Anthu okhala ndi moyo wochepa wachuma (SES) omwe amakhala m'nyumba zothandizidwa ndi boma kapena mabungwe opereka ndalama kwa anthu akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba chifukwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo amaikidwa chifukwa cha zolakwika m'nyumba, kusakonza bwino, ndi zina zotero.
Mu 2017, tinthu 28 tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo tinayesedwa mumlengalenga m'nyumba m'mayunitsi 46 a nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri zokhala ndi anthu osauka ku Toronto, Canada, pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyeretsera mpweya omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa sabata imodzi. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe anafufuzidwa anali ophera tizilombo ochokera m'magulu otsatirawa: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, ndi strobilurins.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo osachepera amodzi adapezeka mu 89% ya mayunitsi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo (DRs) pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo payokha kufika pa 50%, kuphatikizapo organochlorines yachikhalidwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano. Ma pyrethroids omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano anali ndi ma DF ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, ndipo pyrethroid I inali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa tinthu tating'ono ... Kugawidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi DF yambiri m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana kukusonyeza kuti magwero akuluakulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe apezeka anali mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo omwe amachitidwa ndi oyang'anira nyumba ndi/kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi anthu okhalamo.
Nyumba zogona anthu osauka zimafunika kwambiri, koma nyumbazi zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo zimadalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti zisamavutike. Tapeza kuti 89% ya mayunitsi onse 46 omwe adayesedwa adakumana ndi chimodzi mwa 28 mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo ma pyrethroids omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi ma organochlorines omwe aletsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali (monga DDT, heptachlor) ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu chifukwa cha kupirira kwawo m'nyumba. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo angapo omwe sanalembetsedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, monga ma strobilurins omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazipangizo zomangira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu za fodya, nawonso adayesedwa. Zotsatirazi, zomwe ndi deta yoyamba yaku Canada pa mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo m'nyumba, zikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amakumana ndi ambiri mwa iwo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mbewu zaulimi kuti achepetse kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo. Mu 2018, pafupifupi 72% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagulitsidwa ku Canada ankagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi, ndipo 4.5% yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okhala.[1] Chifukwa chake, maphunziro ambiri okhudza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kufalikira kwa tizilombo akuyang'ana kwambiri malo olima.[2,3,4] Izi zimasiya mipata yambiri pankhani ya mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo m'mabanja, komwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri poletsa tizilombo. M'malo okhala, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba kungapangitse kuti 15 mg ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo itulutsidwe m'chilengedwe.[5] Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba kuti athetse tizilombo monga mphemvu ndi nsikidzi. Ntchito zina za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimaphatikizapo kuwongolera tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m'nyumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa mipando ndi zinthu zomwe anthu amagula (monga makapeti aubweya, nsalu) ndi zipangizo zomangira (monga utoto wokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, drywall yosagwira nkhungu) [6,7,8,9]. Kuphatikiza apo, zochita za anthu okhalamo (monga kusuta fodya m'nyumba) zingayambitse kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima fodya m'malo okhala m'nyumba [10]. Njira ina yotulutsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndi mayendedwe awo kuchokera kunja [11,12,13].
Kuwonjezera pa ogwira ntchito zaulimi ndi mabanja awo, magulu ena ali pachiwopsezo chokumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ana amapezeka kwambiri ndi zinthu zambiri zodetsa m'nyumba, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuposa akuluakulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa, kumeza fumbi, komanso zizolowezi zogwiritsa ntchito manja ndi pakamwa poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa thupi [14, 15]. Mwachitsanzo, Trunnel et al. adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) m'mapiritsi apansi kunali kogwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa PYR metabolite mu mkodzo wa ana [16]. DF ya PYR pesticide metabolites yomwe inanenedwa mu Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) inali yayikulu mwa ana azaka zapakati pa 3-5 kuposa m'magulu achikulire [17]. Amayi oyembekezera ndi ana awo obadwa kumene amaonedwanso kuti ndi gulu losatetezeka chifukwa cha chiopsezo chokumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'moyo wawo wachinyamata. Wyatt et al. adanenanso kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magazi a amayi ndi akhanda anali ogwirizana kwambiri, mogwirizana ndi kusamutsidwa kwa amayi ndi mwana wosabadwayo [18].
