Mankhwala ophera tizilomboKukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matupi a arthropod, komwe n'kofunika kwambiri pa ulimi, sayansi ya ziweto, komanso thanzi la anthu, kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu ku mapulogalamu owongolera tizilombo padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'magazi timafa kwambiri tikamadya magazi okhala ndi zoletsa za 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, enzyme yachiwiri mu njira ya tyrosine metabolic). Kafukufukuyu adafufuza momwe zoletsa za HPPD zimagwirira ntchito mu mankhwala ophera udzudzu a β-triketone motsutsana ndi mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya udzudzu, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimafalitsa matenda achikhalidwe monga malungo, matenda opatsirana monga dengue fever ndi Zika virus, komanso zoopsa za mavairasi monga oropuche virus ndi ursutu virus.Mitundu imeneyi inali udzudzu womwe umakhudzidwa ndi matenda a pyrethroid komanso udzudzu womwe umalimbana ndi matenda a pyrethroid.
Nitisidone yokha (osati mesotrione, sulfadiazine, kapena thiamethoxam) ndi yomwe inakhala ndi mphamvu yolamulira udzudzu pamene udzudzu woyamwa magazi unakumana ndi malo ochiritsidwa. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa udzudzu wa Anopheles gambiae womwe umakhala ndi tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzudzu yomwe imakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zodzitetezera. Mankhwalawa adawonetsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mitundu yonse itatu ya udzudzu yomwe yayesedwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali mphamvu yolimbana ndi matenda akuluakulu.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti nitisidone ili ndi njira yatsopano yogwirira ntchito, yosiyana ndi magulu omwe alipo a Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), omwe cholinga chake ndi kugaya magazi. Mphamvu ya Nitisidone yolimbana ndi mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda komanso kuthekera kwake kophatikizana ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale zowongolera ma ventricles, monga maukonde ochiritsidwa ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba, zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kwambiri pakukulitsa njira zopewera ndi kuwongolera malungo, malungo a dengue, matenda a kachilombo ka Zika, ndi matenda ena omwe akubwera.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mayeso okhazikika a bungwe la World Health Organization amagwiritsa ntchito udzudzu wodyetsedwa shuga wokha kuti ayesere kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sangaphe udzudzu woyamwa magazi.[38] Izi zikuwonetsa kufunika koganizira kusiyana komwe kungachitike pa mlingo woyenera pakati pa udzudzu woyamwa magazi ndi wosayamwa magazi, zomwe zingakhudze mphamvu yotsala komanso kukula kwa kukana. Ngakhale kuti mlingo wosiyana (DDs) nthawi zambiri umatsimikiziridwa kutengera LD99 values ya udzudzu woyamwa magazi, kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka tizilombo kumatha kukhudza kukana kwawo, motero kuyesa udzudzu woyamwa magazi kokha sikungawonetse mokwanira kuchuluka kwa kukana.
Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri pa mphamvu ya mitundu itatu ya udzudzu—Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, ndi Culex quinquefasciatus—mu mayeso oyamwa magazi, omwe amatsanzira kutera kwa udzudzu pakhoma ndipo amakhala ngati chandamale cha chithandizo chamkati ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhalitsa (IRS). Udzudzu wonse wachikazi unaphedwa ukakhudzana ndi malo okhala ndi nitisidone, koma osati ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo a HPPD β-triketone. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophera tizilombo za HPPD ndi miyendo ya udzudzu kumatanthauza njira yabwino yogonjetsera kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikukweza kulamulira kwa tizilombo. Kafukufukuyu akuchirikiza kufunikira kofufuza kwina ndi kupanga nitisidone yochizira matenda ophera tizilombo okhalitsa ngati njira ina m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo kale.
