Anthu okhala m'malo otsika pazachuma (SES) omwe amakhala m'nyumba zothandizidwa ndi boma kapena mabungwe opereka ndalama zaboma atha kukumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba chifukwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo amayikidwa chifukwa cha zolakwika zamapangidwe, kusamalidwa bwino, ndi zina zambiri.
Mu 2017, mankhwala ophera tizilombo okwana 28 adayezedwa mumpweya wamkati m'nyumba zokwana 46 za nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri zopeza ndalama zochepa ku Toronto, Canada, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotsukira mpweya zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa sabata imodzi. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adawunikidwa kale anali mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'magulu otsatirawa: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, ndi strobilurins.
Pafupifupi mankhwala ophera tizilombo apezeka mu 89% ya mayunitsi, ndipo mitengo yodziwikiratu (DRs) ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo yafika 50%, kuphatikiza mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Ma pyrethroids omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano anali ndi ma DF apamwamba kwambiri komanso okhazikika, pomwe pyrethroid I imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, yomwe idaletsedwa ku Canada mu 1985, inali ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira (tinthu tating'ono kuphatikiza gawo la mpweya) pa 443,000 pg/m3. Kuchuluka kwa heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, ndi permethrin (kupatulapo phunziro limodzi) kunali kwakukulu kuposa zomwe zimayesedwa m'nyumba zopeza ndalama zochepa zomwe zinanenedwa kwina. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito mwadala mankhwala ophera tizilombo polimbana ndi tizirombo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zida zomangira ndi utoto, kusuta kunalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala asanu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya za fodya. Kugawidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo amtundu wa DF m'nyumba imodzi kukuwonetsa kuti gwero lalikulu la mankhwala omwe apezeka anali mapulogalamu othana ndi tizirombo omwe amayendetsedwa ndi oyang'anira nyumba ndi/kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi okhalamo.
Nyumba zokhala ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri, koma nyumbazi zimatha kugwidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo zimadalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti azisamalira. Tidapeza kuti 89% mwa mayunitsi 46 onse omwe adayesedwa adakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo 28, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi ma pyrethroids ndi organochlorine oletsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, DDT, heptachlor) okhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwawo m'nyumba. Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo angapo osalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, monga ma strobilurin omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe amapaka ku fodya, adayesedwanso. Zotsatira izi, data yoyamba yaku Canada pamankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo m'nyumba, zikuwonetsa kuti anthu amakumana ndi ambiri aiwo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mbewu zaulimi kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kobwera chifukwa cha tizirombo. Mu 2018, pafupifupi 72% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ogulitsidwa ku Canada adagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi, ndipo 4.5% yokha amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okhalamo.[1] Choncho, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwonetseredwa ayang'ana kwambiri pazaulimi. M'malo okhala, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba kungapangitse kuti 15 mg wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo atulutsidwe m'chilengedwe.[5] Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo monga mphemvu ndi nsikidzi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwina kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumaphatikizapo kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’nyumba ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamipando ndi zinthu zogula zinthu (monga makapeti aubweya, nsalu) ndi zomangira (mwachitsanzo, utoto wokhala ndi ma fungicide, zowuma zosagwira nkhungu) [6,7,8,9]. Kuphatikiza apo, zochita za anthu okhalamo (mwachitsanzo, kusuta m'nyumba) zimatha kutulutsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima fodya m'malo amkati [10]. Chinthu chinanso chotulutsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo amkati ndikuyenda kwawo kuchokera kunja [11,12,13].
Kuphatikiza pa ogwira ntchito zaulimi ndi mabanja awo, magulu ena amakhalanso pachiwopsezo chokhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ana amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zowonongeka zambiri zamkati, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kusiyana ndi akuluakulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kumeza fumbi, ndi zizolowezi zamanja zokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa thupi [14, 15]. Mwachitsanzo, Trunnel et al. adapeza kuti pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) m'mipukutu yapansi inali yogwirizana bwino ndi PYR metabolite yokhazikika mumkodzo wa ana [16]. DF ya PYR mankhwala metabolites olembedwa mu Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) anali apamwamba kwa ana azaka za 3-5 kuposa achikulire [17]. Azimayi apakati ndi ana awo omwe abadwa nawonso amaonedwa kuti ndi gulu losatetezeka chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha kubadwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Wyatt et al. adanenanso kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magazi a amayi ndi akhanda anali ogwirizana kwambiri, ogwirizana ndi kusamutsidwa kwa amayi ndi fetal [18].