Anthu okhala m'nyumba zosakwanira kapena zopanda ndalama zambiri ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokumana ndi zinthu zodetsa m'nyumba, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo [19, 20, 21]. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zachuma (SES) ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokumana ndi ma phthalates, ma halogenated flame retardants, ma organophosphorus plasticizers ndi ma flame retardants, ndi ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi SES yapamwamba [22,23,24]. Zina mwa zomwe zapezekazi zikugwira ntchito kwa anthu okhala m'nyumba za "social housing," zomwe timazitcha nyumba zobwereka zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi boma (kapena mabungwe othandizidwa ndi boma) omwe ali ndi anthu okhala m'nyumba za anthu ambiri (MURBs) zimakhala pachiwopsezo chotenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwika za kapangidwe kake (monga ming'alu ndi ming'alu m'makoma), kusowa kosamalira/kukonza bwino, ntchito zosakwanira zoyeretsa ndi kutaya zinyalala, komanso kuchulukana kwa anthu pafupipafupi [20, 26]. Ngakhale kuti pali mapulogalamu ophatikizana owongolera tizilombo omwe alipo kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa mapulogalamu owongolera tizilombo poyang'anira nyumba ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka m'nyumba zokhala ndi zipinda zambiri, tizilombo tingafalikire m'nyumba yonse [21, 27, 28]. Kufalikira kwa tizilombo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungakhudze kwambiri mpweya wa m'nyumba ndikuyika anthu okhalamo pachiwopsezo cha kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoipa paumoyo [29]. Kafukufuku wambiri ku United States wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa komanso omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano ndi okwera kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu osauka kuposa m'nyumba za anthu ambiri chifukwa cha kusakhala bwino kwa nyumba [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Chifukwa chakuti anthu okhala m'nyumba za anthu osauka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njira zochepa zochoka m'nyumba zawo, nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo.
M'nyumba, anthu okhala m'nyumba amatha kukhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimapitirirabe chifukwa chosowa kuwala kwa dzuwa, chinyezi, komanso njira zowononga tizilombo [33,34,35]. Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwanenedwa kuti kumakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa thanzi monga kulephera kwa ubongo (makamaka kuchepa kwa IQ yolankhula mwa anyamata), komanso khansa ya m'magazi, khansa ya muubongo (kuphatikizapo khansa ya ana), zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kusokonezeka kwa endocrine, ndi matenda a Alzheimer's.
Monga phwando la Stockholm Convention, Canada ili ndi zoletsa pa ma OCP asanu ndi anayi [42, 54]. Kuwunikanso zofunikira pa malamulo ku Canada kwapangitsa kuti pasakhale kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi ma OPP ndi carbamate m'nyumba zonse.[55] Bungwe Loona za Kusamalira Zilombo ku Canada (PMRA) limaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito PYR m'nyumba zina. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito cypermethrin pochiza ndi kufalitsa ma circumference m'nyumba kwayimitsidwa chifukwa cha momwe ingakhudzire thanzi la anthu, makamaka ana [56]. Chithunzi 1 chikupereka chidule cha zoletsa izi [55, 57, 58].
Mzere wa Y ukuyimira mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe apezeka (pamwamba pa malire ozindikira a njirayo, Table S6), ndipo mzere wa X ukuyimira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mumlengalenga mu gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono pamwamba pa malire ozindikira. Tsatanetsatane wa kuchuluka kwa kuzindikira ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawo waperekedwa mu Table S6.
Cholinga chathu chinali kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'nyumba ndi momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa komanso akale amakhudzira anthu m'mabanja omwe ali ndi moyo wochepa komanso wachuma ku Toronto, Canada, komanso kufufuza zina mwa zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi matendawa. Cholinga cha pepalali ndikudzaza kusiyana kwa deta yokhudza momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo komanso akale amakhudzira anthu m'nyumba za anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, makamaka popeza kuti deta ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ku Canada ndi yochepa kwambiri [6].