Njira zitatu zowunikira mphamvu ya nitisidone ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo akunja zinayerekezeredwa. Kusiyana kunasanthulidwa pakati pa mayeso pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opaka pamwamba, mankhwala opaka mwendo wa tizilombo, ndi mankhwala opaka m'botolo, komanso njira yogwiritsira ntchito, njira yoperekera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi nthawi yomwe amawonekera.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti panali kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha imfa pakati pa New Orleans ndi Mukhza pa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ena onse kunali kothandiza kwambiri ku New Orleans (komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi matendawa) kuposa Mukhza (yosagonjetsedwa ndi matendawa) patatha maola 24.
Pofuna kufufuza njira zatsopano zowongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira yabwino yopezera mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo ndikukulitsa kafukufuku wopitilira zolinga zachikhalidwe za dongosolo lamanjenje ndi majini ochotsa poizoni m'thupi kuti aphatikizepo njira zoyamwira magazi ndi tizilombo. Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti nitisidone ndi poizoni akameza tizilombo toyamwa magazi kapena akayamwa epidermal akagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osungunula (pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira).
Kuphatikiza deta kuchokera ku njira zingapo zopezera tizilombo kungathandize kutsimikizira kudalirika kwa kuwunika kogwira ntchito kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mwa njira zitatu zomwe zaganiziridwa, njira yogwiritsira ntchito pamwamba ndiyo yosayimira kwenikweni momwe zinthu zilili m'munda. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachifuwa cha udzudzu pogwiritsa ntchito madzi sikufanana ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa Anopheles gambiae sl. [47], ngakhale kuti kungapereke chisonyezero choyerekeza cha kuthekera kwa Anopheles ku mankhwala enaake. Ngakhale kuti mbale yagalasi ndi njira za botolo zimayesa mphamvu ya bioactivity kudzera mu kukhudzana ndi miyendo, zotsatira zake sizingafanane mwachindunji. Kusiyana kwa nthawi yowonekera komanso kuphimba pamwamba kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kufa komwe kumawonedwa ndi njira iliyonse yopezera tizilombo; chifukwa chake, kusankha njira yoyenera yopezera tizilombo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muwone bwino momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwirira ntchito.
Kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo (RIA) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopumira ya udzudzu akamapuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti udzudzu udye mankhwala ophera tizilombo akakumana ndi malo ochiritsidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphimba bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochiritsidwa (monga kutsuka makoma pambuyo pa chithandizo) kungachepetse kwambiri mphamvu ya RIA. Mavutowa amabweretsa mavuto awiri: (1) udzudzu ukhoza kupulumuka kukhudzana ndi mlingo wosapha; ndipo (2) ngakhale kuti kukana kumayendetsedwa makamaka ndi kusankha koopsa, kukhudzana mobwerezabwereza ndi mlingo wosapha tizilombo kungathandize kusintha kwa kukana mwa kulola anthu ena osapha kuti apulumuke ndikukhala ndi ma alleles okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chiopsezo [54]. Chifukwa tidagwiritsa ntchito udzudzu wodyetsa magazi m'malo mwa udzudzu wodyetsa shuga wamba, kufananiza mwachindunji ndi deta yofalitsidwa kale sikunali kotheka. Komabe, kufananiza mlingo wosiyanitsa (DD) ndi mawonekedwe a nitisidone ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo ndi deta ya mankhwala ena [47] ndikolimbikitsa. Mlingo wosiyanitsa umaphatikiza nthawi yokhazikika yowonekera ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku botolo, ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omatidwa kutengera nthawi yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi phazi. Kutengera ndi zotsatirazi, nitisidone ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa thiamethoxam, spinosad, mefenoxam, ndi dinotefuran [47], zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo m'nyumba omwe amafunikira kukonzedwanso kwina. Poganizira kutsetsereka kwa mlingo woyankhira (komwe kunayerekezeredwa powerengera malo otsetsereka a LC95 ndi LC50 mu Chithunzi 3), nitisidone inali ndi mzere wotsetsereka kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti inali yogwira mtima kwambiri. Izi zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu a nitisidone pakudyetsa magazi ndi mayeso apakhungu pa vector ina ya dipteran, tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. Tinayesa mwachidule mphamvu ya nitisidone (pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a galasi) powonetsa udzudzu wa Kissou (Chithunzi S1A) kapena udzudzu wa New Orleans (Chithunzi S1B) ku nitisidone tisanadye. Nitisidone inagwira ntchito bwino pamiyendo, kutsanzira momwe udzudzu umagwera pakhoma wothandizidwa ndi nitisidone musanadye, zomwe zimafuna kufufuza kwina. Kugwira ntchito kwa nitisidone (ndi zoletsa zina za HPPD) pa miyendo kungawonjezeke pophatikiza ndi zinthu zothandiza monga rapeseed methyl ester (RME), monga momwe zafotokozedwera pa mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo [44, 55]. Poyesa zotsatira za RME pa *Gnaphalium affine* musanadyetse (Chithunzi S2), tinapeza kuti pamlingo wa 5 mg/m², kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zothandiza monga RME kunawonjezera kwambiri imfa ya udzudzu.
