Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zaulimi, makamaka kasamalidwe ka tizirombo tophatikizika, sikuchedwa. Kafukufukuyu amagwiritsa ntchito chida chofufuzira chopangidwa mogwirizana ngati kafukufuku wozama kuti amvetsetse momwe opanga mbewu zambewu kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Australia amapezera chidziwitso ndi zothandizira kuthana ndi kukana kwa bowa. Tidapeza kuti opanga amadalira akatswiri azalimi omwe amalipidwa, aboma kapena mabungwe ofufuza, magulu opanga m'deralo ndi masiku oyambira kuti adziwe zambiri zakulimbana ndi bowa. Opanga amafunafuna chidziwitso kuchokera kwa akatswiri odalirika omwe amatha kupeputsa kafukufuku wovuta, kuyamikira kulankhulana kosavuta komanso komveka bwino ndikukonda zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi momwe zinthu ziliri. Opanga amayamikiranso zambiri zokhudzana ndi chitukuko chatsopano cha fungicide ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chofulumira cha matenda a fungicide. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kopatsa alimi chithandizo chaulimi kuti athe kuthana ndi chiwopsezo cha kukana kwa fungicide.
Alimi a balere amayang'anira matenda a mbewu posankha majeremusi osinthika, kasamalidwe ka matenda ophatikizika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala opha fungicides, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala njira zopewera kufalikira kwa matenda1. Ma fungicides amateteza ku matenda, kukula, ndi kuberekana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu mbewu. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a fungal titha kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo timakonda kusintha. Kudalira kuchulukitsitsa kochepa kwa mankhwala opha bowa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala opha bowa kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwa mafangasi omwe amasamva mankhwalawa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mankhwala omwewo, chizoloŵezi cha midzi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti chikhale cholimba chikuwonjezeka, chomwe chingapangitse kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mankhwala omwe akugwira ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a mbewu2,3,4.
Fungicidekukana kumatanthauza kulephera kwa mankhwala ophera fungal omwe anali othandiza kale kuwongolera bwino matenda a mbewu, ngakhale atagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya fungicide pochiza powdery mildew, kuyambira kuchepa kwa mphamvu m'munda mpaka kulephera kugwira ntchito m'munda5,6. Ngati sichitsatiridwa, kufalikira kwa kukana kwa fungicide kudzapitirizabe kuwonjezeka, kuchepetsa mphamvu za njira zomwe zilipo kale zowononga matenda ndikubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zokolola zowononga7.
Padziko lonse lapansi, kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kusanakolole chifukwa cha matenda akuyerekeza 10-23%, ndipo zotayika pambuyo pokolola zimayambira 10% mpaka 20% 8. Zotayika izi ndizofanana ndi ma calories 2,000 a chakudya patsiku kwa anthu pafupifupi 600 miliyoni mpaka 4.2 biliyoni chaka chonse. Pomwe kufunikira kwa chakudya padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukwera, zovuta zachitetezo cha chakudya zipitilira kukula9. Mavutowa akuyembekezeka kukulirakulira m'tsogolomu chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusintha kwanyengo10,11,12. Kutha kulima chakudya moyenera komanso moyenera ndikofunikira kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo, ndipo kutayika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati njira yothanirana ndi matenda kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri kuposa zomwe opanga oyamba amakumana nazo.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kukana kwa bowa ndi kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zokolola, m'pofunika kupanga zatsopano ndi ntchito zowonjezera zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu za opanga kuti agwiritse ntchito njira za IPM. Ngakhale kuti malangizo a IPM amalimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka tizirombo kwa nthawi yayitali12,13, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi zogwirizana ndi njira zabwino za IPM kwakhala kochepa, ngakhale kuti phindu lake14,15. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adapeza zovuta pakukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zokhazikika za IPM. Mavutowa akuphatikizapo kusagwirizana kwa njira za IPM, malingaliro osadziwika bwino, ndi kuthekera kwachuma kwa njira za IPM16. Kukula kwa kukana kwa fungicide ndizovuta zatsopano kumakampani. Ngakhale kuti deta yokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi ikukula, chidziwitso cha momwe chuma chimakhudzira chuma chimakhalabe chochepa. Kuonjezera apo, opanga nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi chithandizo ndipo amawona kuti njira zowononga tizilombo ndizosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo, ngakhale atapeza njira zina za IPM zothandiza17. Poganizira kufunikira kwa kukhudzidwa kwa matenda pakukula kwa chakudya, mankhwala opha fungicides akuyenera kukhala njira yofunika kwambiri ya IPM mtsogolomo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira za IPM, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa majini, sikudzangoyang'ana pa kuwongolera matenda komanso kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mphamvu ya mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fungicides.