Ofufuzawo adayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri za MURB zomwe zinamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1970 m'malo atatu mumzinda wa Toronto. Nyumba zonse zili pamtunda wa makilomita 65 kuchokera kudera lililonse laulimi (kupatula malo osungiramo ziweto). Nyumbazi zikuyimira nyumba za anthu ku Toronto. Kafukufuku wathu ndi wowonjezera wa kafukufuku wamkulu yemwe adafufuza kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (PM) m'nyumba za anthu asanayambe komanso atakweza mphamvu [59,60,61]. Chifukwa chake, njira yathu yopezera zitsanzo inali yokwanira pakusonkhanitsa PM yowuluka m'mlengalenga.
Pa buloko lililonse, zosintha zinapangidwa zomwe zinaphatikizapo kusunga madzi ndi mphamvu (monga kusintha ma unit opumira mpweya, ma boiler ndi zida zotenthetsera) kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kukonza mpweya wabwino m'nyumba ndikuwonjezera kutentha [62, 63]. Nyumbazi zimagawidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa anthu okhalamo: okalamba, mabanja ndi anthu osakwatira. Makhalidwe ndi mitundu ya nyumba zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwina [24].
Zitsanzo makumi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi za fyuluta ya mpweya zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku nyumba 46 za MURB m'nyengo yozizira ya 2017 zinasanthulidwa. Kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu, kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo, ndi njira zosungira zinafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Wang et al. [60]. Mwachidule, chipinda cha aliyense wochita nawo kafukufukuyu chinali ndi chotsukira mpweya cha Amaircare XR-100 chokhala ndi fyuluta ya mpweya ya 127 mm yogwira ntchito bwino (zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fyuluta ya HEPA) kwa sabata imodzi. Zotsukira mpweya zonse zonyamulika zinatsukidwa ndi zopukutira za isopropyl musanagwiritse ntchito komanso mutagwiritsa ntchito kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa. Zotsukira mpweya zonyamulika zinayikidwa pakhoma la chipinda chochezera 30 cm kuchokera padenga ndi/kapena monga momwe anthu okhalamo analangizidwira kuti apewe kusokoneza anthu okhalamo ndikuchepetsa mwayi wolowa m'malo osaloledwa (onani Zowonjezera SI1, Chithunzi S1). Mu nthawi ya zitsanzo za sabata iliyonse, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kunali 39.2 m3/tsiku (onani SI1 kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuchuluka kwa mpweya). Asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo mu Januwale ndi February 2015, ulendo woyamba wa khomo ndi khomo ndikuyang'ana mawonekedwe a nyumba ndi khalidwe la anthu okhalamo (monga kusuta fodya) unachitika. Kafukufuku wotsatira unachitika pambuyo pa ulendo uliwonse kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2017. Zambiri zonse zaperekedwa mu Touchie et al. [64] Mwachidule, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuwunika khalidwe la anthu okhalamo ndi kusintha komwe kungachitike m'makhalidwe a m'nyumba ndi khalidwe la anthu okhalamo monga kusuta fodya, kugwira ntchito kwa zitseko ndi mawindo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma hood ochotsera kapena mafani akukhitchini pophika. [59, 64] Pambuyo pa kusintha, zosefera za mankhwala ophera tizilombo 28 zinasanthulidwa (endosulfan I ndi II ndi α- ndi γ-chlordane zinaonedwa ngati mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ndipo p,p′-DDE inali metabolite ya p,p′-DDT, osati mankhwala ophera tizilombo), kuphatikizapo mankhwala akale komanso amakono ophera tizilombo (Table S1).
Wang ndi anzake [60] anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira yochotsera ndi kuyeretsa. Chitsanzo chilichonse cha fyuluta chinagawika pakati ndipo theka linagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mankhwala ophera tizilombo 28 (Table S1). Zitsanzo za fyuluta ndi malo osungiramo zinthu m'ma laboratories zinali ndi zosefera zagalasi, chimodzi pa zitsanzo zisanu zilizonse pa zisanu ndi zinayi, zokongoletsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo asanu ndi limodzi (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) kuti ziwongolere kuchira. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunayesedwanso m'malo asanu osungiramo zinthu. Chitsanzo chilichonse cha fyuluta chinasinthidwa katatu kwa mphindi 20 chilichonse ndi 10 mL ya hexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific). Zomera zotulutsa zinthu zitatuzi zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi ndikuyikidwa mu 1 mL mu evaporator ya Zymark Turbovap pansi pa nayitrogeni wokhazikika. Chotsitsacho chinayeretsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma column a Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) kenako chinasungunuka kufika pa 0.5 mL pogwiritsa ntchito Zymark Turbovap ndikusamutsira ku amber GC vial. Kenako Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) inawonjezedwa ngati muyezo wamkati. Kusanthula kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC ndi Agilent 5977A MSD) mu njira za electron impact ndi chemical ionization. Ma parameter a zida amaperekedwa mu SI4 ndipo chidziwitso cha quantitative ion chimaperekedwa mu Matebulo S3 ndi S4.
