Ngakhale mbewu za parasitic nematodes ndi za ngozi za nematode, sizowononga mbewu, koma matenda a mbewu.
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) ndiye chomera chofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Akuti mitundu yopitilira 2000 ya zomera padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza pafupifupi mbewu zonse zolimidwa, imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matenda a nematode.Mizu ya nematodes imakhudza maselo a muzu wa mizu kuti apange zotupa, zomwe zimakhudza kuyamwa kwa madzi ndi zakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zikule bwino, kukwera, chikasu, kufota, kupindika kwa masamba, kuwonongeka kwa zipatso, ngakhale kufa kwa mbewu yonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepetsa mbewu padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, matenda a nematode akhala akuyang'ana kwambiri makampani oteteza zomera padziko lonse lapansi ndi mabungwe ofufuza.Soya cyst nematode ndi chifukwa chofunikira chochepetsera kupanga soya ku Brazil, United States ndi mayiko ena ofunikira omwe amatumiza soya kunja.Pakali pano, ngakhale njira zina zakuthupi kapena njira zaulimi zagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi matenda a nematode, monga: kuyesa mitundu yosamva, kugwiritsa ntchito mizu yolimbana ndi mizu, kasinthasintha wa mbewu, kukonza nthaka, ndi zina zotero, njira zofunika kwambiri zowongolera ndikugwiritsabe ntchito mankhwala kapena mankhwala. kulamulira kwachilengedwe.
Njira yolumikizira mizu
Mbiri ya moyo wa root-knot nematode imakhala ndi dzira, larva yoyamba, larva yachiwiri, larva yachitatu, larva yachinayi ndi wamkulu.Mphutsiyi ndi yaing'ono ngati nyongolotsi, wamkulu ndi heteromorphic, wamwamuna ndi mzere, ndipo wamkazi ndi wooneka ngati peyala.Mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar imatha kusamukira m'madzi a pores, kufunafuna muzu wa mmerawo kudzera m'mizere yovuta kwambiri ya mutu, kulowerera chomeracho poboola epidermis kuchokera kumalo otalikirapo a muzu, kenako ndikudutsa. danga la intercellular, sunthira kunsonga ya mizu, ndikufika pamlingo wa muzu.Pambuyo pa mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar kufika pamphepete mwa nsonga ya mizu, mphutsizo zinabwereranso kumalo a mitsempha ya mitsempha ndikufika kumalo otukuka a xylem.Apa, mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar Pierce ma cell omwe ali ndi singano yapakamwa ndikubaya zotulutsa zam'mitsempha m'maselo amizu.Auxin ndi ma enzymes osiyanasiyana omwe ali m'matumbo am'mimero amatha kupangitsa ma cell omwe akukhala nawo kuti asinthe kukhala "ma cell akulu" okhala ndi ma nucleic nuclei, olemera mu suborganelles ndi metabolism yamphamvu.Maselo a kortical ozungulira ma cell akulu amachulukana ndikukulirakulira ndikukula motengera ma cell akuluakulu, ndikupanga mawonekedwe amtundu wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mizu pamizu.Mphutsi zachiwiri za instar zimagwiritsa ntchito maselo akuluakulu ngati malo odyetserako zakudya kuti zidye zakudya ndi madzi ndipo sizisuntha.M'mikhalidwe yabwino, mphutsi za instar yachiwiri zimatha kupangitsa kuti mphutsi zitulutse ma cell akuluakulu patatha maola 24 mutadwala, ndikukula kukhala nyongolotsi zazikulu pambuyo pa moults zitatu m'masiku 20 otsatirawa.Zitatha izi, zazimuna zimasuntha ndikusiya mizu, zazikazi zimangokhala osasunthika ndikupitiriza kukula, kuyamba kuikira mazira pafupifupi masiku 28.Kutentha kukakhala pamwamba pa 10 ℃, mazirawo amaswa muzu, mphutsi zoyamba m'mazira, mphutsi yachiwiri imatuluka m'mazira, kusiya mphutsi kunthaka kachiwiri.