Anthu omwe amakhala m'nyumba zotsika mtengo kapena zotsika amakhala pachiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kuwonongeka kwa m'nyumba, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo [19, 20, 21]. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu (SES) amatha kukhala ndi phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers ndi flame retardants, ndi polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons (PAHs) kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi ma SES apamwamba [22,23,24]. Zina mwazofukufukuzi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu okhala mu "nyumba za anthu," zomwe timazitcha kuti nyumba zobwereketsa zothandizidwa ndi boma (kapena mabungwe omwe amathandizidwa ndi boma) omwe ali ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu [25]. Nyumba za anthu m'nyumba zamitundu yambiri (MURBs) zimakhudzidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwika zawo (monga ming'alu ndi ming'alu m'makoma), kusowa kosamalira bwino / kukonza, kuyeretsa kosakwanira ndi ntchito zotayira zinyalala, komanso kuchulukana pafupipafupi [20, 26]. Ngakhale mapulogalamu ophatikizika owongolera tizilombo alipo kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa mapulogalamu owononga tizirombo poyang'anira zomanga ndipo motero kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kukhudzidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka m'nyumba zamagulu ambiri, tizirombo titha kufalikira mnyumba yonseyi [21, 27, 28]. Kufalikira kwa tizirombo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumatha kusokoneza mpweya wamkati wamkati ndikuyika anthu pachiwopsezo chotenga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo [29]. Kafukufuku wambiri ku United States wasonyeza kuti kuwonetseredwa kwa mankhwala oletsedwa komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa ndi apamwamba m'nyumba zotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi m'nyumba zokhala ndi ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha nyumba zosaoneka bwino [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Chifukwa anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zosankha zochepa zochoka m'nyumba zawo, nthawi zonse amakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo.
M'nyumba, anthu okhalamo amatha kukhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimapitilirabe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa dzuwa, chinyezi, ndi njira zowonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda [33,34,35]. Kuwonetsedwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwanenedwa kuti kumalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo monga kulemala kwa neurodevelopmental (makamaka kutsika kwa mawu a IQ mwa anyamata), komanso khansa yamagazi, khansa ya muubongo (kuphatikiza khansa yaubwana), kusokonezeka kwa endocrine, ndi matenda a Alzheimer's.
Monga chipani ku Stockholm Convention, Canada ili ndi zoletsa pa OCP asanu ndi anayi [42, 54]. Kuwunikidwanso kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko la Canada kwachititsa kuti pafupifupi m'nyumba zonse zogwiritsidwa ntchito za OPP ndi carbamate zichotsedwe. [55] Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada (PMRA) imaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito PYR m'nyumba. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito cypermethrin pazithandizo zamkati zamkati ndi kuwulutsa kwathetsedwa chifukwa cha momwe zingakhudzire thanzi la anthu, makamaka mwa ana [56]. Chithunzi 1 chimapereka chidule cha zoletsa izi [55, 57, 58].
Y-axis imayimira mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe apezeka (pamwamba pa malire a njira, Table S6), ndipo X-axis imayimira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mumlengalenga mu gawo la tinthu pamwamba pa malire ozindikira. Tsatanetsatane wa mafupipafupi ozindikira komanso kuchuluka kwake kwaperekedwa mu Table S6.
Zolinga zathu zinali kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'nyumba ndi mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa mpweya) kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano komanso omwe adakhalapo kale m'mabanja omwe sakhala bwino ndi anthu okhala m'nyumba zochezeramo ku Toronto, Canada, ndikuwunikanso zina mwazinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi izi. Cholinga cha pepalali ndi kudzaza kusiyana kwa deta pa kuwonekera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo komanso olowa m'nyumba za anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo, makamaka chifukwa chakuti deta ya mankhwala a m'nyumba ku Canada ndi yochepa kwambiri [6].
