Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito "njira ya Green Food System" ku Japan. Pepalali likufotokoza tanthauzo ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Japan, ndipo limagawa kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan, kuti lipereke chitsogozo cha chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'maiko ena.
Chifukwa cha malo ochepa omwe minda ilipo ku Japan, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza kuti zokolola za mbewu ziwonjezeke pagawo lililonse. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo kwawonjezera mavuto azachilengedwe, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuteteza nthaka, madzi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, malo akumidzi komanso chitetezo cha chakudya kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika cha ulimi ndi chilengedwe. Popeza pali zotsalira zambiri za mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matenda a anthu ambiri azikula, alimi ndi anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otetezeka komanso osawononga chilengedwe.
Mofanana ndi njira ya ku Europe ya farm-to-Fork, boma la Japan mu Meyi 2021 linapanga "Ndondomeko ya Zakudya Zobiriwira" yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 50% pofika chaka cha 2050 ndikuwonjezera malo olima zachilengedwe kufika pa 1 miliyoni hm2 (yofanana ndi 25% ya malo olima a ku Japan). Ndondomekoyi ikufuna kukulitsa zokolola ndi kukhazikika kwa chakudya, ulimi, nkhalango ndi usodzi kudzera mu njira zatsopano zodzitetezera (MeaDRI), kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tophatikizana, njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito komanso kupanga njira zina zatsopano. Pakati pawo, chofunikira kwambiri ndi chitukuko, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tophatikizana (IPM), ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri.
1. Tanthauzo ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amachokera ku mankhwala kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ndi otetezeka kapena abwino kwa anthu, chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kapena kutengera zinthu zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi gwero la zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: choyamba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi ndi nyama zoyambirira zamoyo (zosinthidwa majini) zamoyo ndi zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa; Chachiwiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku zomera, kuphatikizapo zomera zamoyo ndi zotulutsa zawo, zoteteza zomera (mbewu zosinthidwa majini); Chachitatu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku zinyama, kuphatikizapo nematode amoyo a entomopathetic, nyama zolusa komanso zowononga ndi zotulutsa za nyama (monga ma pheromones). United States ndi mayiko ena amaikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku mchere monga mafuta a mchere ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
SEIJ ya ku Japan imaika mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zamoyo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zinthu zobereketsa, ndipo imaika ma pheromones, ma microbial metabolites (ma antibiotic a zaulimi), zotulutsa zomera, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku mchere, zotulutsa za nyama (monga arthropod venom), ma nanoantibodies, ndi zinthu zoteteza zomwe zili m'minda ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zinthu zobereketsa. Bungwe la Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan limaika mankhwala ophera tizilombo a ku Japan m'magulu a arthropods a adani achilengedwe, nematodes a adani achilengedwe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zobereketsa, ndipo imaika Bacillus thuringiensis yosagwira ntchito ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo imachotsa maantibayotiki a zaulimi m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, poyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a ku Japan amafotokozedwa mochepa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo amoyo, kutanthauza kuti, "mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga tizilombo totsutsana, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo tolusa tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo". Mwanjira ina, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Japan ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagulitsa zamoyo monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma nematode a entomopathetic ndi zamoyo zachilengedwe monga zosakaniza, pomwe mitundu ndi mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zalembedwa ku Japan sizili m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi "Njira Zothandizira Zotsatira za Kuyesa Chitetezo Chokhudzana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kulembetsa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda", tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zomera zosinthidwa majini sizikuyang'aniridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Unduna wa Zaulimi, Nkhalango ndi Usodzi wayambitsanso njira yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupanga miyezo yatsopano yosalembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti achepetse kuthekera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala kapena kukula kwa nyama ndi zomera m'malo okhala.
"Mndandanda wa Zopangira Zomera Zachilengedwe" womwe watulutsidwa kumene ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi, Nkhalango ndi Usodzi ku Japan mu 2022 umakhudza mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo ochokera ku chilengedwe. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku Japan saloledwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) ndi maximum Residue limit (MRL), zomwe zonsezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zaulimi motsatira Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Chidule cha kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan
Monga dziko lotsogola pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, Japan ili ndi njira yokwanira yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za wolemba, pofika mu 2023, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 99 omwe adalembetsedwa komanso ogwira ntchito ku Japan, omwe ali ndi zosakaniza 47 zogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapanga pafupifupi 8.5% ya zosakaniza zonse zogwira ntchito za mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Pakati pawo, zosakaniza 35 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophera tizilombo (kuphatikiza ma nematocides awiri), zosakaniza 12 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophera tizilombo, ndipo palibe mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena ntchito zina (Chithunzi 1). Ngakhale kuti ma pheromones si a gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan, nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati zinthu zobzala zachilengedwe.
