Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa njira ya "Green Food System" ku Japan. Pepalali likufotokoza tanthauzo ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan, ndikuyika m'gulu la kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan, kuti apereke umboni wokhudza chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mayiko ena.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa minda yomwe ilipo ku Japan, ndikofunikira kuthira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza kuti muwonjezere zokolola m'dera lililonse. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ambiri kwawonjezera kulemetsa kwa chilengedwe, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuteteza nthaka, madzi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, madera akumidzi komanso chitetezo cha chakudya kuti tikwaniritse chitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mbewu zomwe zikupangitsa kuti matenda achuluke, alimi ndi anthu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otetezeka komanso osawononga chilengedwe.
Mofanana ndi njira ya European farm-to-Fork, boma la Japan mu May 2021 linapanga "Green Food System Strategy" yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 50% pofika chaka cha 2050 ndikuwonjezera malo olima organic kufika 1 miliyoni hm2 (yofanana ndi 25% ya minda ya Japan). Njirayi ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi kukhazikika kwa chakudya, ulimi, nkhalango ndi usodzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira za Resilience Resilience (MeaDRI), kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tophatikizika, njira zogwiritsira ntchito bwino komanso kupanga njira zina zatsopano. Pakati pawo, chofunika kwambiri ndi chitukuko, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukwezedwa kwa Integrated Pest Management (IPM), ndipo biopesticides ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri.
1. Tanthauzo ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ofanana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena opangira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mankhwala omwe ali otetezeka kapena ochezeka kwa anthu, chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kapena kutengera zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi gwero la zosakaniza yogwira, biopesticides akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: choyamba, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi ndi zinyama zoyambirira zamoyo (zosinthidwa chibadwa) zamoyo zamoyo ndi ma metabolites awo obisika; Yachiwiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikizapo zomera zamoyo ndi zotuluka zake, zoteteza zomera (mbewu zosinthidwa chibadwa); Chachitatu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo nematodes yamoyo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nyama zolusa komanso zopangira nyama (monga pheromones). United States ndi mayiko ena amaikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo achilengedwe monga mafuta amchere monga biopesticides.
SEIJ yaku Japan imayika ma biopesticides kukhala mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zamoyo, ndikuyika ma pheromones, ma metabolites ang'onoang'ono (maantibayotiki aulimi), zotulutsa zomera, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotulutsa zanyama (monga arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Bungwe la Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan limayika mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan m'magulu a adani achilengedwe, adani achilengedwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndikuyika Bacillus thuringiensis wosasinthika ngati tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikupatula maantibayotiki aulimi m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, pakuwongolera kwenikweni kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan amangotchulidwa kuti ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndiye kuti, "zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagulitsa zamoyo monga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, entomopathetic nematodes ndi zamoyo za adani ngati zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito, pomwe mitundu ndi mitundu yazinthu zachilengedwe zolembetsedwa ku Japan sizili m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi "Measures for the Treatment of the Results of Safety Assessment tests zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo", tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosinthidwa ma genetic ndi zomera sizikuyang'aniridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan. M’zaka zaposachedwa, Unduna wa Zaulimi, Zankhalango ndi Nsomba udayambitsanso ntchito yowunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukhazikitsa mfundo zatsopano zoletsa kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti tichepetse mwayi woti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala kapena kukula kwa nyama ndi zomera m’malo okhala.
"List of Organic planting Inputs" yotulutsidwa kumene ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi, Zankhalango ndi Usodzi ku Japan mu 2022 ikukhudza mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Ma biopesticides aku Japan samasulidwa ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) ndi malire a Residue (MRL), onse omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zaulimi pansi pa Japan Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Chidule cha kalembetsedwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan
Monga dziko lotsogola pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, dziko la Japan lili ndi dongosolo la kalembera wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mitundu yochuluka ya kalembera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za wolemba, pofika chaka cha 2023, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo 99 omwe adalembetsedwa komanso ogwira ntchito ku Japan, okhudza zinthu 47 zomwe zimagwira ntchito, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 8.5% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo. Pakati pawo, zosakaniza 35 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophera tizilombo (kuphatikiza 2 nematocides), zosakaniza 12 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa, ndipo palibe mankhwala a herbicides kapena ntchito zina (Chithunzi 1). Ngakhale ma pheromones sali m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan, nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga zolowetsamo.