Kupha kwa udzudzu ndi nitisidone yosapangidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolimbana ndi matendawa n'kofunika kwambiri. Kufa pang'onopang'ono kwa mtundu wa VK7 2014 kungakhale chifukwa cha khungu lokhuthala, kuchepa kwa kudya magazi, kapena kugaya magazi mwachangu—zinthu zomwe sitinafufuze. Nitisidone inasonyeza poizoni wochepa ku mtundu wa udzudzu wa Culex muheza wolimbana ndi matendawa, zomwe zikusonyeza kufunika kochita maphunziro ena pamlingo wapamwamba (25 mpaka 125 mg/m²). Kuphatikiza apo, mofanana ndi Culex, udzudzu wa Aedes sukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nitisidone kuposa Anopheles, zomwe zingasonyeze kusiyana kwa thupi pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi pankhani ya kudya magazi ndi kuchuluka kwa kugaya chakudya [27]. Kusiyana kumeneku kukuwonetsa kufunika komvetsetsa makhalidwe enieni a mitundu poyesa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magazi. Ngakhale kuti imadalira magazi komanso imagwira ntchito mochedwa, nitisidone ikhoza kukhala ndi phindu chifukwa imatha kugwira ntchito udzudzu usanayike mazira kapena kuchepetsa kubereka kwawo konse. Chifukwa cha njira yake yapadera yogwirira ntchito, yolunjika njira yowononga tyrosine mwa kuletsa 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), nitisidone ili ndi chiyembekezo ngati gawo la njira yonse yowongolera ma vector. Komabe, kuthekera kokhala ndi kukana mankhwala chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini pamalo omwe akufunidwa kapena kusintha kwa kagayidwe kachakudya kuyenera kuganiziridwa, ndipo kafukufuku wina akuchitika kuti afufuze njirazi.
Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti nitisidone imapha udzudzu woyamwa magazi kudzera mu kukhudzana ndi miyendo, njira yomwe siinaonekere ndi mesotrione, sulfadiazine, ndi thiamethoxam. Kupha kumeneku sikusiyanitsa mitundu ya udzudzu yomwe imakhudzidwa kapena yosagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikizapo pyrethroids, organochlorides, ndi ma carbamates omwe angakhalepo. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ya nitisidone yoyamwa m'maselo a khungu sikuti imangokhala ya mitundu ya Anopheles yokha; izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu yake motsutsana ndi Culex pipiens pallens ndi Aedes aegypti. Deta yathu ikuthandizira kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wowonjezereka kuti iwonjezere kuyamwa kwa nitisidone, mwachitsanzo, powonjezera kuyamwa kwa epidermal pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito adjuvants. Kudzera mu njira yake yapadera yogwirira ntchito, nitisidone imagwiritsa ntchito bwino momwe udzudzu wachikazi umayamwa magazi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba komanso maukonde a udzudzu okhala ndi mphamvu yopha tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka m'madera omwe njira zachikhalidwe zopewera udzudzu zimafooka chifukwa cha kufalikira mwachangu kwa kukana kwa pyrethroid.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-23-2025