Ngakhale kuti ma nematode a zomera ndi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale matenda a nematode, si tizilombo towononga zomera, koma matenda a zomera.
Nkhumba ya mizu (Meloidogyne) ndi nkhumba ya zomera yofala kwambiri komanso yoopsa padziko lonse lapansi. Akuti mitundu yoposa 2000 ya zomera padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo mbewu zonse zomwe zimalimidwa, imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matenda a nkhumba ya mizu. Nkhumba ya mizu imakhudza maselo a mizu kuti apange zotupa, zomwe zimakhudza kuyamwa kwa madzi ndi michere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zisamakule bwino, zisamawoneke ngati zachikasu, ziume, masamba azipindika, zipatso zimafooka, komanso kufa kwa chomera chonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zichepe padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kulamulira matenda a nematode kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'makampani oteteza zomera padziko lonse lapansi komanso mabungwe ofufuza. Soya cyst nematode ndi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chochepetsera kupanga soya ku Brazil, United States ndi mayiko ena ofunikira omwe amatumiza soya kunja. Pakadali pano, ngakhale njira zina zakuthupi kapena njira zaulimi zagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa matenda a nematode, monga: kufufuza mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito mizu yolimbana ndi matenda, kusinthana kwa mbewu, kukonza nthaka, ndi zina zotero, njira zofunika kwambiri zowongolera ndikuwongolera mankhwala kapena kuwongolera zachilengedwe.
Njira yogwirira ntchito pakati pa mizu ndi mizu
Mbiri ya moyo wa root-knot nematode imakhala ndi dzira, mphutsi yoyamba ya instar, mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar, mphutsi yachitatu ya instar, mphutsi yachinayi ya instar ndi yayikulu. Mphutsiyi ndi yaying'ono ngati mphutsi, yayikulu ndi ya heteromorphic, yaimuna ndi yolunjika, ndipo yaikazi ndi yooneka ngati peyala. Mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar imatha kusuntha m'madzi a dothi, kufunafuna muzu wa chomera cholandira kudzera m'ma alleles ofunikira a mutu, kulowa chomera cholandira pobowola epidermis kuchokera kudera lotalikira la muzu wa cholandira, kenako nkuyenda kudutsa mu malo olumikizana, kupita ku nsonga ya muzu, ndikufika ku meristem ya muzu. Mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar ikafika ku meristem ya nsonga ya muzu, mphutsizo zimabwerera ku mbali ya mitsempha yamagazi ndikufikira kudera la chitukuko cha xylem. Apa, mphutsi yachiwiri ya instar imabowola maselo a cholandira ndi singano ya pakamwa ndikulowetsa zotulutsa za gland ya esophageal m'maselo a mizu ya cholandira. Auxin ndi ma enzyme osiyanasiyana omwe ali mu ma enzymes a m'mero amatha kupangitsa maselo a m'nyumba kusintha kukhala "maselo akuluakulu" okhala ndi ma nuclei ambiri, okhala ndi ma suborganelles ambiri komanso kagayidwe kamphamvu ka thupi. Maselo a cortical ozungulira maselo akuluakulu amachulukirachulukira, kukula, ndi kutupa chifukwa cha maselo akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa zizindikiro za mizu pamwamba pa mizu. Mphutsi yachiwiri ya m'nyumba imagwiritsa ntchito maselo akuluakulu ngati malo odyetsera kuti itenge michere ndi madzi ndipo isasunthe. Pazifukwa zoyenera, mphutsi yachiwiri ya m'nyumba ingayambitse m'nyumba kupanga maselo akuluakulu maola 24 pambuyo pa matenda, ndikukula kukhala mphutsi zazikulu pambuyo pa ma moults atatu m'masiku 20 otsatira. Pambuyo pake, zamphongo zimasuntha ndikusiya mizu, zazikazi zimakhalabe zokhazikika ndikupitiriza kukula, kuyamba kuikira mazira patatha masiku pafupifupi 28. Kutentha kukapitirira 10 ℃, mazira amaswa mu mizu ya m'nyumba, mphutsi yoyamba ya m'nyumba m'mazira, mphutsi yachiwiri ya m'nyumba imatuluka m'mazira, kusiya m'nyumbayo kupita kunthaka kachiwiri matenda.