Mafamu amapereka chithandizo chofunikira pachitetezo cha chakudya, ndipo ofufuza ndi mabungwe aboma ayenera kupatsa alimi matekinoloje ndi zatsopano, kuphatikiza ntchito zowonjezera, zomwe zimakweza ndi kusunga zokolola. Komabe, zopinga zazikulu za kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje ndi zatsopano ndi opanga zimachokera ku njira yopita pamwamba "kafukufuku", yomwe imayang'ana kusamutsidwa kwa matekinoloje kuchokera kwa akatswiri kupita kwa alimi popanda chidwi chochuluka ku zopereka za olima am'deralo18,19. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Anil et al.19 adapeza kuti njirayi idapangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yosinthika yotengera matekinoloje atsopano pamafamu. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti olima nthawi zambiri amadandaula ngati kafukufuku waulimi akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zasayansi zokha. Mofananamo, kulephera kuika patsogolo kudalirika ndi kufunikira kwa chidziwitso kwa opanga kungapangitse kusiyana kwa kulankhulana komwe kumakhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa zatsopano zaulimi ndi ntchito zina zowonjezera20,21. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti ochita kafukufuku sangamvetse bwino zosowa za opanga ndi nkhawa zawo popereka chidziwitso.
Kupita patsogolo kwaulimi kwawonetsa kufunikira kophatikiza alimi akumaloko pamapulogalamu ofufuza ndikuthandizira mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ofufuza ndi mafakitale18,22,23. Komabe, ntchito yochulukirapo ikufunika kuti awone momwe njira zoyendetsera IPM zikuyendera komanso kuchuluka kwa kutengera umisiri wokhazikika wothana ndi tizirombo. M'mbiri yakale, ntchito zowonjezera zakhala zikuperekedwa ndi mabungwe aboma24,25. Komabe, mayendedwe okhudza minda yayikulu yamabizinesi, mfundo zaulimi zomwe zimakonda msika, komanso kukalamba komanso kuchepa kwa anthu akumidzi kwachepetsa kufunika kopeza ndalama zambiri zaboma24,25,26. Zotsatira zake, maboma m'maiko ambiri otukuka, kuphatikiza Australia, achepetsa ndalama zachindunji pakukulitsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azidalira kwambiri mabungwe azigawo zabizinesi kuti apereke izi27,28,29,30. Komabe, kudalira kokha kukulitsa kwachinsinsi kwadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha kupezeka kochepa kwa minda yaing'ono yaing'ono komanso kusamalidwa kokwanira kuzinthu zachilengedwe ndi zokhazikika. Njira yogwirizira yokhudzana ndi mautumiki aboma ndi achinsinsi tsopano ndiyovomerezeka31,32. Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza momwe opanga amawonera komanso momwe amaonera zinthu zabwino zothana ndi fungicides ndizochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mipata m'mabuku okhudza mitundu ya mapulogalamu owonjezera omwe amathandiza opanga kuthana ndi kukana kwa fungicide.
