Chitanipo Kanthu: Pamene kuchuluka kwa agulugufe kukuchepa, bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency limalola kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo oopsa.

Kuletsedwa kwaposachedwa ku Europe ndi umboni wa nkhawa zomwe zikukulirakulira pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuchepa kwa njuchi. Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency lapeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo oposa 70 omwe ndi oopsa kwambiri ku njuchi. Nazi magulu akuluakulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwirizana ndi imfa ya njuchi komanso kuchepa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Ma Neonicotinoids Ma Neonicotinoids (neonics) ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe njira yawo yogwirira ntchito imakhudza dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha ya tizilombo, zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo ndi imfa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zotsalira za neonicotinoid zimatha kusonkhana mu mungu ndi timadzi tokoma ta zomera zomwe zapatsidwa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizitha kuwononga. Chifukwa cha izi komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwambiri, pali nkhawa yayikulu kuti ma neonicotinoids amachita gawo lofunikira pakuchepa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Neonicotinoid nawonso amakhalapobe m'chilengedwe ndipo, akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera mbewu, amasamutsidwira ku mungu ndi timadzi tokoma ta zomera zomwe zapatsidwa mankhwala. Mbewu imodzi ndi yokwanira kupha mbalame yoimba. Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa amathanso kuipitsa njira zamadzi ndipo ndi oopsa kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Nkhani ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Neonicotinoid ikuwonetsa mavuto awiri akuluakulu ndi njira zamakono zolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zowunikira zoopsa: kudalira kafukufuku wasayansi wothandizidwa ndi makampani omwe sagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wowunikidwa ndi anzawo, komanso kusakwanira kwa njira zamakono zowunikira zoopsa zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Sulfoxaflor idalembetsedwa koyamba mu 2013 ndipo yayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Suloxaflor ndi mtundu watsopano wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a sulfenimide okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid. Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha khothi, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linalembetsanso sulfenamide mu 2016, kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuti achepetse kukhudzana ndi njuchi. Koma ngakhale izi zichepetsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikuchepetsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, poizoni wa sulfoxaflor m'thupi umaonetsetsa kuti njira izi sizithetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala awa mokwanira. Ma Pyrethroids awonetsedwanso kuti amawononga kuphunzira ndi khalidwe la njuchi pofunafuna chakudya. Ma Pyrethroids nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufa kwa njuchi ndipo apezeka kuti amachepetsa kwambiri kubereka kwa njuchi, amachepetsa liwiro lomwe njuchi zimakula kukhala zazikulu, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yawo yosakhwima. Ma Pyrethroids amapezeka kwambiri mu mungu. Ma pyrethroids omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, phenethrin, ndi permethrin. Fipronil, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo m'nyumba ndi m'munda, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ndi oopsa kwambiri kwa tizilombo. Ndi poizoni pang'ono ndipo yakhala ikugwirizana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni, khansa ya chithokomiro, poizoni wa mitsempha, komanso zotsatira zoberekera. Fipronil yawonetsedwa kuti imachepetsa magwiridwe antchito a njuchi komanso luso lophunzira. Organophosphates. Organophosphates monga malathion ndi spikenard zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu oletsa udzudzu ndipo zimatha kuyika njuchi pachiwopsezo. Zonsezi ndi zoopsa kwambiri kwa njuchi ndi zamoyo zina zomwe sizili m'gulu la ziweto, ndipo imfa za njuchi zanenedwa kuti zimayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera poizoni ochepa kwambiri. Njuchi zimakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo awa mwachindunji kudzera mu zotsalira zomwe zimasiyidwa pa zomera ndi malo ena pambuyo popopera udzudzu. Mungu, sera ndi uchi zapezeka kuti zili ndi zotsalira.