Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi, makamaka kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tosakanikirana, kwakhala kochedwa. Kafukufukuyu akugwiritsa ntchito chida chofufuzira chopangidwa mogwirizana ngati chitsanzo chophunzirira momwe alimi a chimanga kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia amapezera chidziwitso ndi zinthu zothandizira kuthana ndi matenda a fungicide. Tapeza kuti alimi amadalira akatswiri a zaulimi olipidwa, mabungwe aboma kapena ofufuza, magulu opanga zinthu am'deralo ndi masiku olima minda kuti adziwe zambiri zokhudza kukana matenda a fungicide. Alimi amafuna chidziwitso kuchokera kwa akatswiri odalirika omwe angathe kupangitsa kafukufuku wovuta kukhala wosavuta, kuyamikira kulankhulana kosavuta komanso komveka bwino komanso kukonda zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yakomweko. Alimi amayamikiranso chidziwitso chokhudza chitukuko chatsopano cha fungicide ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chofulumira cha matenda a fungicide. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuwonetsa kufunika kopatsa alimi ntchito zothandiza zokulitsa ulimi kuti athetse chiopsezo cha kukana matenda a fungicide.
Alimi a balere amasamalira matenda a mbewu mwa kusankha majeremusi osinthidwa, kasamalidwe ka matenda ophatikizika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera bowa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala njira zopewera kufalikira kwa matenda1. Mankhwala ophera bowa amaletsa matenda, kukula, ndi kuberekana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mbewu. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa bowa titha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ndipo timakonda kusintha. Kudalira kwambiri mankhwala ochepa ophera bowa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala ophera bowa kungayambitse kusintha kwa bowa komwe kumakhala kosagwirizana ndi mankhwala awa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwewo mobwerezabwereza, chizolowezi cha magulu a tizilombo kukhala osalimbana chimawonjezeka, zomwe zingayambitse kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera bowa poletsa matenda a mbewu2,3,4.
FungicideKukana kumatanthauza kulephera kwa mankhwala ophera fungicide omwe kale anali othandiza pochiza matenda a mbewu, ngakhale atagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wambiri wanena kuti mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera fungicide yachepa pochiza ufa wa mildew, kuyambira kuchepa kwa mphamvu m'munda mpaka kusagwira ntchito bwino m'munda5,6. Ngati sakutsatiridwa, kufalikira kwa kukana kwa mankhwala ophera fungicide kudzapitirira kukwera, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya njira zomwe zilipo zopewera matenda ndikupangitsa kuti zokolola ziwonongeke kwambiri7.
Padziko lonse lapansi, kutayika kwa chakudya chisanakololedwe chifukwa cha matenda a mbewu kukuyerekezeredwa kuti kuli pakati pa 10–23%, ndipo kutayika kwa chakudya pambuyo pokolola kumayambira pa 10% mpaka 20%8. Kutayika kumeneku ndikofanana ndi ma calories 2,000 a chakudya patsiku kwa anthu pafupifupi 600 miliyoni mpaka 4.2 biliyoni chaka chonse8. Pamene kufunikira kwa chakudya padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukwera, mavuto okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya apitiliza kukwera9. Mavutowa akuyembekezeka kukulirakulira mtsogolo chifukwa cha zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusintha kwa nyengo10,11,12. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kolima chakudya mokhazikika komanso moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu apulumuke, ndipo kutayika kwa mankhwala ophera fungicides ngati njira yothanirana ndi matenda kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa komanso zowononga kwambiri kuposa zomwe opanga oyamba amakumana nazo.