2.1 Mankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe ochokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Pali zinthu 22 zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda achilengedwe omwe adalembedwa ku Japan, zomwe zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo tolusa komanso tizilombo tolusa malinga ndi mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso momwe timagwirira ntchito. Pakati pawo, tizilombo tolusa ndi tizilombo tolusa timagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toopsa ngati chakudya, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaika mazira m'tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo mphutsi zawo zomwe zaswa zimadya tizilomboto ndikukula kuti ziphe tizilomboto. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ta hymenoptera, monga aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee ndi Mylostomus japonicus, zomwe zalembedwa ku Japan, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ntchentche ndi ntchentche zoyera pa ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimalimidwa m'nyumba yobiriwira, ndipo chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug ndi thrips zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, thrips ndi whiteflies pa ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimalimidwa m'nyumba yobiriwira. Nthata zolusa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polimbana ndi kangaude wofiira, nthata za masamba, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ndi whitefly pa ndiwo zamasamba, maluwa, mitengo ya zipatso, nyemba ndi mbatata zomwe zimalimidwa m'nyumba zobiriwira, komanso pa ndiwo zamasamba, mitengo ya zipatso ndi tiyi zomwe zimabzalidwa m'minda. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kulembetsa kwa adani achilengedwe monga O. sauteri sikunakonzedwenso.
2.2 Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo Tosaoneka ndi Mabakiteriya
Pali mitundu 23 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adalembetsedwa ku Japan, omwe angagawidwe m'magulu awiri: tizilombo toyambitsa matenda/fungicides, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda/fungicides tomwe timayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda/fungicides tomwe timayambitsidwa ndi bowa malinga ndi mitundu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pakati pawo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapha kapena kulamulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa kupatsira, kuchulukitsa ndi kutulutsa poizoni. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amalamulira mabakiteriya opatsirana kudzera mu mpikisano wa koloni, kutulutsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena metabolites yachiwiri, komanso kuyambitsa kukana kwa zomera [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Mafangasi (owononga) Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum yosayambitsa matenda ndi mtundu wa Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated, Ndipo kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus ndi Drechslera monoceras sikunakonzedwenso.
2.2.1 Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a polyhedroid omwe amalembedwa ku Japan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo tina monga mphutsi ya apulo, mphutsi ya tiyi ndi mphutsi ya tiyi, komanso Streptococcus aureus pa mbewu monga zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi nyemba. Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, Bacillus thuringiensis imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo ta lepidoptera ndi hemiptera pa mbewu monga ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, mpunga, mbatata ndi udzu. Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalembedwa, Beauveria bassiana imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo tomwe timatafuna ndi kuluma pakamwa monga thrips, tizilombo ta mamba, ntchentche zoyera, nthata, kafadala, diamondi ndi nsabwe pa ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, mapaini ndi tiyi. Beauveria brucei imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo ta coleoptera monga longiceps ndi mphutsi m'mitengo ya zipatso, mitengo, angelica, maluwa a chitumbuwa ndi bowa wa shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi thrips pakulima masamba ndi mango m'nyumba zobiriwira; Paecilomyces furosus ndi Paecilopus pectus zinagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ntchentche zoyera, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi sitiroberi zofiira m'masamba obiriwira. Bowawu umagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ntchentche zoyera ndi thrips m'kulima ndiwo zamasamba, mango, chrysanthemums ndi lisiflorum m'malo obiriwira.
Popeza ndi nematocide yokhayo yomwe yapezeka komanso yogwira ntchito ku Japan, Bacillus Pasteuris punctum imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi nematode mu ndiwo zamasamba, mbatata ndi nkhuyu.