Ofufuzawa adayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri za MURB zomwe zidamangidwa m'ma 1970 pamasamba atatu mu Mzinda wa Toronto. Nyumba zonse ndi zosachepera 65 km kuchokera kudera lililonse laulimi (kupatula mabwalo akuseri kwa nyumba). Nyumbazi zikuyimira nyumba za anthu ku Toronto. Phunziro lathu ndikuwonjeza kwa kafukufuku wokulirapo yemwe adasanthula milingo ya zinthu (PM) m'malo ochezera a anthu asanayambe komanso pambuyo pakukweza mphamvu [59,60,61]. Chifukwa chake, njira yathu yochitira zitsanzo inali yongotolera ma PM oyendetsa ndege.
Pa chipika chilichonse, kusinthidwa kunapangidwa komwe kumaphatikizapo kupulumutsa madzi ndi mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, kulowetsamo mpweya wabwino, ma boilers ndi zipangizo zotenthetsera) kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kupititsa patsogolo mpweya wamkati ndi kuwonjezera chitonthozo cha kutentha [62, 63]. Zipindazi zimagawidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa anthu okhalamo: okalamba, mabanja ndi anthu osakwatiwa. Mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ya nyumbayo akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwina [24].
Zitsanzo makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zosefera mpweya zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku 46 MURB malo okhala m'nyengo yozizira 2017 adawunikidwa. Mapangidwe a maphunziro, kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, ndi njira zosungirako zinafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Wang et al. [60]. Mwachidule, gawo la aliyense wotenga nawo mbali linali ndi choyeretsera mpweya cha Amaircare XR-100 chokhala ndi 127 mm chapamwamba kwambiri cha air filter media (zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzosefera za HEPA) kwa sabata imodzi. Zoyeretsa zonse zonyamula mpweya zidatsukidwa ndi zopukuta za isopropyl zisanachitike komanso zitatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zipewe kuipitsidwa. Zoyeretsa zonyamula mpweya zinayikidwa pakhoma la chipinda chochezera masentimita 30 kuchokera padenga ndi/kapena monga momwe adalangizira okhalamo kuti apewe kusokoneza kwa okhalamo ndikuchepetsa mwayi wopezeka mosaloledwa (onani Zowonjezera SI1, Chithunzi S1). Pa nthawi yachitsanzo ya mlungu ndi mlungu, kuyenda kwapakati kunali 39.2 m3/tsiku (onani SI1 kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podziwa kuyenda). Asanatumize zitsanzo mu Januwale ndi February 2015, ulendo woyamba wa khomo ndi khomo ndi kuyang'ana maonekedwe a m'nyumba ndi khalidwe la anthu (monga kusuta) kunachitika. Kafukufuku wotsatira adachitidwa pambuyo pa ulendo uliwonse kuchokera ku 2015 mpaka 2017. Zambiri zimaperekedwa ku Touchie et al. [64] Mwachidule, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa khalidwe la anthu okhalamo komanso kusintha komwe kungachitike m'makhalidwe a m'nyumba ndi khalidwe la anthu okhalamo monga kusuta, khomo ndi zenera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma hoods kapena mafani akukhitchini pophika. [59, 64] Pambuyo pa kusinthidwa, zosefera za mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 28 adafufuzidwa (endosulfan I ndi II ndi α- ndi γ-chlordane ankaonedwa ngati mankhwala osiyana, ndipo p, p'-DDE anali metabolite wa p, p'-DDT, osati mankhwala), kuphatikizapo mankhwala akale ndi amakono S1 (Table).
Wang ndi al. [60] anafotokoza m'zigawo ndi kuyeretsa ndondomeko mwatsatanetsatane. Sefa iliyonse inagawika pakati ndipo theka lina linagwiritsidwa ntchito powunika mankhwala ophera tizilombo 28 (Table S1). Zitsanzo zosefera ndi zosefera za mu labotale zinali ndi zosefera zamagalasi, imodzi mwa zitsanzo zisanu zilizonse zokwana zisanu ndi zinayi, zokhala ndi zida zisanu ndi chimodzi zolembedwa zophera tizilombo (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kuti ziwongolere kuchira. Kuchulukira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunayesedwanso m'magawo asanu opanda kanthu. Aliyense fyuluta chitsanzo anali sonicated katatu kwa mphindi 20 aliyense ndi 10 mL wa hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (HPLC kalasi, Fisher Scientific). Ma supernatants ochokera m'zigawo zitatuzo adaphatikizidwa ndikuyika 1 mL mu evaporator ya Zymark Turbovap pansi pakuyenda kosalekeza kwa nayitrogeni. Chotsitsacho chinayeretsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mizati ya Florisil® SPE (machubu a Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, Supelco) kenako amakhazikika mpaka 0.5 mL pogwiritsa ntchito Zymark Turbovap ndikusamutsira ku amber GC vial. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) adawonjezeredwa ngati muyezo wamkati. Kuwunika kunachitika ndi gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC ndi Agilent 5977A MSD) mumtundu wa ma elekitironi komanso mitundu ya ionization yamankhwala. Magawo a zida amaperekedwa mu SI4 ndipo zambiri za ma ion amaperekedwa mu Matebulo S3 ndi S4.