Nematode ya Root-knot ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zomera, zomwe zimatha kukhala zowononga mitundu yoposa 3 000 ya zomera, monga masamba, mbewu za chakudya, mbewu za ndalama, mitengo ya zipatso, zomera zokongola ndi udzu.Mizu ya masamba anakhudzidwa ndi muzu mfundo nematodes woyamba kupanga tinatake tozungulira tosiyanasiyana makulidwe, amene ndi yamkaka woyera pa chiyambi ndi wotumbululuka bulauni pambuyo pake.Pambuyo pa matenda a mizu ya nematode, zomera pansi zinali zazifupi, nthambi ndi masamba anali atrophied kapena achikasu, kukula kwake kunali kopanda pake, mtundu wa masamba unali wopepuka, ndipo kukula kwa zomera zodwala kwambiri kunali kofooka, zomera zinali zovuta. chinafota ndi chilala, ndipo chomera chonsecho chinafa moopsa.Kuphatikiza apo, kuwongolera kuyankha kwachitetezo, kulepheretsa komanso kuwonongeka kwa minofu chifukwa cha mizu ya nematode pambewu kumathandizanso kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga fusarium wilt ndi mabakiteriya owola mizu, motero kupanga matenda ovuta ndikuwononga kwambiri.
Njira zopewera ndi kuwongolera
Ma linecides achikhalidwe amatha kugawidwa m'mafumigants ndi osafukiza motengera njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsidwira ntchito.
Fumigant
Zimaphatikizapo ma halogenated hydrocarbons ndi isothiocyanates, ndipo osafukiza amaphatikizapo organophosphorus ndi carbamates.Pakalipano, pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalembedwa ku China, bromomethane (chinthu chowononga ozoni, chomwe chimaletsedwa pang'onopang'ono) ndi chloropicrin ndi mankhwala a hydrocarbon a halogenated, omwe amatha kulepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ndi zomwe zimachitika panthawi ya kupuma kwa mizu ya nematode.Zofukizira ziwirizi ndi methyl isothiocyanate, zomwe zimatha kutsitsa ndikutulutsa methyl isothiocyanate ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono m'nthaka.Methyl isothiocyanate imatha kulowa mu muzu mfundo nematode ndikumanga ku chonyamulira mpweya globulin, motero kulepheretsa kupuma kwa mizu mfundo nematode kukwaniritsa akupha.Kuonjezera apo, sulfuryl fluoride ndi calcium cyanamide adalembetsedwanso ngati zofukiza zowongolera mizu ya nematodes ku China.
Palinso zofukizira zina za halogenated hydrocarbon zomwe sizinalembetsedwe ku China, monga 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, ndi zina zotere, zomwe zimalembetsedwa m'maiko ena ku Europe ndi United States m'malo mwa bromomethane.
Osafukiza
Kuphatikiza organophosphorus ndi carbamates.Mwa ma lineicides osafukiza omwe amalembedwa m'dziko lathu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos ndi chlorpyrifos ndi a organophosphorus, pomwe carboxanil, aldicarb ndi carboxanil butathiocarb ndi a carbamate.Non-fumigated nematocides amasokoneza dongosolo lamanjenje la mizu mfundo za nematodes pomanga acetylcholinesterase mu synapses ya root knot nematodes.Nthawi zambiri samapha muzu mfundo nematodes, koma kupanga muzu mfundo nematodes kutaya mphamvu kupeza khamu ndi kupatsira, kotero iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nematodes paralyzers".Traditional non-fumigated nematocides ndi oopsa kwambiri minyewa wothandizila, amene ali ndi njira yomweyo zochita pa vertebrates ndi arthropods monga nematodes.Choncho, pansi pa zopinga za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, mayiko akuluakulu otukuka padziko lapansi achepetsa kapena kuletsa chitukuko cha organophosphorus ndi carbamate tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo adatembenukira ku chitukuko cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda apamwamba kwambiri komanso otsika.M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe si a carbamate / organophosphorus omwe adapeza kulembetsa kwa EPA ndi spiralate ethyl (yolembedwa mu 2010), difluorosulfone (yolembedwa mu 2014) ndi fluopyramide (yolembedwa mu 2015).
Koma kwenikweni, chifukwa cha poizoni wambiri, kuletsedwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus, palibe ma nematocides ambiri omwe alipo tsopano.371 nematocides adalembetsedwa ku China, pomwe 161 anali abamectin yogwira ntchito ndipo 158 anali thiazophos yogwira ntchito.Zosakaniza ziwirizi zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera nematode ku China.
Pakalipano, palibe nematocides zambiri zatsopano, zomwe fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone ndi fluopyramide ndi atsogoleri.Kuphatikiza apo, pankhani ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, Penicillium paraclavidum ndi Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 olembetsedwa ndi Kono alinso ndi mwayi wamsika wamphamvu.
Patent yapadziko lonse ya soya root knot nematode control
Soya root knot nematode ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zochepetsera zokolola za soya m'mayiko akuluakulu ogulitsa soya kunja, makamaka United States ndi Brazil.