Kuti tithetse kukana kwa fungicide ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa zokolola, ndikofunikira kupanga zatsopano ndi ntchito zowonjezera zomwe zikugwirizana ndi luso la opanga kuti agwiritse ntchito njira za IPM. Ngakhale malangizo a IPM amalimbikitsa njira zosamalira tizilombo zokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali12,13, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi njira zabwino za IPM kwakhala kochedwa, ngakhale kuti zingakhale ndi phindu14,15. Kafukufuku wakale adapeza zovuta pakukhazikitsa njira zokhazikika za IPM. Mavutowa akuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za IPM mosagwirizana, malingaliro osamveka bwino, komanso kuthekera kwa njira za IPM pazachuma16. Kukula kwa kukana kwa fungicide ndi vuto latsopano kwa makampaniwa. Ngakhale kuti deta pankhaniyi ikukula, kudziwa za momwe imakhudzira zachuma kumakhala kochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi chithandizo ndipo amawona kuti kulamulira tizilombo ndikosavuta komanso kotsika mtengo, ngakhale atapeza njira zina za IPM zothandiza17. Popeza kufunika kwa zotsatira za matenda pakukula kwa chakudya, fungicide ikhoza kukhalabe njira yofunika kwambiri ya IPM mtsogolo. Kukhazikitsa njira za IPM, kuphatikizapo kuyambitsa kukana kwa majini komwe kumabwera, sikungoyang'ana kwambiri pakulamulira matenda komanso kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fungicide zigwire ntchito bwino.
Mafamu amapereka chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha chakudya, ndipo ofufuza ndi mabungwe aboma ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopatsa alimi ukadaulo ndi zatsopano, kuphatikizapo ntchito zokulitsa mbewu, zomwe zimawongolera ndikusunga zokolola. Komabe, zopinga zazikulu pakugwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo ndi zatsopano ndi opanga zimachokera ku njira yoyambira "yokulitsa kafukufuku", yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kusamutsa ukadaulo kuchokera kwa akatswiri kupita kwa alimi popanda kuyang'ana kwambiri zopereka za opanga am'deralo18,19. Kafukufuku wa Anil et al.19 adapeza kuti njira iyi idapangitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano kukhale kosiyanasiyana m'mafamu. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti opanga nthawi zambiri amawonetsa nkhawa pamene kafukufuku waulimi akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zasayansi zokha. Mofananamo, kulephera kuika patsogolo kudalirika ndi kufunika kwa chidziwitso kwa opanga kungayambitse kusiyana kwa kulumikizana komwe kumakhudza kuvomerezedwa kwa zatsopano zaulimi ndi ntchito zina zokulitsa mbewu20,21. Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti ofufuza sangamvetse bwino zosowa ndi nkhawa za opanga akamapereka chidziwitso.
Kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito yofalitsa mbewu zaulimi kwawonetsa kufunika kophatikiza opanga m'deralo mu mapulogalamu ofufuza ndikuthandizira mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ofufuza ndi mafakitale18,22,23. Komabe, pakufunika ntchito yochulukirapo kuti tiwone momwe njira zomwe zilipo zogwiritsira ntchito IPM komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosamalira tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali. M'mbuyomu, ntchito zofalitsa mbewu zakhala zikuperekedwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe aboma24,25. Komabe, chizolowezi chopita ku minda yayikulu yamalonda, mfundo zaulimi zoyang'ana pamsika, komanso kukalamba ndi kuchepa kwa anthu akumidzi kwachepetsa kufunikira kwa ndalama zambiri za boma24,25,26. Zotsatira zake, maboma m'maiko ambiri otukuka, kuphatikiza Australia, achepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yofalitsa mbewu, zomwe zapangitsa kuti kudalira kwambiri gawo lazaulimi lachinsinsi kuti lipereke ntchitozi27,28,29,30. Komabe, kudalira kokha ntchito yofalitsa mbewu zachinsinsi kwatsutsidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mwayi wopeza minda yaying'ono komanso kusayang'anira mokwanira nkhani zachilengedwe ndi zokhazikika. Njira yogwirizana yokhudza ntchito zofalitsa mbewu za boma ndi zachinsinsi tsopano ikulangizidwa31,32. Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza malingaliro a opanga ndi malingaliro awo pankhani yothana ndi fungicide ndi ochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mipata m'mabuku okhudza mitundu ya mapulogalamu owonjezera omwe amagwira ntchito bwino pothandiza opanga kuthana ndi kukana kwa fungicide.