Asanachotsedwe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembedwa mayina ankaikidwa m'zitsanzo ndi m'malo opanda kanthu (Table S2) kuti ayang'anire kuchira panthawi yowunika. Kubwezedwa kwa mankhwala odziwika bwino m'zitsanzo kunali kuyambira 62% mpaka 83%; zotsatira zonse za mankhwala payokha zinakonzedwa kuti zibwezeretsedwe. Deta inakonzedwa yopanda kanthu pogwiritsa ntchito avareji ya labotale ndi miyeso yopanda kanthu ya mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo (miyeso yalembedwa mu Table S5) malinga ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Saini et al. [65]: pamene kuchuluka kopanda kanthu kunali kochepera 5% ya kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo, palibe kukonza kopanda kanthu komwe kunachitidwa pa mankhwala payokha; pamene kuchuluka kopanda kanthu kunali 5-35%, deta inakonzedwa yopanda kanthu; ngati kuchuluka kopanda kanthu kunali koposa 35% ya mtengo, deta inatayidwa. Malire ozindikira njira (MDL, Table S6) adatanthauzidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa avareji kwa malo opanda kanthu a labotale (n = 9) kuphatikiza katatu kupotoka kokhazikika. Ngati mankhwala sanapezeke m'malo opanda kanthu, chiŵerengero cha chizindikiro-ku-phokoso cha mankhwala mu yankho lotsika kwambiri (~10:1) chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera malire ozindikira zida. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'ma laboratories ndi m'magawo kunali
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa fyuluta ya mpweya kumasinthidwa kukhala kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe timalowa m'mlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa gravimetric, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka fyuluta ndi magwiridwe antchito a fyuluta zimasinthidwa kukhala kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe timalowa m'mlengalenga motsatira equation 1:
kumene M (g) ndi kulemera konse kwa PM komwe kwagwidwa ndi fyuluta, f (pg/g) ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsa mu PM yosonkhanitsidwa, η ndi mphamvu ya fyuluta (yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi 100% chifukwa cha zinthu zosefera ndi kukula kwa tinthu [67]), Q (m3/h) ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka kudzera mu chotsukira mpweya chonyamulika, ndipo t (h) ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulemera kwa fyuluta kunalembedwa isanayambe komanso itatha kuyikidwa. Tsatanetsatane wathunthu wa miyeso ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka waperekedwa ndi Wang et al. [60].
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pepalali inangoyesa kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka mu ...
pomwe log Kp ndi kusintha kwa logarithmic kwa choyezera cha particle-gas mumlengalenga, log Koa ndi kusintha kwa logarithmic kwa choyezera cha octanol/air partition, Koa (dimensionless), ndi \({fom}\) ndi gawo la zinthu zachilengedwe mu particle matter (dimensionless). Mtengo wa fom umatengedwa kuti ndi 0.4 [71, 72]. Mtengo wa Koa unatengedwa kuchokera ku OPERA 2.6 womwe unapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito dashboard ya CompTox chemical monitoring (US EPA, 2023) (Chithunzi S2), popeza uli ndi ziwerengero zochepa poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoyezera [73]. Tinapezanso ziwerengero zoyesera za ziwerengero za Koa ndi Kowwin/HENRYWIN pogwiritsa ntchito EPISuite [74].