2.1 Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a adani achilengedwe
Pali zosakaniza 22 za adani achilengedwe opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adalembetsedwa ku Japan, omwe amatha kugawidwa mu tizirombo, tizilombo tolusa komanso nthata zolusa malinga ndi mitundu yamoyo ndi momwe zimachitikira. Zina mwa izo, tizilombo tolusa ndi nsabwe zolusa zimadya tizilombo towononga chakudya, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayikira mazira mu tizirombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo mphutsi zawo zomwe zimaswa zimadya nyamazo ndikuyamba kupha nyamayo. Tizilombo ta parasitic hymenoptera, monga nsabwe za m'masamba, nsabwe za m'masamba, nsabwe za m'masamba, njuchi za aphid, hemiptera njuchi ndi Mylostomus japonicus, zolembetsedwa ku Japan, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pothana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ntchentche ndi ntchentche zoyera pamasamba omwe amalimidwa mu greenhouse, ndi bugter, bugrygryg, bugrygry, bugs, bugrygry, bug, bug, bug, bugs makamaka ntchito ulamuliro wa nsabwe za m'masamba, thrips ndi whiteflies pa masamba nakulitsa wowonjezera kutentha. Nthata zolusa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira kangaude wofiira, tsamba la tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips ndi whitefly pamasamba, maluwa, mitengo yazipatso, nyemba ndi mbatata zomwe zimabzalidwa mu greenhouses, komanso masamba, mitengo yazipatso ndi tiyi wobzalidwa m'minda. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kulembetsa kwa adani achilengedwe monga O. sauteri sikunapangidwenso.
2.2 Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Pali mitundu 23 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalembetsedwa ku Japan, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ophera tizilombo, ophera tizilombo, ophera tizilombo komanso opha tizirombo / fungicides malinga ndi mitundu ndi ntchito za tizilombo. Pakati pawo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapha kapena kulamulira tizirombo mwa kupatsira, kuchulukitsa ndi kutulutsa poizoni. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kupyolera mu mpikisano wa atsamunda, katulutsidwe ka antimicrobials kapena metabolites yachiwiri, ndi kulowetsedwa kwa zomera [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and the Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Ndi kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Xamonas trophis. Drechslera monoceras sanapangidwenso.
2.2.1 Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a granular ndi nuclear polyhedroid omwe amalembedwa ku Japan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda monga apple ringworm, tea ringworm ndi tea longleaf ringworm, komanso Streptococcus aureus pa mbewu monga zipatso, masamba ndi nyemba. Monga mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, Bacillus thuringiensis amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizirombo ta lepidoptera ndi hemiptera pa mbewu monga masamba, zipatso, mpunga, mbatata ndi turf. Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa, Beauveria bassiana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa tizilombo totafuna ndi mbola pakamwa monga ma thrips, tizilombo tambiri, whiteflies, nthata, kafadala, diamondi ndi nsabwe zamasamba, zipatso, mapaini ndi tiyi. Beauveria brucei amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo ta coleoptera monga ma longiceps ndi kafadala m'mitengo ya zipatso, mitengo, angelica, maluwa a chitumbuwa ndi bowa wa shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae ntchito kulamulira thrips mu wowonjezera kutentha kulima masamba ndi mango; Paecilomyces furosus ndi Paecilopus pectus ankagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi whitefly, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi kangaude wofiira mu masamba obiriwira obiriwira ndi sitiroberi. Bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ntchentche zoyera ndi ma thrips polima masamba, mango, chrysanthemums ndi lisiflorum.
Monga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe talembetsedwa ndikugwira ntchito ku Japan, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa mizu ya nematode mu masamba, mbatata ndi nkhuyu.
2.2.2 Ma Microbiocides
Kachilombo kofanana ndi kachirombo ka zukini kuchikasu kwa Mosaic virus komwe kanalembetsedwa ku Japan kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda a Mosaic ndi fusarium wilt yoyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo kogwirizana ndi nkhaka. Pakati pa bacteriological fungicides omwe adalembetsedwa ku Japan, Bacillus amylolitica amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus monga zowola zofiirira, nkhungu zakuda, zowola zakuda, matenda a nyenyezi, powdery mildew, nkhungu zakuda, nkhungu zamasamba, matenda a mawanga, dzimbiri loyera ndi zowawa zamasamba pamasamba, zipatso, maluwa, hops ndi fodya. Bacillus simplex ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa ndi kuchiza kunyala kwa mabakiteriya komanso choipitsa cha mpunga. Bacillus subtilis amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda a bakiteriya ndi fungal monga grey nkhungu, powdery mildew, black star matenda, kuphulika kwa mpunga, leaf mildew, choipitsa chakuda, choipitsa masamba, mawanga oyera, mawanga, matenda a canker, choipitsa, matenda a nkhungu wakuda, matenda a bulauni, choipitsa chakuda ndi mabakiteriya amtundu wa masamba, maluwa, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, masamba, zipatso, masamba, zipatso. ndi bowa. Mitundu yopanda matenda ya Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa zowola zofewa ndi matenda a