Ma nematode a mizu ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma nematode, omwe amatha kufalikira pa mitundu yoposa 3,000 ya ma nematode, monga ndiwo zamasamba, mbewu zogulitsa, mitengo ya zipatso, zomera zokongoletsera ndi udzu. Mizu ya ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi ma nematode a mizu imapanga timadontho ta kukula kosiyana, tomwe timakhala toyera ngati mkaka poyamba ndipo timafiirira pang'ono pamapeto pake. Pambuyo pa matenda a nematode a mizu, zomera zomwe zili pansi zinali zazifupi, nthambi ndi masamba zinali zofooka kapena zachikasu, kukula kunachepa, mtundu wa masamba unali wopepuka, ndipo kukula kwa zomera zomwe zinali kudwala kwambiri kunali kofooka, zomera zinafota chifukwa cha chilala, ndipo chomera chonsecho chinafa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulo oteteza chitetezo, mphamvu zoletsa komanso kuwonongeka kwa minofu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ma nematode a mizu pa mbewu zinathandizanso kuukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'nthaka monga fusarium wilt ndi mabakiteriya ovunda mizu, motero kupanga matenda ovuta ndikupangitsa kutayika kwakukulu.
Njira zopewera ndi kulamulira
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda achikhalidwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala osaphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.
Fumigant
Zimaphatikizapo ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi halogenated ndi isothiocyanates, ndipo zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito fumigants ndi organophosphorus ndi carbamates. Pakadali pano, pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa ku China, bromomethane (mankhwala ochotsa ozone, omwe akuletsedwa pang'onopang'ono) ndi chloropicrin pali mankhwala a halogenated hydrocarbon, omwe angalepheretse kupanga mapuloteni ndi zochita za biochemical panthawi yopuma kwa root knot nematodes. Mafuta awiri ophera fumigants ndi methyl isothiocyanate, omwe amatha kuwononga ndikutulutsa methyl isothiocyanate ndi mankhwala ena ang'onoang'ono a molekyulu m'nthaka. Methyl isothiocyanate imatha kulowa m'thupi la root knot nematode ndikumangirira ku oxygen carrier globulin, motero kuletsa kupuma kwa root knot nematode kuti ipeze zotsatira zakupha. Kuphatikiza apo, sulfuryl fluoride ndi calcium cyanamide zalembedwanso ngati mankhwala ophera fumigants olamulira root knot nematodes ku China.
Palinso mankhwala ena ophera ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi halogen omwe sanalembetsedwe ku China, monga 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, ndi zina zotero, omwe adalembetsedwa m'maiko ena ku Europe ndi United States ngati m'malo mwa bromomethane.
Chosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera fungo
Kuphatikizapo organophosphorus ndi carbamates. Pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati fumigated lineicides omwe adalembetsedwa mdziko lathu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos ndi chlorpyrifos ndi a organophosphorus, pomwe carboxanil, aldicarb ndi carboxanil butathiocarb ndi a carbamate. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati fumigated nematocides amasokoneza ntchito ya mitsempha ya root knot nematodes pomangirira ku acetylcholinesterase mu synapses ya root knot nematodes. Nthawi zambiri samapha root knot nematodes, koma amangopangitsa kuti root knot nematodes itaye mphamvu yawo yopeza wolandirayo ndikuwapatsira matenda, kotero nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nematodes paralyzers". Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati fumigated nematocides ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri a mitsempha, omwe ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito pa zinyama zam'mimba ndi arthropods monga nematodes. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha zoletsa zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, mayiko otukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi achepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus ndi carbamate, ndipo agwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwira ntchito bwino komanso opanda poizoni wambiri. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakati pa mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo omwe si a carbamate/organophosphorus omwe alembetsedwa ku EPA ndi spiralate ethyl (yolembetsedwa mu 2010), difluorosulfone (yolembetsedwa mu 2014) ndi fluopyramide (yolembetsedwa mu 2015).
Koma kwenikweni, chifukwa cha poizoni wambiri, kuletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus, palibe mankhwala ambiri a nematocide omwe alipo pano. Mankhwala 371 a nematocide adalembetsedwa ku China, pomwe 161 anali mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito abamectin ndipo 158 anali mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito thiazophos. Zosakaniza ziwirizi zinali zofunika kwambiri pakulamulira nematode ku China.
Pakadali pano, palibe mankhwala atsopano ambiri otchedwa nematocides, omwe fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone ndi fluopyramide ndi omwe akutsogolera. Kuphatikiza apo, pankhani ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, Penicillium paraclavidum ndi Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 zolembetsedwa ndi Kono nazonso zili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamsika.
Patent yapadziko lonse lapansi yokhudza kulamulira kwa nematode ya mizu ya soya
Mphuno ya mizu ya soya ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zokolola za soya zichepe m'maiko akuluakulu omwe amatumiza soya kunja, makamaka ku United States ndi Brazil.