Popeza DF ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo omwe adapezeka inali ≤50%, mitengo
Chithunzi S3 ndi Matebulo S6 ndi S8 zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa Koa kochokera ku OPERA, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (fyuluta) ya gulu lililonse la mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi gawo lowerengedwa la mpweya ndi kuchuluka konse. Kuchuluka kwa gasi ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe apezeka pa gulu lililonse la mankhwala (monga, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, ndi Σ3STR) komwe kwapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa Koa koyesera ndi kowerengedwa kuchokera ku EPISuite kwaperekedwa mu Matebulo S7 ndi S8, motsatana. Timapereka lipoti la kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komwe kwayesedwa ndikuyerekeza kuchuluka konse kwa mpweya komwe kwawerengedwa pano (pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kochokera ku OPERA) ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera ku malipoti ochepa osakhala a ulimi okhudza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa ndi mpweya komanso kuchokera ku maphunziro angapo a mabanja otsika a SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kufananiza kumeneku ndi koyerekeza chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zotsanzira zitsanzo ndi zaka zophunzirira. Malinga ndi zomwe tikudziwa, deta yomwe yaperekedwa pano ndi yoyamba kuyeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo kupatula ma organochlorine achikhalidwe mumlengalenga wamkati ku Canada.
Mu gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa Σ8OCP komwe kunapezeka kunali 4400 pg/m3 (Table S8). OCP yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu inali heptachlor (yoletsedwa mu 1985) yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 2600 pg/m3, kutsatiridwa ndi p,p′-DDT (yoletsedwa mu 1985) yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 1200 pg/m3 ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo opha mabakiteriya komanso oyambitsa bowa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto. Ngakhale kulembetsa kwake kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba kunayimitsidwa mu 2011, DF yake ikadali pa 50% [55]. Ma DF apamwamba komanso kuchuluka kwa OCP achikhalidwe kukuwonetsa kuti OCP zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kale ndipo zimakhalabe m'malo okhala m'nyumba [6].
Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti zaka zomangira nyumba zimagwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa OCP akale [6, 79]. Mwachikhalidwe, OCPs akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo m'nyumba, makamaka lindane pochiza nsabwe za m'mutu, matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chotsika cha zachuma kuposa m'mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chokwera cha zachuma [80, 81]. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa lindane kunali 990 pg/m3.
Pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tonse ndi gasi, heptachlor inali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 443,000 pg/m3. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wa Σ8OCP komwe kunayerekezeredwa kuchokera ku mitengo ya Koa m'mitundu ina kwalembedwa mu Table S8. Kuchuluka kwa heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, ndi endosulfan I kunali kokwera nthawi 2 (chlorothalonil) mpaka 11 (endosulfan I) kuposa komwe kunapezeka mu maphunziro ena a malo okhala anthu ambiri komanso otsika ku United States ndi France omwe adayesedwa zaka 30 zapitazo [77, 82,83,84].
Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta OPs (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, ndi diazinon—kunali 3,600 pg/m3. Mwa izi, malathion yokha ndi yomwe yalembetsedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba ku Canada.[55] Trichlorfon inali ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka mu OPP, ndipo inali ndi kuchuluka kwa 3,600 pg/m3. Ku Canada, trichlorfon yagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'zinthu zina zowononga tizilombo, monga kuwongolera ntchentche ndi mphemvu zosalimba.[55] Malathion yalembetsedwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba, ndipo inali ndi kuchuluka kwa 2,800 pg/m3.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya (Σ3OPPs) mumlengalenga ndi 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 kutengera mtengo wa Koa EPISuite). Kuchuluka kwa mpweya (Airborne OPP) ndi kotsika (DF 11–24%) kuposa kuchuluka kwa OCP (DF 0–50%), zomwe mwina zimachitika chifukwa cha kupirira kwakukulu kwa OCP [85].
Kuchuluka kwa diazinon ndi malathion komwe kwanenedwa pano ndi kwakukulu kuposa komwe kunayesedwa zaka 20 zapitazo m'mabanja omwe ali ndi vuto la zachuma ku South Texas ndi Boston (komwe diazinon yokha ndi yomwe inanenedwa) [26, 78]. Kuchuluka kwa diazinon komwe tinayesa kunali kotsika kuposa komwe kunanenedwa m'maphunziro a mabanja omwe ali ndi vuto la zachuma komanso zachuma ku New York ndi Northern California (sitinathe kupeza malipoti aposachedwa m'mabuku) [76, 77].
