Chitanipo kanthu: Pamene chiwerengero cha agulugufe chikuchepa, bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency limalola kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa.

Kuletsa kwaposachedwa ku Europe ndi umboni wa nkhawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuchepa kwa njuchi.Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency lapeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira 70 omwe ndi oopsa kwambiri ku njuchi.Nawa magulu akuluakulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhudzana ndi kufa kwa njuchi komanso kuchepa kwa ma pollinator.
Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoids (neonics) ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe machitidwe awo amaukira dongosolo lapakati lamanjenje la tizilombo, zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo ndi kufa.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zotsalira za neonicotinoid zimatha kudziunjikira mungu ndi timadzi tating'onoting'ono tazomera zomwe zathandizidwa, zomwe zingayambitse ngozi kwa olima mungu.Chifukwa cha izi komanso kufalikira kwawo, pali zodetsa nkhawa kuti ma neonicotinoids amatenga gawo lalikulu pakutsika kwa mungu.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Neonicotinoid amalimbikiranso m'chilengedwe ndipo, akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu, amasamutsidwa ku mungu ndi zotsalira za timadzi tomwe tabzala.Mbewu imodzi ndiyokwanira kupha mbalame yoimba nyimbo.Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa amathanso kuipitsa madzi ndipo ndi oopsa kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi.Mlandu wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ukuwonetsa zovuta ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zolembera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zowunikira zoopsa: kudalira kafukufuku wasayansi woperekedwa ndi makampani omwe sagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wowunikiridwa ndi anzawo, komanso kusakwanira kwa njira zowunikira zoopsa zomwe zikuchitika kuti ziwerengere zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Sulfoxaflor idalembetsedwa koyamba mu 2013 ndipo yabweretsa mikangano yambiri.Suloxaflor ndi mtundu watsopano wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a sulfenimide okhala ndi mawonekedwe amankhwala ofanana ndi a neonicotinoid.Kutsatira chigamulo cha khothi, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linalembetsanso sulfenamide mu 2016, kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuchepetsa kukhudzana ndi njuchi.Koma ngakhale izi zimachepetsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, poizoni wa sulfoxaflor umatsimikizira kuti izi sizidzathetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa.Ma pyrethroids awonetsedwanso kuti amasokoneza kuphunzira ndi kudya kwa njuchi.Pyrethroids nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufa kwa njuchi ndipo zapezeka kuti zimachepetsa kwambiri chonde cha njuchi, kuchepetsa mlingo umene njuchi zimakula kukhala akuluakulu, ndikutalikitsa nthawi yawo yosakhwima.Pyrethroids amapezeka kwambiri mungu.Ma pyrethroids omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, phenethrin, ndi permethrin.Fipronil amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nyumba ndi udzu, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ndi oopsa kwambiri ku tizilombo.Ndizowopsa kwambiri ndipo zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni, khansa ya chithokomiro, neurotoxicity, ndi zotsatira zoberekera.Fipronil yawonetsedwa kuti imachepetsa magwiridwe antchito komanso luso la kuphunzira mu njuchi.Organophosphates.Ma Organophosphates monga malathion ndi spikenard amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa udzudzu ndipo amatha kuyika njuchi pachiwopsezo.Onsewa ndi owopsa kwa njuchi ndi zamoyo zina zomwe sizingawathandize, ndipo kufa kwa njuchi kwanenedwa ndi kupopera kwapoizoni kotsika kwambiri.Njuchi zimakhudzidwa mwanjira ina ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombowa kudzera mu zotsalira za zomera ndi malo ena pambuyo popopera mankhwala ndi udzudzu.Mungu, sera ndi uchi zapezeka kuti zili ndi zotsalira.