canker pamasamba, malalanje, cycleen ndi mbatata. Pseudomonas fluorescens amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa zowola, zowola zakuda, zowola za bakiteriya komanso zowola zamaluwa pamasamba. Pseudomonas roseni amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa zowola zofewa, zowola zakuda, zowola, zowola zamaluwa, mawanga a bakiteriya, banga lakuda la bakiteriya, kuphulika kwa bakiteriya, zowola zofewa za bakiteriya, chowola cha bakiteriya, chowola cha nthambi ya bakiteriya ndi zowawa za bakiteriya pamasamba ndi zipatso. Phagocytophage mirabile imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutupa kwa mizu ya masamba a cruciferous, ndipo mabakiteriya achikasu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi powdery mildew, nkhungu yakuda, anthrax, nkhungu yamasamba, nkhungu imvi, kuphulika kwa mpunga, kuwonongeka kwa bakiteriya, kuwonongeka kwa bakiteriya, mikwingwirima yofiirira, kukulitsa matenda a mbande ndi mbewu, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu ndi mbewu. mizu. Lactobacillus plantarum imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa zowola zofewa pamasamba ndi mbatata. Pakati pa fungicides omwe adalembetsedwa ku Japan, Scutellaria microscutella idagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa komanso kuwongolera zowola zamasamba, zowola zakuda mu scallions ndi adyo. Trichoderma viridis amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya ndi mafangasi monga rice blight, bacterial brown streak disease, leaf blight ndi lip blast, komanso matenda a asparagus purple streak ndi fodya woyera wa silk.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nematode ya entomopathogenic yolembetsedwa bwino ku Japan, ndipo njira zawo zophera tizilombo [1-2, 11] makamaka zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa makina, kudya zakudya komanso kuwonongeka kwa maselo, komanso mabakiteriya a symbiotic omwe amatulutsa poizoni. Steinernema carpocapsae ndi S. glaseri, zolembedwa ku Japan, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa mbatata, azitona, nkhuyu, maluwa ndi zomera zamasamba, maluwa a chitumbuwa, plums, mapichesi, zipatso zofiira, maapulo, bowa, masamba, turf ndi ginkgo Kulamulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Megalophora, Olive Black Weestro, Olive Black Weestro, Grape Black Weestro Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Pichesi yaing'ono chakudya nyongolotsi, aculema Japonica ndi Red bowa. Kulembetsa kwa entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai sikunapangidwenso.
3. Mwachidule ndi momwe amawonera
Ku Japan, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ofunikira poonetsetsa kuti chakudya chilipo, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, komanso kusunga chitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi. Mosiyana ndi mayiko ndi zigawo monga United States, European Union, China ndi Vietnam [1, 7-8], mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan amafotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti ndi mankhwala osasinthika amoyo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zobzala organic. Pakalipano, pali 47 mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Japan, omwe ndi adani achilengedwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewera ndi kulamulira nyamakazi zoipa, zomera tizilombo nematodes ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa kulima wowonjezera kutentha ndi kumunda mbewu monga masamba, zipatso, mpunga, tiyi mitengo, mitengo, maluwa ndi maluwa kapena. Ngakhale kuti biopesticides ili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira, chiwopsezo chochepa cha kukana mankhwala, kudzifufuza nokha kapena kuchotseratu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pazikhalidwe zabwino, nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito komanso kupulumutsa ntchito, amakhalanso ndi zovuta monga kukhazikika kosasunthika, kuchepa kwachangu, kusagwirizana kosakwanira, kulamulira mawonekedwe ndi nthawi yochepetsetsa yogwiritsira ntchito zenera. Kumbali ina, mitundu ya mbewu ndi zinthu zowongolera zolembetsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Japan nawonso ndi ochepa, ndipo sangalowe m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti akwaniritse zonse. Malinga ndi ziwerengero [3], mu 2020, mtengo wa biopesticides womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan umakhala ndi 0.8% yokha, yomwe inali yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zidalembetsedwa.
Monga gawo lalikulu lachitukuko chamakampani ophera tizilombo m'tsogolomu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo akufufuzidwa kwambiri ndikupangidwa ndikulembetsedwa kuti apange ulimi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yazachilengedwe ndi ukadaulo komanso kutchuka kwa phindu la kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha biopesticide, kuwongolera kwa chitetezo cha chakudya ndi mtundu, kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe komanso zofunikira zachitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi, msika wa biopesticide waku Japan ukupitilira kukula mwachangu. Kafukufuku wa Inkwood akuyerekeza kuti msika waku Japan wa biopesticide udzakula pamlingo wokulirapo pachaka wa 22.8% kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2025, ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika $729 miliyoni mu 2025. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Green Food System Strategy", mankhwala ophera tizilombo akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa alimi aku Japan.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-14-2024