Alangizi aumwini (monga agronomists) amapatsa opanga chithandizo ndi ukatswiri33. Ku Australia, opitilira theka la opanga amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za agronomist, zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi dera ndipo izi zikuyembekezeka kukula20. Olima akuti amakonda kuti ntchito ikhale yosavuta, zomwe zimawatsogolera kuti azilemba alangizi apadera kuti aziyendetsa njira zovuta kwambiri, monga ntchito zaulimi wolondola monga kupanga mapu a minda, deta ya malo osamalira msipu ndi chithandizo cha zipangizo20; Agronomists amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa zaulimi chifukwa amathandizira olima kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri watsopano ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yawo ikhale yosavuta.
Kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka agronomists kumakhudzidwanso ndi kuvomereza upangiri wa 'malipiro a ntchito' kuchokera kwa anzawo (mwachitsanzo, opanga ena 34). Poyerekeza ndi ofufuza ndi othandizira aboma, akatswiri azamalimi odziyimira pawokha amakonda kukhazikitsa maubwenzi olimba, nthawi zambiri okhalitsa ndi alimi kudzera m'mafamu okhazikika 35 . Komanso, akatswiri a ulimi amayang'ana kwambiri kupereka chithandizo chothandiza m'malo moyesa kunyengerera alimi kuti azitsatira njira zatsopano kapena kutsatira malamulo, ndipo uphungu wawo ukhoza kukhala wokomera alimi 33 . Choncho akatswiri odziimira pawokha amawonedwa ngati magwero osakondera a uphungu 33, 36 .
Komabe, kafukufuku wa 2008 wopangidwa ndi Ingram 33 adavomereza mphamvu zamphamvu paubwenzi pakati pa akatswiri azalimi ndi alimi. Kafukufukuyu adavomereza kuti njira zokhwima komanso zaulamuliro zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pakugawana chidziwitso. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali nthawi zina pamene akatswiri azalimi amasiya njira zabwino zopewera kutaya makasitomala. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyang'ana ntchito ya akatswiri azalimi m'malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka kuchokera kwa opanga. Popeza kuti kukana kwa fungicide kumabweretsa zovuta pakupanga balere, kumvetsetsa maubwenzi omwe opanga balere amakhala ndi akatswiri azalimi ndikofunika kuti tifalitse bwino zatsopano zatsopano.
Kugwira ntchito ndi magulu olima nawonso ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa ulimi. Maguluwa ndi mabungwe odziyimira pawokha, odzilamulira okha omwe amapangidwa ndi alimi komanso anthu ammudzi omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zamalonda omwe ali ndi alimi. Izi zikuphatikiza kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu pamayesero ofufuza, kukonza njira zamabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ogwirizana ndi zosowa zapaderalo, ndikugawana zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi opanga ena16,37. Kupambana kwa magulu opanga zinthu kungayambitsidwe ndi kusintha kuchokera ku njira yopita kumtunda (mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo cha sayansi-mlimi) kupita ku njira yowonjezera midzi yomwe imayika patsogolo zomwe opanga amapanga, amalimbikitsa kuphunzira kudzidalira, ndikulimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali mwakhama16,19,38,39,40.
Anil ndi al. Anthu 19 adachita zoyankhulana zosasinthika ndi mamembala amagulu opanga kuti awone phindu lolowa mgulu. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti olima adawona kuti magulu opanga ndi omwe amakhudza kwambiri kuphunzira kwawo umisiri watsopano, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi. Magulu a opanga anali othandiza kwambiri poyesa kuyesa kumalo amderalo kusiyana ndi malo akuluakulu ofufuza a dziko. Kuphatikiza apo, adawonedwa ngati nsanja yabwinoko yogawana zidziwitso. Makamaka, masiku akumunda adawonedwa ngati nsanja yofunikira yogawana zidziwitso ndi kuthetsa mavuto pamodzi, kulola kuthetsa mavuto ogwirizana.
