M’zaka 20 zapitazi, mankhwala ophera tizirombo m’dziko langa apangidwa mofulumira. Choyamba, chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yambiri yatsopano komanso matekinoloje apamwamba ochokera kunja, ndipo chachiwiri, zoyesayesa zamagulu apakhomo oyenerera zathandiza kuti zipangizo zambiri zazikulu ndi mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo aukhondo apangidwe. ndi kutchula khalidwe lapamwamba ndi chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya chitukuko cha mankhwala. Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ponena za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ma pyrethroids akadali omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Chifukwa tizirombo tapanga magawo osiyanasiyana akulimbana ndi pyrethroids m'malo ena, ndipo pali kusamvana, komwe kumakhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Komabe, chifukwa ili ndi zabwino zambiri zapadera monga kawopsedwe kakang'ono komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kuti zisinthidwe ndi mitundu ina pakapita nthawi. Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi tetramethrin, Es-bio-allethrin, d-allethrin, methothrin, pyrethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin ndi rich dextramethrin Allethrin etc. Pakati pawo, olemera a D-trans allethrin amapangidwa paokha komanso amapangidwa m'dziko langa. Mbali ya asidi ya allethrin wamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi ma cis ndi ma trans isomers ndipo ma isomers akumanzere ndi kumanja amasiyanitsidwa kuti awonjezere chiŵerengero cha thupi lake logwira ntchito, potero kumapangitsa kuti Zogulitsa zitheke. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, thupi losavomerezeka limasinthidwa kukhala thupi lovomerezeka, kuchepetsanso mtengo. Zimasonyeza kuti kupanga pyrethroids m'dziko langa walowa m'munda wa chitukuko palokha ndi kulowa m'munda wa stereochemistry ndi mkulu kuwala ntchito luso. Dichlorvos pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorous ndi mitundu yomwe imakhala ndi zokolola zambiri komanso yofalikira kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwetsa kwake kwamphamvu, kupha mwamphamvu komanso kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe, koma DDVP ndi chlorpyrifos ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu 1999, Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Viwanda, malinga ndi malingaliro a WHO, adapanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso acaricide pirimiphos-methyl, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa udzudzu, ntchentche, mphemvu ndi nthata.
Pakati pa carbamates, propoxur ndi Zhongbucarb amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukirapo. Komabe, malinga ndi deta yofunikira, chinthu chowola cha sec-butacarb, methyl isocyanate, chimakhala ndi zovuta zapoizoni. Izi sizinaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wazophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda apanyumba zomwe zidasindikizidwa ndi World Health Organisation mu 1997, ndipo kupatula China, palibe dziko lina padziko lapansi lomwe lagwiritsapo ntchito mankhwalawa popangira ukhondo wapakhomo. Pofuna kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, bungwe loyang'anira tizilombo la Unduna wa Zaulimi kuphatikiza ndi momwe dziko langa lilili, pa Marichi 23, 2000, ku Zhongbuwei, malamulo oyenera osinthira pang'onopang'ono kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba apangidwa.
Pali ochita kafukufuku ambiri okhudza kukula kwa tizilombo, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri, monga: diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, ndi zina zotero. Iwo akuchulukitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mayunivesite monga Fudan University adafufuza ndi kupanga ma pheromones a m'nyumba, ndipo yunivesite ya Wuhan yapanga payokha parvoviruses. Zogulitsazi zili ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo akupangidwa, monga: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, cockroach virus ndi Metarhizium anisopliae adalembetsedwa ngati mankhwala aukhondo. Ma synergists akulu ndi piperonyl butoxide, octachlorodipropyl ether, ndi synergist amine. Komanso, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha vuto la ntchito chiyembekezo cha octachlorodipropyl efa, Nanjing Forestry Research Institute yotengedwa AI-1 synergist ku turpentine, ndi Shanghai Entomology Research Institute ndi Nanjing Agricultural University anapanga 94o synergist. wothandizira. Palinso ma synergistic amines, ma synergists, ndi chitukuko cha ma synergists opangidwa ndi zomera a S-855.
Pakali pano, pali okwana 87 zosakaniza yogwira mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu udindo waukhondo kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'dziko lathu , amene: 46 (52,87%) wa pyrethroids, 8 (9,20%) wa organophosphorus, 5 wa carbamates 1 (5.75%), 5 inorganic mankhwala, 5.5 % organics, 47 % microorganism (5.5%). organochlorine (1.15%), ndi 18 mitundu ina (20.68%).
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-20-2023