Patent zoteteza mbewu zokwana 4287 zokhudzana ndi mizu ya soya-knot nematode zasungidwa padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka khumi zapitazi.Mizu ya soya-knot nematode yapadziko lonse lapansi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumadera ndi mayiko, yoyamba ndi European Bureau, yachiwiri ndi China, ndi United States, pomwe malo ovuta kwambiri a soya root-knot nematode, Brazil, ali ndi 145 okha. mapulogalamu a patent.Ndipo ambiri aiwo amachokera kumakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, abamectin ndi phosphine thiazole ndizomwe zimawongolera mizu ya nematodes ku China.Ndipo mankhwala ovomerezeka a fluopyramide nawonso ayamba kukhazikitsidwa.
Avermectin
Mu 1981, abamectin idayambitsidwa pamsika ngati njira yothanirana ndi tizirombo ta m'matumbo mwa nyama zoyamwitsa, ndipo mu 1985 ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Avermectin ndi amodzi mwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo otchedwa organophosphorus osafukiza opangidwa ndi kampani ya Ishihara ku Japan, ndipo agulitsidwa m'maiko ambiri monga Japan.Kafukufuku woyambirira wasonyeza kuti phosphine thiazolium ili ndi endosorption ndi zoyendera muzomera ndipo imakhala ndi zochita zambiri motsutsana ndi ma nematodes ndi tizirombo.Zomera za parasitic nematodes zimawononga mbewu zambiri zofunika, ndipo biological and physical and chemical properties of phosphine thiazole ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka, choncho ndi njira yabwino yothanirana ndi nematodes.Pakalipano, phosphine thiazolium ndi imodzi mwa nematocides yokhayo yomwe imalembedwa pamasamba ku China, ndipo imakhala ndi mayamwidwe abwino kwambiri amkati, choncho sangagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo towononga nthaka, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa nthata ndi masamba. tizirombo pamwamba.Waukulu akafuna zochita za phosphine thiazolides ndi ziletsa acetylcholinesterase chandamale chamoyo, zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe cha nematode 2 mphutsi siteji.Phosphine thiazole imatha kulepheretsa ntchito, kuwonongeka ndi kuswa kwa nematodes, kotero imatha kulepheretsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa nematodes.
Fluopyramid
Fluopyramide ndi pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, yopangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi Bayer Cropscience, yomwe idakali nthawi yapatent.Fluopyramide ili ndi zochita zina za nemacidal, ndipo yalembetsedwa kuti iyang'anire mizu ya nematode mu mbewu, ndipo pakadali pano ndi mankhwala otchuka kwambiri a nematicide.Limagwirira ntchito zake ndikuletsa kupuma kwa mitochondrial poletsa kusamutsidwa kwa elekitironi kwa succinic dehydrogenase mu unyolo wopumira, ndikuletsa magawo angapo akukula kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda kuti akwaniritse cholinga chowongolera mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fluropyramide ku China zikadali mu nthawi ya patent.Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake patent mu nematodes, 3 akuchokera ku Bayer, ndipo 4 akuchokera ku China, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi biostimulants kapena zinthu zina zogwira ntchito kuti athe kuwongolera nematode.M'malo mwake, zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira mkati mwa nthawi ya patent zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga masanjidwe ena a patent pasadakhale kuti agwire msika.Monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a lepidoptera ndi thrips agent ethyl polycidin, oposa 70% a mavoti apakhomo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi apakhomo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a nematode
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kwachilengedwenso kulamulira njira kuti m'malo mankhwala kulamulira mizu mfundo nematodes alandira chidwi kwambiri kunyumba ndi kunja.Kudzipatula ndikuwunika tizilombo tokhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi mizu ya nematode ndizomwe zimafunikira pakuwongolera kwachilengedwe.Mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe inanena za tizilombo tolimbana ndi mizu ya nematode inali Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus ndi Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces ndi Trichoderma, komabe, tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ta nematode tating'onoting'ono ta mizu chifukwa cha zovuta za chikhalidwe chochita kupanga kapena kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe m'munda.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ndi ogwira tiziromboti wa mazira a kum'mwera muzu mfundo nematode ndi Cystocystis albicans.Mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a kumwera kwa mizu ya nematode nematode ndi 60% ~ 70%.Njira yoletsa ya Paecilomyces lavviolaceus motsutsana ndi nematodes ya mizu ndi yakuti pambuyo pa Paecilomyces lavviolaceus kukhudzana ndi oocysts line mphutsi, mu gawo lapansi la viscous, mycelium ya biocontrol mabakiteriya amazungulira dzira lonse, ndipo mapeto a mycelium amakhala wandiweyani.Pamwamba pa chipolopolo cha dzira chimasweka chifukwa cha ntchito za exogenous metabolites ndi mafangasi chitinase, ndiyeno bowa amawuukira ndikulowa m'malo mwake.Imathanso kutulutsa poizoni omwe amapha nematode.Ntchito yake yaikulu ndikupha mazira.Pali anthu asanu ndi atatu omwe adalembetsa ku China.Pakadali pano, Paecilomyces lilaclavi alibe mawonekedwe amtundu wogulitsidwa, koma mawonekedwe ake a patent ku China ali ndi chilolezo chophatikizira ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kuti awonjezere ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito.