Kuvuta kwa alimi kutengera umisiri watsopano ndi machitidwe amapitilira kumvetsetsa kwaukadaulo41. M'malo mwake, njira yotengera zatsopano ndi machitidwe imakhudzanso kuganizira za zikhulupiriro, zolinga, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe amalumikizana ndi njira zopangira zisankho za opanga41,42,43,44. Ngakhale upangiri wochuluka ukupezeka kwa opanga, zatsopano ndi machitidwe ena omwe amatengedwa mwachangu. Pamene zotsatira zafukufuku zatsopano zimapangidwira, phindu lawo pakusintha kwaulimi liyenera kuyesedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri pali kusiyana pakati pa phindu la zotsatira ndi kusintha komwe kumafuna kusintha. Momwemo, kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yofufuza, phindu la zotsatira zafukufuku ndi zosankha zomwe zilipo kuti zikhale zothandiza zimaganiziridwa mwa kupanga mgwirizano ndi kutenga nawo mbali pamakampani.
Kuti mudziwe phindu la zotsatira zokhudzana ndi fungicides resistance, kafukufukuyu adafunsa mozama patelefoni ndi alimi a kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Western Australia. Njira yomwe idatengedwa ikufuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza ndi olima, kutsindika zikhulupiriro, kulemekezana komanso kupanga zisankho zogawana45. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuwunika momwe alimi amaonera zinthu zomwe zilipo kale zolimbana ndi fungicides, kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zinali zopezeka kwa iwo, ndikuwunikanso zinthu zomwe alimi angafune kuzipeza komanso zifukwa zomwe amakonda. Makamaka, phunziroli likuyankha mafunso awa:
3
Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera kuti afufuze momwe alimi amawonera komanso momwe amaonera zinthu zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicides. Chida chofufuziracho chinapangidwa mogwirizana ndi oimira mafakitale ndikuphatikiza njira zosonkhanitsira deta zamtengo wapatali komanso zochulukira. Potengera njira imeneyi, tinali ndi cholinga chomvetsetsa mozama za zomwe alimi adakumana nazo pakulimbana ndi fungicides, zomwe zikutilola kuzindikira zomwe alimi amakumana nazo komanso momwe amawonera. Kafukufukuyu adachitika mu nyengo yolima ya 2019/2020 ngati gawo la Barley Disease Cohort Project, pulogalamu yofufuza yogwirizana ndi alimi akumwera chakumadzulo kwa chimanga chaku Western Australia. Pulogalamuyi ikufuna kuwunika kuchuluka kwa matenda olimbana ndi fungicide m'derali powunika zitsanzo za masamba a balere omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amalandira kuchokera kwa alimi. Anthu omwe atenga nawo mbali pa polojekiti ya Barley Disease Cohort amachokera kumadera komwe kugwa mvula yambiri kudera lomwe amalima mbewu ku Western Australia. Mwayi wotenga nawo mbali umapangidwa kenako kutsatsa (kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoulutsira mawu kuphatikiza ma media ochezera) ndipo alimi amapemphedwa kuti adzisankhe okha kutenga nawo gawo. Onse osankhidwa omwe ali ndi chidwi amavomerezedwa mu polojekitiyi.
Phunzirolo linalandira chivomerezo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) ndipo inachitika mogwirizana ndi 2007 National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 46. Olima ndi akalimidwe omwe adagwirizana kale kuti adziwidwa nawo za kasamalidwe ka fungicides tsopano adatha kugawana zambiri za machitidwe awo kasamalidwe. Ophunzira adapatsidwa chidziwitso cha chidziwitso ndi fomu yovomerezeka asanayambe kutenga nawo mbali. Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chinapezedwa kuchokera kwa onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali musanatenge nawo gawo mu kafukufukuyu. Njira zoyambira zosonkhanitsira deta zinali zoyankhulana mozama pafoni komanso kufufuza pa intaneti. Kuti zitsimikizire kusasinthika, mafunso omwewo omwe adamalizidwa kudzera m'mafunso odziyendetsa okha adawerengedwa liwu ndi liwu kwa omwe adamaliza kufufuza patelefoni. Palibe zina zowonjezera zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti zitsimikizire chilungamo cha njira zonse zofufuzira.
Phunzirolo linalandira chivomerezo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HRE2020-0440) ndipo inachitika mogwirizana ndi 2007 National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 46. Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa chinapezedwa kuchokera kwa onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali musanatenge nawo gawo mu kafukufukuyu.