Alangizi aumwini (monga a agronomists) amapereka chithandizo chaukadaulo ndi ukatswiri kwa alimi33. Ku Australia, opanga oposa theka amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za agronomist, ndipo chiwerengerocho chimasiyana malinga ndi madera ndipo izi zikuyembekezeka kukula20. Alimi amati amakonda kusunga ntchito zosavuta, zomwe zimawapangitsa kulemba alangizi achinsinsi kuti aziyang'anira njira zovuta kwambiri, monga ntchito zaulimi molondola monga mapu a minda, deta ya malo oyang'anira udzu ndi chithandizo cha zida20; Chifukwa chake, agronomists amachita gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa ulimi chifukwa amathandiza alimi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano pamene akuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ndi yosavuta.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri a agronomist kumakhudzidwanso ndi kuvomereza upangiri wa 'malipiro-for-service' kuchokera kwa anzawo (monga opanga ena 34). Poyerekeza ndi ofufuza ndi othandizira aboma, agronomist odziyimira pawokha nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ubale wolimba, nthawi zambiri wautali ndi opanga kudzera mu maulendo obwerezabwereza a pafamu 35. Kuphatikiza apo, agronomist amayang'ana kwambiri pakupereka chithandizo chothandiza m'malo moyesa kukopa alimi kuti atenge njira zatsopano kapena kutsatira malamulo, ndipo upangiri wawo umakhala wopindulitsa kwambiri kwa opanga 33. Chifukwa chake, agronomist odziyimira pawokha nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati magwero osakondera a upangiri 33, 36.
Komabe, kafukufuku wa mu 2008 wa Ingram 33 adavomereza mphamvu zomwe zili pakati pa alimi ndi alimi. Kafukufukuyu adavomereza kuti njira zolimba mtima komanso zankhanza zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pakugawana chidziwitso. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali zochitika zina pomwe alimi amasiya njira zabwino kuti asataye makasitomala. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwunika udindo wa alimi m'malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka kuchokera pamalingaliro a wopanga. Popeza kukana mankhwala ophera fungicide kumabweretsa zovuta pakupanga barele, kumvetsetsa ubale womwe alimi a barele amapanga ndi alimi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakufalitsa bwino zatsopano.
Kugwira ntchito ndi magulu opanga zinthu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa ulimi. Magulu awa ndi mabungwe odziyimira pawokha, odzilamulira okha omwe amapangidwa ndi alimi ndi anthu ammudzi omwe amayang'ana kwambiri nkhani zokhudzana ndi mabizinesi a alimi. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu pa mayeso ofufuza, kupanga njira zothetsera mavuto azamalonda okhudzana ndi zosowa za m'deralo, ndikugawana zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi opanga zinthu ena16,37. Kupambana kwa magulu opanga zinthu kungachitike chifukwa cha kusintha kuchokera ku njira yoyambira pamwamba (monga chitsanzo cha asayansi-alimi) kupita ku njira yokulitsa anthu ammudzi yomwe imaika patsogolo zomwe opanga amapereka, imalimbikitsa kuphunzira kodziwongolera, komanso imalimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu16,19,38,39,40.
Anil ndi anzake 19 adachita zokambirana ndi mamembala a gulu la opanga kuti awone ubwino womwe amaupeza wolowa m'gulu. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti opanga adawona magulu opanga ngati omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakuphunzira kwawo ukadaulo watsopano, zomwe zidawakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi. Magulu opanga anali ogwira mtima kwambiri pochita zoyeserera m'deralo kuposa m'malo akuluakulu ofufuza mdziko lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, amaonedwa ngati nsanja yabwino yogawana chidziwitso. Makamaka, masiku ogwirira ntchito m'munda amaonedwa ngati nsanja yothandiza yogawana chidziwitso komanso kuthetsa mavuto pamodzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuthetsa mavuto mogwirizana.
Kuvuta kwa alimi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo ndi machitidwe atsopano kumapitirira kumvetsetsa kwaukadaulo kosavuta41. M'malo mwake, njira yogwiritsira ntchito zatsopano ndi machitidwe imaphatikizapo kuganizira za makhalidwe, zolinga, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe amalumikizana ndi njira zopangira zisankho za opanga41,42,43,44. Ngakhale kuti pali malangizo ambiri omwe alimi amapeza, zatsopano ndi machitidwe ena okha ndi omwe amatengedwa mwachangu. Pamene zotsatira zatsopano za kafukufuku zikupezeka, kufunika kwawo pakusintha machitidwe a ulimi kuyenera kuyesedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana pakati pa phindu la zotsatira ndi kusintha komwe kukuyembekezeka kuchitika. Mwachiyembekezo, kumayambiriro kwa pulojekiti yofufuza, phindu la zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi njira zomwe zilipo kuti ziwongolere phindu zimaganiziridwa kudzera mu kupanga limodzi ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'makampani.