Ma patent okwana 4287 okhudzana ndi soya root-knot nematodes aperekedwa padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Soya root-knot nematode padziko lonse lapansi makamaka ankapempha ma patent m'madera ndi mayiko, choyamba ndi European Bureau, chachiwiri ndi China, ndi United States, pomwe dera lalikulu kwambiri la soya root-knot nematode, Brazil, lili ndi ma patent okwana 145 okha. Ndipo ambiri a iwo amachokera kumakampani apadziko lonse lapansi.
Pakadali pano, abamectin ndi phosphine thiazole ndi omwe amalamulira kwambiri matenda a root nematodes ku China. Ndipo mankhwala omwe ali ndi patent fluopyramide nawonso ayamba kufalikira.
Avermectin
Mu 1981, abamectin idayambitsidwa pamsika ngati njira yowongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo mwa nyama zoyamwitsa, ndipo mu 1985 idayambitsidwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Avermectin ndi imodzi mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole ndi mankhwala atsopano, ogwira ntchito bwino komanso osakanikirana ndi mankhwala a organophosphorus omwe sanapangidwe ndi fumbi omwe adapangidwa ndi Ishihara Company ku Japan, ndipo agulitsidwa m'maiko ambiri monga Japan. Kafukufuku woyambirira wasonyeza kuti phosphine thiazolium imatha kunyamula ndi kunyamula zomera ndipo imagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timamera timawononga mbewu zambiri zofunika, ndipo mphamvu zake zachilengedwe komanso zamankhwala za phosphine thiazole ndizoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka, kotero ndi mankhwala abwino kwambiri oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timamera. Pakadali pano, phosphine thiazolium ndi imodzi mwa tizilombo tomwe timalembedwa pamasamba ku China, ndipo imayamwa bwino mkati, kotero singagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha kuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timamera pamwamba pa nthaka, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timamera pamwamba pa masamba ndi tizilombo tomwe timamera pamwamba pa masamba. Njira yaikulu yomwe phosphine thiazolides imagwirira ntchito ndikuletsa acetylcholinesterase ya chamoyo chomwe chikufunidwa, zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe cha nematode 2nd larval stage. Phosphine thiazole imatha kuletsa ntchito, kuwonongeka ndi kuswana kwa nematodes, kotero imatha kuletsa kukula ndi kuberekana kwa nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide ndi pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, yomwe idapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi Bayer Cropscience, yomwe ikadali mu nthawi ya patent. Fluopyramide ili ndi mphamvu zina zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo yalembetsedwa kuti ilamulire mizu ya nematode m'mbewu, ndipo pakadali pano ndi nematicide yotchuka kwambiri. Njira yake yogwirira ntchito ndikuletsa kupuma kwa mitochondrial mwa kuletsa kusamutsa kwa ma elekitironi a succinic dehydrogenase mu unyolo wopumira, ndikuletsa magawo angapo a kukula kwa mabakiteriya opatsirana kuti akwaniritse cholinga chowongolera mabakiteriya opatsirana.
Chosakaniza chogwira ntchito cha fluropyramide ku China chidakali m'nthawi ya patent. Mwa ntchito zake za patent mu nematodes, zitatu zimachokera ku Bayer, ndipo zinayi zimachokera ku China, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi biostimulants kapena zosakaniza zina zogwira ntchito kuti ziwongolere nematodes. Ndipotu, zosakaniza zina zogwira ntchito mkati mwa nthawi ya patent zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mapangidwe ena a patent pasadakhale kuti zigwire msika. Monga tizilombo tabwino kwambiri ta lepidoptera ndi thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ma patent opitilira 70% ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi am'nyumba.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oletsa nematode
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, njira zowongolera zachilengedwe zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa mankhwala owongolera root knot nematodes zatchuka kwambiri m'dziko lathu komanso kunja kwa dzikolo. Kupatula ndi kufufuza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tili ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi root-knot nematodes ndiye zinthu zazikulu zowongolera zachilengedwe. Mitundu yayikulu yomwe yanenedwa pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda totsutsana ndi root knot nematodes inali Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus ndi Rhizobium. Komabe, Myrothecium, Paecilomyces ndi Trichoderma, tizilombo tina tinali ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi root knot nematodes chifukwa cha zovuta pakukula kwachilengedwe kapena kusakhazikika kwa biology control m'munda.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda togwira ntchito m'mazira a nematode ya mizu ya kum'mwera ndi Cystocystis albicans. Kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mazira a nematode ya mizu ya kum'mwera ndi 60% ~ 70%. Njira yoletsa Paecilomyces lavviolaceus motsutsana ndi nematode ya mizu ndi yakuti Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ikakhudzana ndi ma oocysts a nyongolotsi, mu substrate yokhuthala, mycelium ya mabakiteriya olamulira zinthu imazungulira dzira lonse, ndipo kumapeto kwa mycelium kumakhala kokhuthala. Pamwamba pa chipolopolo cha dzira pamasweka chifukwa cha ntchito za metabolites zakunja ndi fungal chitinase, kenako bowa amalowa ndikusintha. Imathanso kutulutsa poizoni yemwe amapha nematode. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikupha mazira. Pali mankhwala asanu ndi atatu ophera tizilombo ku China. Pakadali pano, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ilibe mtundu wa mankhwala ophatikizika omwe amagulitsidwa, koma kapangidwe kake ka patent ku China kali ndi patent yophatikizika ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kuti awonjezere ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito.