Asanachotsedwe, otchedwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo adayikidwa mu zitsanzo ndi zopanda kanthu (Table S2) kuti aziwunika kuchira pakuwunika. Kubwezeredwa kwa zolembera zolembera mu zitsanzo kuyambira 62% mpaka 83%; zotsatira zonse kwa mankhwala payekha anakonzedwa kuti achire. Zambiri zidakonzedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito ma labotale ofunikira komanso malo opanda kanthu pa mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo (zolemba zalembedwa mu Table S5) malinga ndi zomwe Saini et al. [65]: pamene ndende yopanda kanthu inali yosachepera 5% ya ndende yachitsanzo, palibe kuwongolera kopanda kanthu komwe kunachitidwa kwa mankhwala aliwonse; pamene ndende yopanda kanthu inali 5-35%, deta inali yopanda kanthu; ngati ndende yopanda kanthu inali yaikulu kuposa 35% ya mtengo, deta inatayidwa. Njira yodziwira malire (MDL, Table S6) idatanthauzidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa labotale yopanda kanthu (n = 9) kuphatikiza katatu kusiyana kokhazikika. Ngati chigawo sichinazindikiridwe mu chosowacho, chiŵerengero cha chizindikiro-ku-phokoso chapawiri mu njira yotsika kwambiri (~ 10: 1) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera malire ozindikira chida. Kukhazikika mu labotale ndi zitsanzo zakumunda zinali
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa sefa ya mpweya kumasinthidwa kukhala kuphatikizika kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa gravimetric, ndipo kuchuluka kwa fyuluta ndi kusefa bwino kumasinthidwa kukhala kuphatikizika kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya molingana ndi equation 1:
kumene M (g) ndi chiwerengero chonse cha PM chomwe chimatengedwa ndi fyuluta, f (pg / g) ndizomwe zimakhala zowonongeka mu PM yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa, η ndiko kuyendetsa bwino kwa fyuluta (kuganiziridwa kuti ndi 100% chifukwa cha zosefera ndi kukula kwa tinthu [67]), Q (m3 / h) ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa volumetric kupyolera mu choyeretsa mpweya chonyamula, ndipo t (h) nthawi ndi nthawi. Kulemera kwa fyuluta kunalembedwa isanayambe komanso itatha kutumizidwa. Tsatanetsatane wa miyeso ndi kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya zimaperekedwa ndi Wang et al. [60].
Njira yotsatsira sampuli yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pepalali imayeza kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Tidayerekeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu gawo la gasi pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya Harner-Biedelman (Equation 2), potengera kufanana kwamankhwala pakati pa magawo [68]. Equation 2 idatengedwa ngati zinthu zakunja, koma idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyerekeza kugawidwa kwa tinthu mumlengalenga ndi m'nyumba [69, 70].
pamene log Kp ndi kusintha kwa logarithmic kwa particle-gas partition coefficient mumpweya, log Koa ndi kusintha kwa logarithmic kwa octanol/air partition coefficient, Koa (dimensionless), ndipo \({fom}\) ndi gawo la organic mu particulate matter (dimensionless). Mtengo wa fomu umatengedwa kukhala 0.4 [71, 72]. Mtengo wa Koa udatengedwa kuchokera ku OPERA 2.6 yomwe idapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito CompTox chemical monitoring dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Figure S2), popeza ili ndi kuyerekezera kocheperako poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoyerekeza [73]. Tidapezanso zoyeserera zakuyerekeza kwa Koa ndi Kowwin/HENRYWIN pogwiritsa ntchito EPISuite [74].