Pofuna kudziwa phindu la zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kukana mankhwala ophera fungicide, kafukufukuyu adachita kuyankhulana mozama pafoni ndi alimi akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia. Njira yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito idafuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza ndi alimi, kutsindika mfundo za kudalirana, kulemekezana komanso kupanga zisankho zofanana45. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuwunika momwe alimi amaonera zinthu zomwe zilipo kale zowongolera kukana mankhwala ophera fungicide, kupeza zinthu zomwe zinalipo mosavuta kwa iwo, ndikufufuza zinthu zomwe alimi angafune kukhala nazo komanso zifukwa zomwe amakonda. Makamaka, kafukufukuyu akuyankha mafunso otsatirawa ofufuza:
RQ3 Ndi ntchito zina ziti zofalitsa matenda oletsa kufalikira kwa fungicide zomwe opanga akuyembekeza kulandira mtsogolomu ndipo zifukwa zomwe amakondera ndi ziti?
Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira chitsanzo kuti afufuze malingaliro ndi malingaliro a alimi pankhani ya zinthu zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka kukana kwa fungicide. Chida chofufuzirachi chidapangidwa mogwirizana ndi oimira makampani ndipo chimaphatikiza njira zosonkhanitsira deta yolondola komanso yochuluka. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi, cholinga chathu chinali kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe alimi adakumana nazo pa kasamalidwe ka kukana kwa fungicide, zomwe zidatilola kumvetsetsa zomwe alimi adakumana nazo komanso malingaliro awo. Kafukufukuyu adachitika mu nyengo yolima ya 2019/2020 monga gawo la Barley Disease Cohort Project, pulogalamu yofufuza yogwirizana ndi alimi omwe ali kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia. Cholinga cha pulogalamuyi ndikuwunika kufalikira kwa kukana kwa fungicide m'derali pofufuza zitsanzo za masamba a barele omwe ali ndi matenda omwe alandiridwa kuchokera kwa alimi. Ophunzira a Barley Disease Cohort Project amachokera kumadera amvula yapakati mpaka yambiri m'chigawo cholima tirigu ku Western Australia. Mwayi wochita nawo umapangidwa kenako umalengezedwa (kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zofalitsira nkhani kuphatikizapo malo ochezera a pa Intaneti) ndipo alimi amapemphedwa kuti adzisankhire okha kuti atenge nawo mbali. Onse omwe akufuna kusankhidwa amalandiridwa mu ntchitoyi.
Kafukufukuyu adalandira chilolezo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) ndipo adachitika motsatira Chikalata cha Dziko Lonse cha 2007 cha Makhalidwe Abwino mu Kafukufuku wa Anthu. Alimi ndi akatswiri a zaulimi omwe adavomereza kale kuti alumikizane nawo pankhani yokhudza kasamalidwe ka fungicide tsopano adatha kugawana zambiri zokhudza machitidwe awo oyang'anira. Ophunzirawo adapatsidwa chikalata cha chidziwitso ndi fomu yovomereza asanayambe kutenga nawo mbali. Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chinapezedwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira onse asanayambe kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu. Njira zazikulu zosonkhanitsira deta zinali kuyankhulana mozama pafoni ndi kafukufuku wa pa intaneti. Kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirizana, mafunso omwewo omwe adamalizidwa kudzera mu mafunso odzipangira okha adawerengedwa mawu ndi mawu kwa ophunzira omwe adamaliza kafukufuku wa pafoni. Palibe chidziwitso china chomwe chinaperekedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira zonse ziwiri zofufuzira ndi zachilungamo.
Kafukufukuyu adalandira chilolezo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) ndipo adachitika motsatira Chikalata cha Dziko Lonse cha 2007 cha Makhalidwe Abwino mu Kafukufuku wa Anthu 46. Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chinaperekedwa kwa ophunzira onse asanayambe kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu.