Opanga okwana 137 adachita nawo kafukufukuyu, omwe 82% adamaliza kuyankhulana patelefoni ndipo 18% adalemba okha mafunso. Zaka za omwe adatenga nawo gawo zidachokera zaka 22 mpaka 69, ndi zaka zapakati pa 44. Zomwe adakumana nazo pazaulimi zidachokera zaka 2 mpaka 54, pafupifupi zaka 25. Pa avareji, alimi anafesa mahekitala 1,122 a balere m’madoko 10. Olima ambiri amalima mitundu iwiri ya balere (48%), ndipo kagawidwe kake kamasiyana kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi (33%) kufika ku mitundu isanu (0.7%). Kugawidwa kwa ochita nawo kafukufuku kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1, chomwe chinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Mapu a ochita nawo kafukufuku potengera positi ndi madera akugwa mvula: otsika, apakati, okwera. Kukula kwa zilembo kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali mumgawo wa Western Australia Grain Belt. Mapuwa adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze.
Zotsatira zamtundu wamtunduwu zidalembedwa pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwazomwe zili mu inductive, ndipo mayankho adayamba kukhala otseguka48. Unikani zinthuzo powerenganso ndikuwona mitu ina iliyonse yomwe ikubwera kuti mufotokoze mbali za zomwe zili mkati49,50,51. Kutsatira njira yofotokozera, mitu yodziwika idayikidwanso m'magulu apamwamba51,52. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2, cholinga cha kusanthula mwadongosolo kumeneku ndikupeza zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali pazifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimalimbikitsa zokonda za alimi pazinthu zenizeni zolimbana ndi fungicides, potero kufotokozera njira zopangira zisankho zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka matenda. Mitu yodziwika ikuwunikidwa ndikukambidwa mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo lotsatirali.
Poyankha Funso 1, mayankho okhudza zaubwino (n=128) adawonetsa kuti akatswiri azachuma ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pomwe alimi opitilira 84% adatchula akatswiri azachuma monga gwero lawo lalikulu la chidziwitso cholimbana ndi bowa (n=108). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, akatswiri a zaulimi sanali kokha gwero lotchulidwa kawirikawiri, komanso gwero lokhalo la chidziwitso cholimbana ndi bowa kwa olima ambiri, ndi alimi opitirira 24% (n=31) akudalira kokha kapena kutchula akatswiri agronomists monga gwero lokhalo. Ambiri mwa alimi (ie, 72% ya mayankho kapena n=93) adawonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri amadalira akatswiri azachuma kuti awapatse upangiri, kuwerenga kafukufuku, kapena kufunsa atolankhani. Zolemba zodziwika bwino pa intaneti komanso zosindikizira nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa ngati magwero okondedwa a chidziwitso cholimbana ndi fungicide. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga adadalira malipoti amakampani, makalata am'deralo, magazini, zofalitsa zakumidzi, kapena zofufuza zomwe sizikuwonetsa mwayi wawo. Opanga nthawi zambiri amatchula magwero angapo amagetsi ndi osindikizira, kuwonetsa kuyesetsa kwawo kuti apeze ndikusanthula maphunziro osiyanasiyana.
Chidziwitso china chofunikira ndikukambirana ndi upangiri wochokera kwa opanga ena, makamaka kudzera mukulankhulana ndi abwenzi ndi aneba. Mwachitsanzo, P023: "Kusinthana kwaulimi (abwenzi kumpoto amazindikira matenda kale)" ndi P006: "Anzanga, oyandikana nawo ndi alimi." Kuphatikiza apo, olima adadalira magulu aulimi akumaloko (n = 16), monga alimi am'deralo kapena magulu alimi, magulu opopera mankhwala, ndi magulu a agronomy. Kaŵirikaŵiri kunali kunenedwa kuti anthu akumaloko anali kutengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana kumeneku. Mwachitsanzo, P020: "Gulu lowongolera mafamu am'deralo ndi olankhula alendo" ndi P031: "Tili ndi gulu lakupopera lomwe limandipatsa chidziwitso chofunikira."
