsongole wina, khalani okonzeka kuvomereza kuti kuchuluka kwa namsongole ndi pafupifupi 70% m’malo mwa 90% yapitayi.”
Koma lingaliro ili lilinso ndi zovuta zake. Lingenfelter anati udzu wambiri umatanthauza kuti zokolola zochepa ndipo udzu wovuta udzakhala wovuta kuuletsa. Pogwira ntchito ndi mipesa ya amaranth ndi amaranth, kuchuluka kwa udzu wowononga 75% sikokwanira. Pa shamrock kapena red root quinoa, kuchuluka kwa udzu wowononga 75% kungakhale kokwanira. Mtundu wa udzu udzatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wofewa pa iwo.
Gary Snyder wa ku Nutrien, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi alimi pafupifupi 150 kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Pennsylvania, anati kaya mankhwala ophera udzu afike, kaya ndi glyphosate kapena glufosinate, adzagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala.
Iye anati alimi ayenera kukulitsa kusankha kwawo mankhwala ophera udzu masika akubwerawa ndikumaliza mapulani mwachangu momwe angathere kuti udzu usakhale vuto lalikulu panthawi yobzala. Iye akulangiza alimi omwe sanasankhebe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimanga kuti agule mbewu zomwe zili ndi majini abwino kwambiri kuti athetse udzu pambuyo pake.
"Vuto lalikulu ndi mbewu zoyenera. Thirani mwachangu momwe mungathere. Samalani ndi udzu womwe uli mu mbewu. Zinthu zomwe zinatuluka m'zaka za m'ma 1990 zikadalipo, ndipo izi zitha kuchitika. Njira zonse ziyenera kuganiziridwa," adatero Snyder.
Bowling anati apitilizabe kusankha zinthu zonse. Ngati mitengo ya zinthu zopangira, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera udzu, ipitirira kukhala yokwera ndipo mitengo ya mbewu isapitirire, akukonzekera kusintha minda yambiri kukhala soya, chifukwa soya ndi yotsika mtengo kulima. Angasinthenso minda yambiri kuti alime udzu wodyera.
Lingenfelter akuyembekeza kuti alimi sadzadikira mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira kapena masika kuti ayambe kulabadira nkhaniyi. Iye anati: “Ndikukhulupirira kuti aliyense adzatenga nkhaniyi mozama. Ndikuda nkhawa kuti anthu ambiri adzagwidwa modzidzimutsa pofika nthawi imeneyo. Akuganiza kuti pofika mwezi wa Marichi chaka chamawa, adzaitanitsa wogulitsa ndipo adzatha kutenga katundu wodzaza ndi mankhwala ophera udzu kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo tsiku lomwelo. . Nditaganizira izi, mwina anayang'ana modabwa.”
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-15-2021