Chotsitsa cha zomera
Zomera zachilengedwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala polimbana ndi nsabwe za m'mizu, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za zomera kapena zinthu za nematoidal zopangidwa ndi zomera polimbana ndi matenda a nematode a root knot kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso chitetezo cha chakudya.
Zigawo za nematoidal za zomera zimapezeka m'ziwalo zonse za chomera ndipo zimatha kupezeka mwa kusungunuka ndi nthunzi, kuchotsa zachilengedwe, kusonkhanitsa mizu yotulutsa, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi mankhwala, zimagawidwa makamaka m'zigawo zosasinthasintha zomwe zimasungunuka ndi madzi kapena kusungunuka kwachilengedwe komanso mankhwala osinthika, omwe zinthu zosasinthasintha zimakhala zambiri. Zigawo za nematoidal za zomera zambiri zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa nematode ya mizu mutachotsa mosavuta, ndipo kupeza zotulutsa zomera n'kosavuta poyerekeza ndi mankhwala atsopano ogwira ntchito. Komabe, ngakhale kuti zimakhala ndi mphamvu yopha tizilombo, chogwiritsira ntchito chenicheni komanso mfundo yopha tizilombo nthawi zambiri sizimveka bwino.
Pakadali pano, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tiyi saponin ndi zina zotero ndi mankhwala akuluakulu ophera tizilombo m'mitengo omwe amapha nematode, omwe ndi ochepa, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zomera zoletsa nematode pobzala m'malo osiyanasiyana kapena kutsagana nawo.
Ngakhale kuphatikiza kwa zotulutsa zomera kuti zithetse root knot nematode kudzakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa nematode, sikunagulitsidwe mokwanira pakadali pano, koma kumaperekabe lingaliro latsopano la zotulutsa zomera kuti zithetse root knot nematode.
Feteleza wachilengedwe
Chofunika kwambiri pa feteleza wa bio-organic ndichakuti ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingachuluke m'nthaka kapena m'nthaka ya rhizosphere. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zachilengedwe monga nkhanu ndi zipolopolo za nkhanu ndi ufa wamafuta kungathandize mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kusintha mphamvu yachilengedwe yolamulira mizu ya nematode. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolimba wophika kuti upangitse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi feteleza wachilengedwe kuti apange feteleza wa bio-organic ndi njira yatsopano yowongolera zachilengedwe yowongolera matenda a mizu ya nematode.
Mu kafukufuku wokhudza kuwongolera mimbulu ya m'masamba pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe, zidapezeka kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala mu feteleza wachilengedwe timakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yowongolera mimbulu ya mizu, makamaka feteleza wachilengedwe wopangidwa kuchokera ku kuwiritsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala ndi mphamvu komanso feteleza wachilengedwe kudzera muukadaulo wolimba wowiritsa.
Komabe, mphamvu yolamulira feteleza wachilengedwe pa root-knot nematodes ili ndi ubale wabwino ndi chilengedwe komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo mphamvu yake yowongolera ndi yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo achikhalidwe, ndipo n'zovuta kugulitsa.
Komabe, monga gawo la njira yowongolera mankhwala ndi feteleza, n'zotheka kuwongolera nematodes powonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikusakaniza madzi ndi feteleza.
Popeza mitundu yambiri ya mbewu imodzi (monga mbatata, soya, ndi zina zotero) imabzalidwa m'dziko muno komanso kunja, kupezeka kwa nematode kukukulirakulira, ndipo kuwongolera nematode kukukumananso ndi vuto lalikulu. Pakadali pano, mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa ku China idapangidwa isanafike zaka za m'ma 1980, ndipo mankhwala atsopano ogwira ntchito sali okwanira kwenikweni.
Mankhwala achilengedwe ali ndi ubwino wapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito, koma sagwira ntchito bwino ngati mankhwala, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kudzera mu ntchito zoyenera za patent, zitha kuwoneka kuti chitukuko cha nematocides chomwe chikuchitika pakadali pano chikugwirizana ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zakale, kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kuphatikiza madzi ndi feteleza.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-20-2024