Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse m'zaka za m'ma 1950, matenda a nsikidzi anali pafupi kuthetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamankhwala ophera tizilombodichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, yodziwika bwino kuti DDT, mankhwala omwe aletsedwa kuyambira pamenepo. Komabe, tizilombo ta m'mizinda tabwereranso padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tayamba kukana mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powaletsa.
Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Journal of Medical Entomology akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe gulu lofufuza la Virginia Tech, lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa tizilombo ta m'mizinda Warren Booth, linapezera kusintha kwa majini komwe kungayambitse kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kupeza kumeneku kunali zotsatira za kafukufuku yemwe Booth adakonzera wophunzira womaliza maphunziro Camilla Block kuti akonze luso lake pa kafukufuku wa mamolekyulu.
Booth, yemwe ndi katswiri wa tizilombo ta m'mizinda, kwa nthawi yayitali adawona kusintha kwa majini m'maselo a mitsempha ya mphemvu za ku Germany ndi ntchentche zoyera zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Booth adalangiza Block kuti atenge chitsanzo cha nsikidzi imodzi kuchokera ku mitundu 134 yosiyanasiyana ya nsikidzi za m'mabedi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi makampani oletsa tizilombo aku North America pakati pa 2008 ndi 2022 kuti awone ngati zonsezo zinali ndi kusintha kwa maselo komweko. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti nsikidzi ziwiri za m'mabedi kuchokera ku mitundu iwiri yosiyana zinali ndi kusintha kwa maselo komweko.
“Izi ndi zitsanzo 24 zomaliza,” anatero Bullock, yemwe amaphunzira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso membala wa Invasive Species Partnership. “Sindinachitepo kafukufuku wa mamolekyulu kale, kotero kukhala ndi luso lonse la mamolekyulu kunali kofunika kwambiri kwa ine.”
Popeza matenda a nsikidzi pabedi amafanana majini chifukwa cha kuswana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, chitsanzo chimodzi chokha kuchokera pa chitsanzo chilichonse nthawi zambiri chimayimira chiwerengero cha anthu. Koma Booth ankafuna kutsimikizira kuti Bullock adapezadi kusintha kwa majini, kotero adayesa zitsanzo zonse kuchokera ku mitundu yonse iwiri yomwe yadziwika.
"Titabwerera m'mbuyo ndikuwunika anthu angapo ochokera m'magulu onse awiri, tinapeza kuti aliyense wa iwo anali ndi kusintha kwa majini," adatero Booth. "Choncho kusintha kwawo sikunasinthe, ndipo ndi kusintha komweko komwe tidapeza mu cockroach yaku Germany."
Mwa kuphunzira za mphemvu za ku Germany, Booth anaphunzira kuti kukana kwawo mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunali chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini m'maselo a mitsempha ya mitsempha ndipo njira zimenezi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi chilengedwe.
"Pali jini yotchedwa Rdl gene. Jini iyi yapezeka m'mitundu ina yambiri ya tizilombo ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa dieldrin," anatero Booth, yemwe amagwiranso ntchito ku Fralin Institute of Life Sciences. "Kusintha kumeneku kulipo m'matenda onse aku Germany. N'zosadabwitsa kuti sitinapeze anthu opanda kusintha kumeneku."
Fipronil ndi dieldrin, mankhwala awiri ophera tizilombo omwe awonetsedwa kuti ndi othandiza polimbana ndi nsikidzi m'labu, amagwira ntchito mofanana, kotero kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti tizilombo tisakhale ndi mphamvu pa zonsezi, anatero Booth. Dieldrin yaletsedwa kuyambira m'ma 1990, koma fipronil tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa utitiri pa amphaka ndi agalu, osati pa nsikidzi.
Booth akuganiza kuti eni ziweto ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a fipronil amalola amphaka ndi agalu awo kugona nawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zofunda zawo zilowe m'malo otsala a fipronil. Ngati nsikidzi zikalowetsedwa m'malo otere, zitha kugwidwa ndi fipronil mosadziwa, kenako kusinthaku kungasankhidwe m'gulu la nsikidzi.
"Sitikudziwa ngati kusintha kumeneku ndi kwatsopano, ngati kunayamba pambuyo pa izi, ngati kunayamba panthawiyi, kapena ngati kunalipo kale mwa anthu zaka 100 zapitazo," adatero Booth.
Gawo lotsatira lidzakhala kukulitsa kusaka ndikuyang'ana kusintha kumeneku m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, makamaka ku Europe, komanso nthawi zosiyanasiyana pakati pa zitsanzo za nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, popeza nkhupakupa zakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa miliyoni.
Mu Novembala 2024, labu ya Booth idasanthula bwino majini onse a kachilombo kofala koyamba.
Booth adazindikira kuti vuto ndi DNA ya m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndilakuti imasweka m'zidutswa zazing'ono mwachangu kwambiri, koma tsopano popeza ofufuza ali ndi ma tempuleti pamlingo wa chromosome, amatha kutenga zidutswazo ndikuzisintha kukhala ma chromosome, ndikumanganso majini ndi genome.
Booth adati labu yake imagwirizana ndi makampani oletsa tizilombo, kotero ntchito yawo yofufuza majini ingawathandize kumvetsetsa bwino komwe nsikidzi zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi komanso momwe angathandizire kuzichotsa.
Tsopano popeza Bullock wakulitsa luso lake la mamolekyu, akuyembekezera kupitiriza kufufuza kwake za kusintha kwa mizinda.
"Ndimakonda kusintha kwa zamoyo. Ndikuganiza kuti n'kosangalatsa kwambiri," anatero Block. "Anthu akupanga ubale wozama ndi mitundu iyi ya m'mizinda, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti n'kosavuta kupangitsa anthu kukhala ndi chidwi ndi nsikidzi chifukwa amatha kuzimvetsa bwino."
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-13-2025