Alimi 137 onse adachita nawo kafukufukuyu, omwe 82% adamaliza kuyankhulana pafoni ndipo 18% adamaliza okha mafunso. Zaka za ophunzirawo zinali pakati pa zaka 22 ndi 69, ndi avareji ya zaka 44. Zomwe adakumana nazo mu gawo laulimi zinali pakati pa zaka 2 ndi 54, ndi avareji ya zaka 25. Pa avareji, alimi adabzala mahekitala 1,122 a barele m'mabwalo 10. Alimi ambiri adalima mitundu iwiri ya barele (48%), ndipo kugawa kwa mitundu kumasiyana kuyambira mtundu umodzi (33%) mpaka mitundu isanu (0.7%). Kugawa kwa ophunzira omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1, chomwe chidapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Mapu a ophunzira omwe adatenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu potengera ma postcode ndi madera a mvula: otsika, apakati, okwera. Kukula kwa chizindikiro kukuwonetsa chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe adatenga nawo mbali mu Western Australian Grain Belt. Mapuwa adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze.
Deta yolondola yomwe idapezeka idalembedwa pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa, ndipo mayankho adatsegulidwa koyamba48. Unikani zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi powerenganso ndikulemba mitu yomwe ikubwera kuti mufotokoze mbali za zomwe zili mkati49,50,51. Pambuyo pa njira yofotokozera, mitu yomwe idadziwika idagawidwanso m'magulu apamwamba51,52. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2, cholinga cha kusanthula kumeneku ndikuzindikira zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza zomwe alimi amakonda pazinthu zinazake zothana ndi fungicide, potero kufotokozera njira zopangira zisankho zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka matenda. Mitu yomwe idadziwika ikuwunikidwa ndikukambidwa mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo lotsatira.
Poyankha Funso 1, mayankho a deta yolondola (n=128) adawonetsa kuti agronomists anali chuma chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo alimi opitilira 84% adanena kuti agronomists anali gwero lawo lalikulu la chidziwitso chotsutsana ndi fungicide (n=108). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, agronomists sanali chuma chomwe chimatchulidwa kawirikawiri, komanso gwero lokhalo la chidziwitso chotsutsana ndi fungicide kwa alimi ambiri, ndipo alimi opitilira 24% (n=31) amadalira kapena kunena kuti agronomists okha ndi omwe ali ndi chuma chokha. Alimi ambiri (monga, 72% ya mayankho kapena n=93) adawonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri amadalira agronomists kuti awapatse upangiri, kuwerenga kafukufuku, kapena kufunsa atolankhani. Ma media odziwika bwino pa intaneti ndi osindikizidwa nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati magwero okondedwa a chidziwitso chotsutsana ndi fungicide. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga amadalira malipoti amakampani, makalata am'deralo, magazini, atolankhani akumidzi, kapena magwero ofufuza omwe sanasonyeze kuti ali ndi mwayi wopeza. Opanga nthawi zambiri ankatchula magwero angapo amagetsi ndi osindikizidwa, kusonyeza kuyesetsa kwawo kupeza ndi kusanthula maphunziro osiyanasiyana.
Gwero lina lofunika la chidziwitso ndi zokambirana ndi upangiri wochokera kwa opanga ena, makamaka kudzera mukulankhulana ndi anzawo ndi anansi. Mwachitsanzo, P023: “Kusinthana kwa ulimi (abwenzi kumpoto amazindikira matenda msanga)” ndi P006: “Abwenzi, anansi ndi alimi.” Kuphatikiza apo, opanga amadalira magulu a alimi am'deralo (n = 16), monga magulu a alimi am'deralo kapena opanga, magulu opopera, ndi magulu a agronomy. Nthawi zambiri ankanenedwa kuti anthu am'deralo anali nawo pazokambiranazi. Mwachitsanzo, P020: “Gulu lowongolera minda yam'deralo ndi okamba nkhani alendo” ndi P031: “Tili ndi gulu lopopera lomwe limandipatsa chidziwitso chothandiza.”