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa PYR ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nsikidzi m'maiko ambiri, koma kafukufuku wochepa ndiye amene anayeza kuchuluka kwawo mumlengalenga [86, 87]. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti deta ya PYR m'nyumba inenedwe ku Canada.
Mu gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) ndi 36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I inali yomwe imapezeka kwambiri (DF% = 48), yokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa 32,000 pg/m3 pakati pa mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo. Pyrethroid I yalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti ithane ndi nsikidzi, mphemvu, tizilombo touluka, ndi tizilombo towononga ziweto [55, 88]. Kuphatikiza apo, pyrethrin I imaonedwa ngati mankhwala oyamba a pediculosis ku Canada [89]. Popeza anthu okhala m'nyumba za anthu amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nsikidzi ndi nsabwe [80, 81], tinkayembekezera kuti kuchuluka kwa pyrethrin I kukhale kwakukulu. Malinga ndi zomwe tikudziwa, kafukufuku m'modzi yekha ndiye adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa pyrethrin I kuli m'nyumba za anthu, ndipo palibe amene adanena kuti pyrethrin I ili m'nyumba za anthu. Kuchuluka komwe tidawona kunali kwakukulu kuposa komwe kunanenedwa m'mabuku [90].
Kuchuluka kwa allethrin kunalinso kwakukulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwachiwiri kwakukulu kunali mu gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono pa 16,000 pg/m3, kutsatiridwa ndi permethrin (kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 14,000 pg/m3). Allethrin ndi permethrin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga nyumba. Monga pyrethrin I, permethrin imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Canada pochiza nsabwe za m'mutu.[89] Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa L-cyhalothrin komwe kwapezeka kunali 6,000 pg/m3. Ngakhale L-cyhalothrin sinalembetsedwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ku Canada, yavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamalonda kuti iteteze matabwa ku nyerere zamatabwa.[55, 91]
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya ({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) mumlengalenga kunali 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 kutengera mtengo wa Koa EPISuite). Kuchuluka kwa Allethrin ndi permethrin pano (kuchuluka kwa 406,000 pg/m3 ndi 14,500 pg/m3, motsatana) kunali kokwera kuposa komwe kunanenedwa mu kafukufuku wa mpweya wamkati wa SES wochepa [26, 77, 78]. Komabe, Wyatt et al. adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa permethrin mumlengalenga wamkati wa nyumba za SES zotsika ku New York City kunali kokwera kuposa zotsatira zathu (kuchuluka nthawi 12) [76]. Kuchuluka kwa permethrin komwe tinayesa kunayambira kumapeto otsika mpaka kufika pa 5300 pg/m3.
Ngakhale kuti mankhwala a STR biocides sanalembedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba ku Canada, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zipangizo zina zomangira monga siding yosagwira nkhungu [75, 93]. Tinayesa kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tochepa kwambiri ndi \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) yayikulu ya 1200 pg/m3 ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wonse \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) mpaka 1300 pg/m3. Kuchuluka kwa STR mu mpweya wamkati sikunayesedwe kale.
Imidacloprid ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa neonicotinoid omwe adalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti achepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zinyama zapakhomo.[55] Kuchuluka kwa imidacloprid mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono kunali 930 pg/m3, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu mumlengalenga kunali 34,000 pg/m3.
Mankhwala a propiconazole ophera fungicide adalembetsedwa ku Canada kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chosungira matabwa mu zipangizo zomangira.[55] Kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe tinayesa mu gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono kunali 1100 pg/m3, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe kumapezeka mumlengalenga wonse kunayerekezeredwa kukhala 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa dinitroaniline omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi 4400 pg/m3 komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumakhala 9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin siinalembetsedwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba ku Canada, koma njira imodzi yomwe ingayambitse vutoli ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fodya, monga tafotokozera pansipa.
Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo anali ogwirizana (Table S10). Monga momwe tinkayembekezera, p,p′-DDT ndi p,p′-DDE zinali ndi mgwirizano wofunikira chifukwa p,p′-DDE ndi metabolite ya p,p′-DDT. Mofananamo, endosulfan I ndi endosulfan II zinalinso ndi mgwirizano wofunikira chifukwa ndi ma diastereoisomers awiri omwe amapezeka pamodzi mu endosulfan yaukadaulo. Chiŵerengero cha ma diastereoisomers awiri (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) chimasiyana kuyambira 2:1 mpaka 7:3 kutengera kusakaniza kwaukadaulo [94]. Mu kafukufuku wathu, chiŵerengerocho chinali kuyambira 1:1 mpaka 2:1.