Masiku akumunda adatchulidwa ngati gwero lina lachidziwitso (n = 12), nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi upangiri wochokera kwa akatswiri azamalimi, zofalitsa zosindikizira komanso zokambirana ndi (anthu akomweko) ogwira nawo ntchito. Kumbali ina, zothandizira pa intaneti monga Google ndi Twitter (n = 9), oimira malonda ndi malonda (n = 3) sanatchulidwe kawirikawiri. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zopezeka kuti zithandizire kuthana ndi fungicide, poganizira zokonda za olima komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magwero osiyanasiyana azidziwitso ndi chithandizo.
Poyankha funso 2, alimi adafunsidwa chifukwa chomwe amakondera magwero a chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicide resistance. Kusanthula kwamutu kunavumbulutsa mitu inayi yofunika kwambiri yosonyeza chifukwa chomwe alimi amadalira zinthu zinazake.
Akalandira malipoti amakampani ndi aboma, opanga amalingalira magwero a chidziwitso chomwe amawona kuti ndi chodalirika, chodalirika, komanso chaposachedwa. Mwachitsanzo, P115: "Zambiri zaposachedwa, zodalirika, zodalirika, zabwino" ndi P057: "Chifukwa zinthuzo zimawunikiridwa ndikutsimikiziridwa. Ndi zatsopano komanso zikupezeka padoko." Opanga amawona kuti chidziwitso chochokera kwa akatswiri ndi chodalirika komanso chapamwamba. Agronomists, makamaka, amawonedwa ngati akatswiri odziwa bwino omwe alimi angadalire kuti amapereka uphungu wodalirika komanso wabwino. Wopanga wina anati: P131: “[Katswiri wanga wa zaulimi] amadziŵa nkhani zonse, ndi katswiri m’mundamo, amapereka ntchito yolipidwa, mwachiyembekezo kuti angapereke uphungu woyenerera” ndipo wina P107: “Nthaŵi zonse, katswiriyu ndi bwana chifukwa chakuti ali ndi chidziŵitso ndi luso lofufuza.”
Agronomists nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ndi odalirika ndipo amadalirika mosavuta ndi opanga. Kuphatikiza apo, agronomists amawonedwa ngati ulalo pakati pa opanga ndi kafukufuku wotsogola. Amawonedwa ngati ofunikira potseka kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku wamba omwe angawoneke ngati alibe kugwirizana ndi nkhani zapakhomo ndi 'pansi' kapena 'zamunda'. Amapanga kafukufuku omwe opanga sangakhale ndi nthawi kapena zida zopangira ndikuwongolera kafukufukuyu kudzera pazokambirana zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, P010: "Agronomists ali ndi mawu omaliza. Ndiwo omwe amalumikizana ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa ndipo alimi ndi odziwa bwino chifukwa amadziwa zovutazo ndipo ali pa malipiro awo.' Ndipo P043: anawonjezera, 'Khulupirirani akatswiri azachuma ndi zambiri zomwe amapereka. Ndine wokondwa kuti ntchito yolimbana ndi fungicide resistance ikuchitika - chidziwitso ndi mphamvu ndipo sindidzagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zanga zonse kugula mankhwala atsopano.'
Kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a fungal spores kumatha kuchitika m'mafamu oyandikana nawo kapena madera osiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga mphepo, mvula ndi tizilombo. Chidziwitso cha komweko chimawonedwa kukhala chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala njira yoyamba yodzitchinjiriza ku zovuta zomwe zingagwirizane ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicides. Pankhani ina, wophunzira P012: "Zotsatira zochokera kwa [katswiri wa zaulimi] ndi zakumaloko, ndikosavuta kwa ine kuti ndilankhule nawo ndikupeza zambiri kuchokera kwa iwo." Wopanga wina anapereka chitsanzo cha kudalira maganizo a akatswiri a ulimi wa m’deralo, akugogomezera kuti olima amakonda akatswiri amene akupezeka m’dera lanu ndipo ali ndi mbiri yotsimikizirika yopeza zotsatira zomwe akufuna. Mwachitsanzo, P022: "Anthu amanama pamasamba ochezera - tsitsani matayala anu (kukhulupirirani kwambiri anthu omwe mukukumana nawo).