Masiku a kumunda adatchulidwa ngati gwero lina la chidziwitso (n = 12), nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza upangiri wochokera kwa akatswiri a zaulimi, zofalitsa nkhani komanso zokambirana ndi ogwira nawo ntchito (akumaloko). Kumbali ina, zinthu za pa intaneti monga Google ndi Twitter (n = 9), oimira malonda ndi malonda (n = 3) sizinatchulidwe kawirikawiri. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zopezeka mosavuta kuti azitha kuthana ndi matenda a fungicide moyenera, poganizira zomwe alimi amakonda komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magwero osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso ndi chithandizo.
Poyankha funso lachiwiri, alimi adafunsidwa chifukwa chake amakonda magwero azidziwitso okhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera fungicide. Kusanthula mitu kunavumbula mitu inayi yofunika yomwe ikuwonetsa chifukwa chake alimi amadalira magwero enaake azidziwitso.
Polandira malipoti a mafakitale ndi aboma, opanga amaganizira magwero a chidziwitso omwe amawaona kuti ndi odalirika, odalirika, komanso aposachedwa. Mwachitsanzo, P115: “Zambiri zatsopano, zodalirika, zodalirika, komanso zabwino” ndi P057: “Chifukwa chakuti zinthuzo zatsimikiziridwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Ndi zinthu zatsopano ndipo zikupezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu.” Opanga amaona kuti chidziwitso kuchokera kwa akatswiri ndi chodalirika komanso chapamwamba kwambiri. Akatswiri a zaulimi, makamaka, amaonedwa ngati akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito omwe opanga angawadalire kuti apereke upangiri wodalirika komanso wabwino. Wopanga wina anati: P131: “[Katswiri wanga wa zaulimi] amadziwa nkhani zonse, ndi katswiri pankhaniyi, amapereka ntchito yolipira, tikukhulupirira kuti angapereke upangiri woyenera” ndi P107 ina: “Nthawi zonse amapezeka, katswiri wa zaulimi ndiye bwana chifukwa ali ndi chidziwitso ndi luso lofufuza.”
Akatswiri a zaulimi nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ndi odalirika ndipo opanga amawadalira mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a zaulimi amaonedwa ngati mgwirizano pakati pa opanga ndi kafukufuku wamakono. Amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri potseka kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku wosamveka bwino womwe ungawoneke ngati wosagwirizana ndi nkhani zakomweko komanso nkhani za 'pansi' kapena 'pafamu'. Amachita kafukufuku kuti opanga sangakhale ndi nthawi kapena zinthu zoti achite ndikufotokozera kafukufukuyu kudzera m'makambirano ofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, P010: adati, 'Akatswiri a zaulimi ali ndi mawu omaliza. Ndiwo ulalo wa kafukufuku waposachedwa ndipo alimi amadziwa bwino chifukwa amadziwa mavutowo ndipo ali pa malipiro awo.' Ndipo P043: adawonjezera kuti, 'Khulupirirani akatswiri a zaulimi ndi chidziwitso chomwe amapereka. Ndikusangalala kuti pulojekiti yothana ndi fungicide ikuchitika - chidziwitso ndi mphamvu ndipo sindidzafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zanga zonse pa mankhwala atsopano.'
Kufalikira kwa spores za bowa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a parasitic kungachitike m'mafamu kapena m'madera oyandikana nawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga mphepo, mvula ndi tizilombo. Chifukwa chake, chidziwitso cha m'deralo chimaonedwa kuti n'chofunika kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala njira yoyamba yodzitetezera ku mavuto omwe angakhalepo okhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicide. Pankhani ina, wophunzira P012: adati, "Zotsatira kuchokera kwa [katswiri wa zaulimi] ndi za m'deralo, n'zosavuta kuti ndilankhule nawo ndikupeza chidziwitso kuchokera kwa iwo." Wopanga wina adapereka chitsanzo chodalira zifukwa za akatswiri a zaulimi am'deralo, ndikugogomezera kuti opanga amakonda akatswiri omwe alipo m'deralo ndipo ali ndi mbiri yotsimikizika yokwaniritsa zotsatira zomwe mukufuna. Mwachitsanzo, P022: "Anthu amanama pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti - onjezerani matayala anu (khulupirirani kwambiri anthu omwe mukuchita nawo).