Kenako tinayang'ana zochitika zomwe zingasonyeze kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamodzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo mu mankhwala amodzi ophera tizilombo (onani chithunzi cha breakpoint mu Chithunzi S4). Mwachitsanzo, zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi zimatha kuchitika chifukwa zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito, monga kusakaniza kwa pyriproxyfen ndi tetramethrin. Pano, tinawona mgwirizano (p < 0.01) ndi zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi (mayunitsi 6) a mankhwala ophera tizilombo awa (Chithunzi S4 ndi Table S10), mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kawo kophatikizana [75]. Kugwirizana kwakukulu (p < 0.01) ndi zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi kunawonedwa pakati pa ma OCP monga p,p′-DDT ndi lindane (mayunitsi 5) ndi heptachlor (mayunitsi 6), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi zisanayambe zoletsazo. Palibe kupezeka kwa OFP komwe kunawonedwa, kupatula diazinon ndi malathion, zomwe zinapezeka m'mayunitsi awiri.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo (mayunitsi 8) komwe kumapezeka pakati pa pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid ndi permethrin kungafotokozedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atatu ophera tizilombo m'mankhwala ophera tizilombo poletsa nkhupakupa, nsabwe ndi utitiri pa agalu [95]. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin (mayunitsi 4), propargyltrine (mayunitsi 4) ndi pyrethrin I (mayunitsi 9) kunawonedwanso. Monga momwe tikudziwira, palibe malipoti ofalitsidwa okhudza kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine ndi pyrethrin I ku Canada. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa m'maiko ena ali ndi zosakaniza za imidacloprid ndi L-cypermethrin ndi propargyltrine [96, 97]. Kuphatikiza apo, sitikudziwa za mankhwala aliwonse omwe ali ndi zosakaniza za pyrethrin I ndi imidacloprid. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse awiri ophera tizilombo kungafotokoze kuyanjana komwe kulipo, chifukwa zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa nsikidzi, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu [86, 98]. Tapeza kuti permethrin ndi pyrethrin I (mayunitsi 16) zinali zogwirizana kwambiri (p < 0.01) ndipo zinali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zochitika pamodzi, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zinagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi; izi zinali zoonanso pa pyrethrin I ndi allethrin (mayunitsi 7, p < 0.05), pomwe permethrin ndi allethrin zinali ndi mgwirizano wochepa (mayunitsi 5, p < 0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin ndi thiophanate-methyl, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu za fodya, zinawonetsanso mgwirizano ndi zochitika pamodzi pa mayunitsi asanu ndi anayi. Kugwirizana kwina ndi zochitika pamodzi kunawonedwa pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sananenedwepo, monga permethrin ndi STRs (monga, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, ndi trifloxystrobin).
Kulima ndi kukonza fodya kumadalira kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu fodya kumachepa panthawi yokolola, kuyeretsa, ndi kupanga zinthu zomaliza. Komabe, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimakhalabe m'masamba a fodya.[99] Kuphatikiza apo, masamba a fodya amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo akakolola.[100] Zotsatira zake, mankhwala ophera tizilombo apezeka m'masamba a fodya komanso mu utsi.
Ku Ontario, nyumba zoposa theka mwa nyumba 12 zazikulu kwambiri za anthu sizili ndi mfundo zoletsa utsi, zomwe zimaika anthu okhala m'nyumbazo pachiwopsezo chosuta utsi wa anthu ena.[101] Nyumba za MURB zomwe zili m'kafukufuku wathu sizinali ndi mfundo zoletsa utsi. Tinafufuza anthu okhala m'nyumbamo kuti tidziwe zambiri zokhudza khalidwe lawo losuta fodya ndipo tinachita kafukufuku wa nyumba zathu poyendera anthu m'nyumba zawo kuti tipeze zizindikiro za kusuta.[59, 64] M'nyengo yozizira ya 2017, 30% ya anthu okhala m'nyumba (14 mwa 46) ankasuta fodya.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-06-2025