Chomera Tingafinye
Zomera zachilengedwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pakuwongolera mizu mfundo za nematode, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakubzala kapena zinthu za nematoidal zopangidwa ndi zomera kuti zithetse matenda a mizu ya nematode zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zofunikira zachitetezo chachilengedwe komanso chitetezo cha chakudya.
Nematoidal zigawo zikuluzikulu za zomera alipo mu ziwalo zonse za zomera ndipo angapezeke ndi nthunzi distillation, organic m'zigawo, Kutolere muzu secretions, etc. Malinga ndi mankhwala katundu, iwo makamaka anawagawa sanali kosakhazikika zinthu ndi madzi solubility kapena organic solubility. ndi zinthu zosasunthika za organic, zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosasinthika.Zigawo za nematoidal za zomera zambiri zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera mizu ya nematode pambuyo pochotsa mosavuta, ndipo kupezeka kwa zokolola za zomera kumakhala kosavuta poyerekeza ndi mankhwala atsopano.Komabe, ngakhale ili ndi zotsatira zowononga tizirombo, chinthu chenichenicho chogwiritsira ntchito komanso mfundo yowononga tizilombo nthawi zambiri sizidziwika bwino.
Pakalipano, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, saponin ya tiyi ndi zina zotero ndizo mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi ntchito yopha nematode, yomwe ndi yochepa kwambiri, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zomera zoletsa nematode poyimitsa kapena kutsagana nayo.
Ngakhale kuphatikizika kwa zotsalira za zomera kuti ziwongolere mizu ya nematode kumathandizira kuletsa nematode, sikunapangitsidwebe malonda pakali pano, komabe kumapereka lingaliro latsopano la zotulutsa za zomera kuti zithetse mizu ya nematode.
Feteleza wa bio-organic
Mfungulo ya feteleza wa bio-organic ndi ngati tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kuchulukana m'nthaka kapena dothi la rhizosphere.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina monga shrimp ndi nkhanu zipolopolo ndi chakudya chamafuta kumatha kuwongolera mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa mizu ya nematode.Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolimba wa fermentation kuti muwotchere tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi feteleza wachilengedwe kuti apange feteleza wachilengedwe ndi njira yatsopano yothanirana ndi matenda a mizu ya nematode.
Pakufufuza kuwongolera masamba a nematodes ndi feteleza wachilengedwe, zidapezeka kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta feteleza wachilengedwe wachilengedwe timakhala ndi mphamvu yowongolera pamizu ya nematodes, makamaka feteleza wa organic wopangidwa kuchokera ku nayonso mphamvu kwa tizilombo totsutsana ndi feteleza wachilengedwe. kudzera muukadaulo wolimba wa nayonso mphamvu.
Komabe, kuwongolera kwa feteleza wa organic pamizu ya nematode kumakhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi chilengedwe komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo mphamvu zake zowongolera ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo nkovuta kugulitsa.
Komabe, monga gawo la mankhwala ndi feteleza, ndizotheka kuwononga nematode powonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuphatikiza madzi ndi feteleza.
Ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbewu imodzi (monga mbatata, soya, ndi zina zotero) zobzalidwa kunyumba ndi kunja, kupezeka kwa nematode kukukulirakulira, ndipo kulamulira kwa nematode kukukumananso ndi vuto lalikulu.Pakalipano, mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo yomwe inalembedwa ku China inapangidwa zaka za m'ma 1980 zisanafike, ndipo mankhwala atsopano omwe amagwira ntchito ndi osakwanira.
Ma biological agents ali ndi mwayi wapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito, koma sagwira ntchito ngati mankhwala, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kupyolera muzogwiritsira ntchito zovomerezeka zovomerezeka, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti chitukuko chamakono cha nematocides chikadali pafupi ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zakale, kupanga biopesticides, ndi kuphatikiza kwa madzi ndi feteleza.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-20-2024