Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, nsikidzi zinawononga dziko lonse lapansi, koma m'zaka za m'ma 1950 zinatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Mankhwalawa analetsedwa pambuyo pake. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, tizilombo ta m'mizinda tabwereranso padziko lonse lapansi ndipo tayamba kukana mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powaletsa.
Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Journal of Medical Entomology akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe gulu lofufuza la Virginia Tech, lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa tizilombo ta m'mizinda Warren Booth, linapezera kusintha kwa majini komwe kungayambitse kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Zomwe zapezekazi zinali zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Booth wopangidwira wophunzira womaliza maphunziro Camille Block kuti akulitse luso lake pa kafukufuku wa mamolekyulu.
"Unali ulendo wongosodza," anatero Booth, pulofesa wothandizira wa tizilombo ta m'mizinda ku Joseph R. ndi Mary W. Wilson College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Booth, katswiri wa tizilombo ta m'mizinda, ankadziwa kale za kusintha kwa majini m'maselo a mitsempha ya mphemvu za ku Germany ndi ntchentche zoyera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tisamavutike ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Booth adalangiza Brooke kuti afufuze chitsanzo chimodzi cha nsikidzi za pabedi kuchokera ku mitundu yonse 134 yosiyanasiyana yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa ndi kampani yoyang'anira tizilombo ku North America pakati pa 2008 ndi 2022 kuti adziwe ngati zili ndi kusintha komweko kwa maselo. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti nsikidzi ziwiri za pabedi kuchokera ku mitundu iwiri yosiyana zidanyamula kusinthaku.
"Izi (kupezedwa) kwenikweni zidapangidwa kutengera zitsanzo zanga 24 zapitazi," adatero Block, yemwe amaphunzira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso membala wa Invasive Species Collaboration. "Sindinachitepo kafukufuku wa zamoyo zamamolekyulu kale, kotero kuphunzira maluso awa ndikofunikira kwa ine."
Popeza nsikidzi zimakhala zofanana kwambiri m'majini, makamaka chifukwa cha kuswana mitundu, chitsanzo chimodzi kuchokera pagulu lililonse nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokwanira kuyimira gulu lonse. Komabe, kuti atsimikizire kuti Brock adapezadi kusintha kwa majini, Booth anayesa zitsanzo zonse kuchokera ku magulu awiriwa omwe adadziwika.
"Titayesanso anthu angapo m'magulu onse awiriwa, tinapeza kuti onse anali ndi kusintha kumeneku," adatero Booth. "Choncho adadziwika kuti ndi omwe amanyamula kusintha kumeneku, ndipo kusintha kumeneku ndi komwe tidapeza mu mphemvu zaku Germany."
Kudzera mu kafukufuku wake pa mphemvu zaku Germany, Booth adaphunzira kuti kukana kwawo mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunali chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini m'maselo a mitsempha yawo, ndipo njira zimenezi zimadalira chilengedwe.
"Pali jini yotchedwa Rdl gene. Yapezeka m'mitundu ina yambiri ya tizilombo ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo," anatero Booth, wofufuza ku Fralin Institute of Life Sciences. "Kusintha kumeneku kulipo m'matenda onse aku Germany. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, sitinapeze gulu limodzi lomwe silili ndi kusintha kumeneku."
Malinga ndi Booth, fipronil ndi dieldrin—mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe atsimikiziridwa kuti ndi othandiza polimbana ndi nsikidzi m'maphunziro a labotale—ali ndi njira yofanana yogwirira ntchito, kotero mwa lingaliro, kusintha kumeneku kungayambitse kukana mankhwala onse awiri. Dieldrin yaletsedwa kuyambira m'ma 1990, koma fipronil imagwiritsidwabe ntchito pochiza utitiri pa agalu ndi amphaka, osati poletsa nsikidzi pabedi.
Booth akuganiza kuti eni ziweto ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madontho a fipronil pochiza ziweto zawo amalola amphaka ndi agalu awo kugona nawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zofunda zawo zilowe m'malo otere. Ngati nkhupakupa zikalowa m'malo otere, zimatha kukhudzana ndi fipronil mosadziwa ndikuyambitsa kufalikira kwa mtundu uwu mwa anthu.
"Sitikudziwa ngati kusintha kumeneku ndi kwatsopano, kaya kunaonekera pambuyo pake, panthawiyo, kapena ngati kunalipo kale mwa anthu zaka 100 zapitazo," adatero Booth.
Gawo lotsatira lidzakhala kukulitsa kusaka kuti tipeze kusintha kumeneku padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku Europe, komanso m'malo owonetsera zinthu zakale kuyambira nthawi zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa nsikidzi zakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa miliyoni.
Mu Novembala 2024, Booth Labs inakhala labotale yoyamba kutsata bwino majini onse a kachilombo kofala.
"Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti majini a tizilomboti asankhidwe," adatero Booth. "Tsopano popeza tili ndi majini, titha kuphunzira zitsanzo za m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakalezi."
Booth akunena kuti vuto ndi DNA ya m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndilakuti imasweka m'zidutswa zazing'ono mwachangu kwambiri, koma ofufuza tsopano ali ndi ma tempuleti a mulingo wa chromosome omwe amawalola kuchotsa zidutswazi ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi ma chromosome awa kuti akonzenso majini ndi majini.
Booth akunena kuti labu yake imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makampani oletsa tizilombo, kotero ntchito yawo yofufuza majini ingawathandize kumvetsetsa bwino kufalikira kwa nkhupakupa padziko lonse lapansi komanso njira zozithetsera.
Tsopano popeza Brock wakulitsa luso lake mu sayansi ya zamoyo, ali wokondwa kupitiriza kufufuza kwake za kusintha kwa zinthu m'mizinda.
"Ndimakonda kusintha kwa zinthu. Ndimaona kuti n'zosangalatsa kwambiri," anatero Block. "Anthu amamva kuti ali ndi ubale wabwino ndi mitundu ya m'mizinda iyi, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti n'zosavuta kuchititsa anthu chidwi ndi nsikidzi chifukwa mwina adakumana nazo kale."
Lindsay Myers ndi katswiri wofufuza za postdoctoral mu Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe komanso membala wina wa gulu lofufuza la Booth ku Virginia Tech.
Virginia Tech, monga yunivesite yapadziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi boma, ikuwonetsa momwe imakhudzira chitukuko chokhazikika m'madera athu, ku Virginia, komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-12-2025