2.2.2 Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mtundu wa fungicide wofanana ndi kachilombo wa zukini wachikasu, womwe unalembedwa ku Japan, unagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a Mosaic ndi fusarium wilt omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo kokhudzana ndi nkhaka. Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adalembedwa ku Japan, Bacillus amylolitica imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a bowa monga bulauni, imvi, blight yakuda, matenda a white star, powdery mildew, black mold, leaf mold, spot disease, white dzimbiri ndi leaf blight pa ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, maluwa, hops ndi fodya. Bacillus simplex idagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa ndi kuchiza bacterial wilt ndi bacterial blight ya mpunga. Bacillus subtilis imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a bacterial ndi bowa monga imvi, powdery mildew, black star disease, rice blast, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, white spot, speckle, canker disease, blight, black mold disease, brown spot disease, black leaf blight ndi bacterial spot disease of vegetables, fruits, rice, flowers and flora plants, beef, beef, black mold, black leaf blight, beef .... Mitundu ya karoti ya Erwenella soft rot yomwe siimayambitsa matenda imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda a soft rot ndi canker pa ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso za citrus, cycleen ndi mbatata. Pseudomonas fluorescens imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi kuvunda, kuvunda kwakuda, kuvunda kwakuda kwa bakiteriya ndi kuvunda kwa maluwa pa ndiwo zamasamba. Pseudomonas roseni imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi kuvunda kofewa, kuvunda kwakuda, kuvunda, kuvunda kwa maluwa, malo a bakiteriya, malo akuda a bakiteriya, kuboola kwa bakiteriya, kuvunda kwa tsinde la bakiteriya, vuto la nthambi ya bakiteriya ndi vuto la bacteria pa ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso. Phagocytophage mirabile imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda otupa mizu ya ndiwo zamasamba zokwawa, ndipo mabakiteriya achikasu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi powdery mildew, black nkhungu, anthrax, leaf nkhungu, imvi nkhungu, rice blast, bacterial blight, bacterial wilt, brown streaks, bad seedling disease ndi seedling blight pa ndiwo zamasamba, strawberries ndi mpunga, komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mizu ya mbewu. Lactobacillus plantarum imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi kuvunda kofewa pa ndiwo zamasamba ndi mbatata. Pakati pa mankhwala ophera fungicide omwe adalembetsedwa ku Japan, Scutellaria microscutella idagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa ndikuwongolera kuvunda kwa sclerotium mu ndiwo zamasamba, kuvunda kwa black rot mu scallions ndi adyo. Trichoderma viridis imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa matenda a bakiteriya ndi bowa monga rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight ndi rice blast, komanso asparagus purple streak disease ndi fodya white silk disease.
2.3 Nsabwe za m'mimba zomwe zimayambitsa matenda
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma nematode oyambitsa matenda a entomopathogenic omwe adalembedwa bwino ku Japan, ndipo njira zawo zophera tizilombo [1-2, 11] makamaka zimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa makina olowa, kudya zakudya zoyenera komanso kuwonongeka kwa maselo a minofu, komanso mabakiteriya ogwirizana omwe amatulutsa poizoni. Steinernema carpocapsae ndi S. glaseri, omwe adalembedwa ku Japan, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mbatata, maolivi, nkhuyu, maluwa ndi zomera za masamba, maluwa a chitumbuwa, ma plums, mapichesi, zipatso zofiira, maapulo, bowa, ndiwo zamasamba, udzu ndi ginkgo Kulamulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica ndi Red fungus. Kulembetsa kwa entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai sikunakonzedwenso.
3. Chidule ndi malingaliro
Ku Japan, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ofunikira kwambiri poonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili bwino, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, komanso kusunga chitukuko cha ulimi chokhazikika. Mosiyana ndi mayiko ndi madera monga United States, European Union, China ndi Vietnam [1, 7-8], mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda aku Japan amafotokozedwa mochepa ngati mankhwala osasinthidwa majini omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zobzala zachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 47 achilengedwe omwe adalembetsedwa ndipo amagwira ntchito bwino ku Japan, omwe ndi a adani achilengedwe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toopsa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timamera m'minda komanso m'minda monga ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, mpunga, mitengo ya tiyi, mitengo, maluwa ndi zomera zokongoletsera komanso udzu. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amenewa ali ndi ubwino wotetezeka kwambiri, chiopsezo chochepa cha kukana mankhwala, kudzifufuza wekha kapena kuchotsa tizilombo mobwerezabwereza m'mikhalidwe yabwino, nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito komanso kusunga ndalama, alinso ndi zovuta monga kukhazikika koyipa, kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono, kusagwirizana bwino, kuyang'anira komanso nthawi yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito. Kumbali inayi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu ndi zinthu zowongolera kulembetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan nayonso ndi yochepa, ndipo singathe kusintha mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti agwire ntchito bwino. Malinga ndi ziwerengero [3], mu 2020, mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan unali 0.8% yokha, womwe unali wotsika kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha zosakaniza zomwe zalembedwa.
Monga njira yayikulu yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha makampani ophera tizilombo mtsogolomu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo akufufuzidwa kwambiri, kupangidwa ndikulembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa ulimi. Kuphatikiza pa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zamoyo ndi ukadaulo komanso kutchuka kwa phindu la kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kukweza chitetezo cha chakudya ndi ubwino wake, kuchuluka kwa zachilengedwe komanso zofunikira pakukula kwa ulimi, msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan ukupitiliza kukula mofulumira. Inkwood Research ikuyerekeza kuti msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan udzakula pamlingo wokulirapo pachaka wa 22.8% kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2025, ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika $729 miliyoni mu 2025. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Ndondomeko ya Chakudya Chobiriwira", mankhwala ophera tizilombo akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa alimi aku Japan.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-14-2024