Opanga amayamikira malangizo omwe amaperekedwa ndi akatswiri azachuma chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu zakumaloko ndipo amadziwa bwino momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo. Iwo ati akatswiri a zaulimi nthawi zambiri amakhala oyamba kuzindikira ndikumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zingachitike pafamupo zisanachitike. Izi zimawathandiza kuti apereke malangizo ogwirizana ndi zosowa za famuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri azachuma nthawi zambiri amayendera famuyo, kukulitsa luso lawo lopereka upangiri woyenerera ndi chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, P044: "Khulupirirani agronomist chifukwa ali m'dera lonselo ndipo awona vuto ndisanadziwe. Kenako katswiri wa zagronomi akhoza kupereka uphungu wolunjika. Katswiriyu amadziwa bwino derali chifukwa ali m'derali. Nthawi zambiri ndimalima. Timakhala ndi makasitomala osiyanasiyana m'madera ofanana."
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kukonzekera kwamakampani poyesa kuyesa kukana kwa fungicide kapena ntchito zowunikira, komanso kufunikira kwa mautumikiwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira, zomveka, komanso nthawi yake. Izi zitha kupereka chiwongolero chofunikira chifukwa zotsatira za kafukufuku wothana ndi fungicide ndikuyesa kukhala zenizeni zamalonda zotsika mtengo.
Kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholinga chofufuza momwe alimi amaonera komanso momwe amaonera ntchito zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicides. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira bwino kuti timvetsetse mwatsatanetsatane zomwe alimi amakumana nazo komanso momwe amawonera. Pamene kuopsa kokhudzana ndi kukana kwa fungicides ndi kutayika kwa zokolola kukupitirirabe5, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa momwe alimi amapezera chidziwitso ndi kuzindikira njira zothandiza kwambiri zofatsira, makamaka panthawi ya matenda aakulu.
Tidafunsa alimi kuti ndi chithandizo chanji ndi zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze zambiri zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka fungicides, makamaka makamaka panjira zomwe amakonda paulimi. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti opanga ambiri amafunsira upangiri kwa akatswiri azachuma omwe amalipidwa, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku boma kapena mabungwe ofufuza. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wowonetsa kukonda kwachinsinsi kwa anthu wamba, pomwe opanga amawona ukadaulo wa alangizi a zaulimi omwe amalipidwa53,54. Kafukufuku wathu adapezanso kuti opanga ambiri amatenga nawo mbali pamabwalo apaintaneti monga magulu opanga am'deralo komanso masiku okonzekera. Maukondewa akuphatikizanso mabungwe ofufuza aboma komanso apadera. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku omwe alipo kale akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zothandizira anthu19,37,38. Njirazi zimathandizira mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe aboma ndi abizinesi ndikupanga chidziwitso chofunikira kuti athe kupezeka kwa opanga.
Tinafufuzanso chifukwa chake opanga amakonda zolowetsa zina, kufunafuna kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zina zikhale zokopa kwa iwo. Opanga adawonetsa kufunikira kopeza akatswiri odalirika okhudzana ndi kafukufuku (Mutu 2.1), womwe udali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri azachuma. Makamaka, opanga adawona kuti kubwereka akatswiri azachuma kumawapatsa mwayi wopeza kafukufuku wotsogola komanso wapamwamba popanda kudzipereka kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe zimathandiza kuthana ndi zopinga monga kuchepa kwa nthawi kapena kusaphunzira komanso kuzolowera njira zenizeni. Zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wosonyeza kuti opanga nthawi zambiri amadalira akatswiri azachuma kuti achepetse njira zovuta20.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-13-2024