Alimi amayamikira uphungu woperekedwa ndi akatswiri a zaulimi chifukwa amakhala m'dera lawo ndipo amadziwa bwino za momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo. Amati akatswiri a zaulimi nthawi zambiri amakhala oyamba kuzindikira ndikumvetsetsa mavuto omwe angakhalepo pafamuyo asanachitike. Izi zimawathandiza kupereka uphungu wogwirizana ndi zosowa za famuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a zaulimi nthawi zambiri amapita ku famuyo, zomwe zimawonjezera luso lawo lopereka uphungu ndi chithandizo chogwirizana ndi zosowa zawo. Mwachitsanzo, P044: “Khulupirirani katswiri wa zaulimi chifukwa ali m'dera lonselo ndipo adzaona vuto ndisanadziwe. Kenako katswiri wa zaulimi angapereke uphungu wogwirizana ndi cholinga chake. Katswiri wa zaulimi amadziwa bwino derali chifukwa ali m'derali. Nthawi zambiri ndimalima. Tili ndi makasitomala ambiri m'madera ofanana.”
Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti makampaniwa ali okonzeka kuyesa kapena kupeza chithandizo chothana ndi matenda a fungicide m'mabizinesi, komanso kufunika kwa ntchito zotere kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yosavuta, yomveka bwino, komanso yogwirizana ndi nthawi yake. Izi zitha kupereka chitsogozo chofunikira chifukwa zotsatira za kafukufuku wothana ndi matenda a fungicide ndi mayeso zimakhala zenizeni zamalonda zotsika mtengo.
Kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kufufuza malingaliro ndi malingaliro a alimi pankhani ya ntchito zokulitsa zomera zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka kukana mankhwala ophera fungicide. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira yowunikira bwino kuti timvetse bwino zomwe alimi akukumana nazo komanso malingaliro awo. Pamene zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kukana mankhwala ophera fungicide ndi kutayika kwa zokolola zikupitirira kukwera5, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe alimi amapezera chidziwitso ndikuzindikira njira zabwino kwambiri zofalitsira, makamaka panthawi yomwe matenda akuchulukirachulukira.
Tinafunsa opanga ntchito zokulitsa zomera ndi zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera fungicide, makamaka njira zokulitsa zomera zomwe amakonda mu ulimi. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti opanga ambiri amafunsira upangiri kwa agronomists olipidwa, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza chidziwitso kuchokera ku boma kapena mabungwe ofufuza. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe akuwonetsa zomwe anthu ambiri amakonda pakukula kwa zomera payekha, ndipo opanga amayamikira ukatswiri wa alangizi a zaulimi olipidwa53,54. Kafukufuku wathu adapezanso kuti opanga ambiri amachita nawo misonkhano yapaintaneti monga magulu opanga zomera am'deralo ndi masiku okonzedwa. Ma network awa akuphatikizaponso mabungwe ofufuza aboma ndi achinsinsi. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku yemwe alipo kale yemwe akuwonetsa kufunika kwa njira zogwirira ntchito m'dera19,37,38. Njirazi zimathandiza mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe aboma ndi achinsinsi ndikupangitsa kuti chidziwitso chofunikira chipezeke mosavuta kwa opanga.
Tinafufuzanso chifukwa chake opanga amakonda zinthu zina, pofuna kupeza zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zina zikhale zokopa kwambiri kwa iwo. Opanga adawonetsa kufunikira kopeza akatswiri odalirika okhudzana ndi kafukufuku (Mutu 2.1), zomwe zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri a zaulimi. Makamaka, opanga adawona kuti kulemba ntchito katswiri wa zaulimi kumawapatsa mwayi wofufuza mwaluso komanso mozama popanda kudzipereka nthawi yambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuthana ndi zopinga monga nthawi yochepa kapena kusowa maphunziro ndi kudziwa njira zinazake. Zomwe zapezekazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wosonyeza kuti opanga nthawi zambiri amadalira akatswiri a zaulimi kuti azitha kuchita zinthu zovuta20.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-13-2024