Popeza DF ya mankhwala onse omwe adapezeka anali ≤50%, amafunikira
Chithunzi S3 ndi Matebulo S6 ndi S8 akuwonetsa ma OPERA-based Koa values, particulate phase (sefa) ya gulu lililonse la mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi gawo la gasi lowerengedwa komanso kuchuluka kwathunthu. Kuchulukira kwa gawo la gasi ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe apezeka pagulu lililonse lamankhwala (ie, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, ndi Σ3STR) zopezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa ndi kuwerengetsa mitengo ya Koa kuchokera ku EPISuite amaperekedwa mu Matebulo S7 ndi S8, motsatana. Tinanena kuti kuyeza kuchuluka kwa magawo a gawo ndikuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kuwerengedwera pano (pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwa OPERA) ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera ku malipoti ochepa omwe si aulimi a kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi ndege komanso kuchokera ku maphunziro angapo a mabanja otsika aSES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kufananitsa uku ndikungoyerekeza chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zachitsanzo ndi zaka zophunzira. Kudziwa kwathu, zomwe zafotokozedwa pano ndi zoyamba kuyeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo kupatula ma organochlorine achikhalidwe mumpweya wamkati ku Canada.
Mu tinthu gawo, pazipita wapezeka ndende ya Σ8OCP anali 4400 pg/m3 (Table S8). OCP yokhala ndi ndende yayikulu kwambiri inali heptachlor (yoletsedwa mu 1985) yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 2600 pg/m3, kutsatiridwa ndi p, p′-DDT (yoletsedwa mu 1985) yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 1200 pg/m3 ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto. Ngakhale kulembetsa kwake kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba kudayimitsidwa mu 2011, DF yake imakhalabe 50% [55]. Makhalidwe apamwamba a DF ndi kuchuluka kwa ma OCP achikhalidwe akuwonetsa kuti ma OCP akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbuyomu komanso kuti amalimbikira m'nyumba [6].
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu awonetsa kuti zaka zakumanga zimayenderana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa ma OCP akale [6, 79]. Mwachizoloŵezi, ma OCP akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo m'nyumba, makamaka lindane pochiza nsabwe zapamutu, matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kusiyana ndi mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba pazachuma [80, 81]. Kuchuluka kwa lindane kunali 990 pg/m3.
Pa gawo lonse la zinthu ndi gasi, heptachlor inali ndi ndende yayikulu kwambiri, yokhala ndi 443,000 pg/m3. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Σ8OCP woyerekeza kuchokera kumitengo ya Koa m'magulu ena adalembedwa mu Table S8. Kuchuluka kwa heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, ndi endosulfan I kunali 2 (chlorothalonil) kuwirikiza 11 (endosulfan I) kuposa zomwe zimapezeka m'maphunziro ena a malo okhala anthu opeza ndalama zambiri ku United States ndi France omwe adayesedwa zaka 30 zapitazo [77, 842].
Kuphatikizika kwakukulu kwa gawo lonse la ma OP atatu (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, ndi diazinon—kunali 3,600 pg/m3. Mwa awa, malathion okha ndi omwe adalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku Canada. [55] Trichlorfon inali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la magawo mu gulu la OPP, lokhala ndi 3,600 pg/m3. Ku Canada, trichlorfon yagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo muzinthu zina zowononga tizilombo, monga kuwongolera ntchentche zosamva ndi mphemvu.[55] Malathion amalembetsedwa ngati rodenticide kuti agwiritse ntchito pogona, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakhala 2,800 pg/m3.
Kuchuluka kokwanira kwa Σ3OPPs (gasi + particles) mumlengalenga ndi 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 kutengera mtengo wa Koa EPISuite). Ma OPP a Airborne ndi otsika (DF 11-24%) kusiyana ndi OCP (DF 0-50%), zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwakukulu kwa OCP [85].
Ma diazinon ndi malathion omwe akufotokozedwa pano ndi apamwamba kuposa omwe anayesedwa zaka pafupifupi 20 zapitazo m'mabanja otsika kwambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ku South Texas ndi Boston (kumene diazinon yokha inanenedwa) [26, 78]. Miyezo ya diazinon yomwe tinkayesa inali yochepa kusiyana ndi yomwe inafotokozedwa mu maphunziro a mabanja otsika komanso apakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku New York ndi Northern California (sitinathe kupeza malipoti aposachedwapa m'mabuku) [76, 77].
Ma PYR ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa nsikidzi m'maiko ambiri, koma kafukufuku wochepa adayezera kuchuluka kwawo mumpweya wamkati [86, 87]. Aka ndi koyamba kuti zambiri za PYR zamkati zinenedwe ku Canada.
Mugawo la tinthu, kuchuluka kwa \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) ndi 36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I inali yodziwika kwambiri (DF% = 48), yokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa 32,000 pg/m3 pakati pa mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo. Pyrethroid I adalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti aziwongolera nsikidzi, mphemvu, tizilombo touluka, ndi tizirombo ta ziweto [55, 88]. Kuonjezera apo, pyrethrin I imatengedwa ngati chithandizo choyamba cha pediculosis ku Canada [89]. Poganizira kuti anthu okhala m'nyumba za anthu amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kugwidwa ndi nsikidzi ndi nsabwe [80, 81], tinkayembekezera kuti pyrethrin I ikwera kwambiri. Kudziwa kwathu, kafukufuku m'modzi yekha adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa pyrethrin I mumlengalenga wanyumba zogona, ndipo palibe amene adanenapo za pyrethrin I m'nyumba zochezera. Zomwe tidaziwona zinali zapamwamba kuposa zomwe zidanenedwa m'mabuku [90].
Magulu a Allethrin analinso okwera kwambiri, ndipo gawo lachiwiri lapamwamba kwambiri linali mu gawo la particulate pa 16,000 pg/m3, kenako permetrin (maximum concentration 14,000 pg/m3). Allethrin ndi permetrin amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga nyumba. Monga pyrethrin I, permetrin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Canada pochiza nsabwe za m'mutu.[89] Kuchuluka kwa L-cyhalothrin komwe kunapezeka kunali 6,000 pg/m3. Ngakhale L-cyhalothrin sinalembetsedwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kunyumba ku Canada, imavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamalonda kuteteza nkhuni ku nyerere zopala matabwa.[55, 91]
Kuchuluka kwa \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) mlengalenga kunali 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 kutengera mtengo wa Koa EPISuite). Kuchuluka kwa allethrin ndi permetrin pano (kuchuluka kwa 406,000 pg/m3 ndi 14,500 pg/m3, motsatira) kunali kokulirapo kuposa zomwe zimanenedwa m'maphunziro apansi a SES amkati [26, 77, 78]. Komabe, Wyatt et al. lipoti lapamwamba la permetrin mu mpweya wamkati wa nyumba za SES zotsika ku New York City kuposa zotsatira zathu (nthawi 12 pamwamba) [76]. Miyezo ya permetrin yomwe tidayeza idachokera kumapeto mpaka kufika pa 5300 pg/m3.
Ngakhale ma biocides a STR sanalembetsedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kunyumba ku Canada, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira zina monga mbali zosagwira nkhungu [75, 93]. Tidayeza magawo ocheperako ndi kuchuluka kwa \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) kwa 1200 pg/m3 ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) mpaka 1300 pg/m3. Kukhazikika kwa STR mumpweya wamkati sikunayesedwe kale.
Imidacloprid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid omwe amalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti athe kuthana ndi tizirombo ta ziweto zapakhomo.[55] Kuchuluka kwa imidacloprid mu gawo la particulate kunali 930 pg/m3, ndipo ndende yayikulu kwambiri mumlengalenga inali 34,000 pg/m3.
Mankhwala ophera bowa a propiconazole amalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chosungira matabwa muzomangira.[55] Kuphatikizika kwakukulu komwe timayezera mu gawo la particulate kunali 1100 pg/m3, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wamba kumayerekezedwa kukhala 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a dinitroaniline okhala ndi gawo lalikulu la 4400 pg/m3 komanso mpweya wokwanira wa 9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin sinalembetsedwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba ku Canada, koma gwero limodzi lodziwika bwino lingakhale kusuta fodya, monga tafotokozera pansipa.
Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo anali ogwirizana (Table S10). Monga zimayembekezeredwa, p,p′-DDT ndi p,p′-DDE anali ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu chifukwa p,p′-DDE ndi metabolite ya p,p′-DDT. Mofananamo, endosulfan I ndi endosulfan II analinso ndi mgwirizano waukulu chifukwa ndi ma diastereoisomers awiri omwe amapezeka pamodzi mu luso la endosulfan. Chiŵerengero cha ma diastereoisomers awiri (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) amasiyana 2: 1 mpaka 7: 3 malingana ndi kusakaniza kwaukadaulo [94]. Mu phunziro lathu, chiŵerengero chinachokera ku 1: 1 mpaka 2: 1.
Kenako tinayang'ana zochitika zomwe zingasonyeze kugwiritsiridwa ntchito limodzi kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo angapo mu mankhwala amodzi (onani chithunzithunzi cha breakpoint pa Chithunzi S4). Mwachitsanzo, kuyanjana kungathe kuchitika chifukwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zingathe kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kusakaniza kwa pyriproxyfen ndi tetramethrin. Apa, tidawona kulumikizana (p <0.01) ndi co-occurrence (6 mayunitsi) a mankhwalawa (Chithunzi S4 ndi Table S10), mogwirizana ndi kuphatikiza kwawo [75]. Kugwirizana kwakukulu (p <0.01) ndi zochitika zogwirizanitsa zidawonedwa pakati pa OCPs monga p,p′-DDT ndi lindane (mayunitsi 5) ndi heptachlor (mayunitsi 6), kutanthauza kuti anagwiritsidwa ntchito pakapita nthawi kapena anagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ziletso zisanayambe. Palibe kupezeka kwa OFP komwe kunawonedwa, kupatula diazinon ndi malathion, zomwe zidapezeka m'magawo awiri.
Mlingo wapamwamba wa co-occurrence (mayunitsi a 8) omwe amawonedwa pakati pa pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid ndi permethrin akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo atatuwa mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo pofuna kuthana ndi nkhupakupa, nsabwe ndi utitiri pa agalu [95]. Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha co-occurrence cha imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin (mayunitsi 4), propargyltrine (mayunitsi 4) ndi pyrethrin I (mayunitsi 9) adawonedwanso. Kudziwa kwathu, palibe malipoti ofalitsidwa a co-occurrence ya imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine ndi pyrethrin I ku Canada. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa m'maiko ena ali ndi zosakaniza za imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin ndi propargyltrine [96, 97]. Kuphatikiza apo, sitikudziwa chilichonse chopangidwa ndi pyrethrin I ndi imidacloprid. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo kutha kufotokozera zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa, monga momwe onse amagwiritsidwira ntchito poletsa nsikidzi, zomwe ndizofala m'nyumba za anthu [86, 98]. Tinapeza kuti permetrin ndi pyrethrin I (mayunitsi a 16) anali ogwirizana kwambiri (p <0.01) ndipo anali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba cha zochitika, kutanthauza kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi; izi zinalinso zoona kwa pyrethrin I ndi allethrin (mayunitsi 7, p <0.05), pamene permethrin ndi allthrin anali ndi mgwirizano wochepa (mayunitsi 5, p <0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin ndi thiophanate-methyl, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa fodya wa fodya, zinawonetsanso kugwirizanitsa ndi kuyanjana pamagulu asanu ndi anayi. Kugwirizana kowonjezera ndi zochitika zomwe zimachitika pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sanatchulidwepo, monga permetrin ndi STRs (ie, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, ndi trifloxystrobin).
Kulima ndi kukonza fodya kumadalira kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Miyezo ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu fodya imachepetsedwa panthawi yokolola, kuchiritsa, ndi kupanga zinthu zomaliza. Komabe, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zikadali m'masamba a fodya.[99] Kuwonjezera apo, masamba a fodya akhoza kupakidwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo akakolola.[100] Zotsatira zake, mankhwala ophera tizilombo apezeka m'masamba a fodya ndi utsi.
Ku Ontario, oposa theka la nyumba 12 zazikuluzikulu za nyumba za chikhalidwe cha anthu zilibe lamulo lopanda utsi, zomwe zimaika anthu pachiopsezo cha kusuta fodya wamba.[101] Nyumba zapanyumba za MURB mu phunziro lathu zinalibe ndondomeko yopanda utsi. Tidafufuza anthu okhalamo kuti adziwe zambiri za zomwe amasuta ndipo tidayendera mayunitsi paulendo wopita kunyumba kuti tiwone zizindikiro za kusuta. [59, 64] M'nyengo yozizira 2017, 30% ya okhalamo (14 mwa 46) amasuta.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-06-2025