Acaricides ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muulimi, mafakitale ndi mafakitale ena.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nthata zaulimi, kapena nkhupakupa pa ziweto kapena ziweto.Chaka chilichonse dziko lapansi limawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization la United Nations, 80 peresenti ya ng’ombe za padziko lonse zimagwidwa ndi nkhupakupa, zomwe zimawonongetsa dziko ndalama zokwana madola 7.3 biliyoni pachaka chifukwa cha kusoŵa chuma.Ku South America, zomera za soya zomwe zinawonongeka ndi kangaude Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zinataya pafupifupi 18.28% pa zokolola za phala.Ku China, pafupifupi maekala 40 miliyoni a citrus alinso ndi Panonychus citri (McGregor).Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa ma acaricides kukukulirakulira chaka ndi chaka.Zogulitsa zisanu ndi zitatu zapamwamba pamsika wa acaricide mu 2018 ndi: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, ndi propargite, hexythiazox, ndi fenpyroximate, malonda awo onse ndi US $ 572 miliyoni, kuwerengera 69.1% pamsika, msika wapadziko lonse lapansi kukula kukuyembekezeka kufika US $ 2 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025. Kukula kwa msika wa ma acaricides kukuyenera kukhala kokulirapo pomwe malo olima padziko lonse lapansi akuchepa, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kufunikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kukuchulukirachulukira, komanso kufunikira kwa njira zokhazikika zaulimi kukukulirakulira.
Kuwunika kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa acaricide kukuwonetsa kuti akangaude ofiira, Panclaw citrus ndi Panonychus urmi ndiwo mitundu yofunika kwambiri pazachuma ya nthata, zomwe zikupitilira 80% pamsika.Tizilombo tina tofanana ndi pseudo spider mites (makamaka akangaude aafupi), nthata za dzimbiri ndi ndulu ndi horsefly nthata.Masamba ndi zipatso, kuphatikizapo citrus, mphesa, soya, thonje, ndi chimanga, ndi mbewu zazikulu zomwe amathira mankhwala acaricides.
Komabe, chifukwa chafupikitsa moyo, parthenogenesis, wapadera kagayidwe kachakudya zida ndi amphamvu chilengedwe kusinthasintha wa herbivorous nthata monga akangaude ndi panclaw nthata, kukana awo acaricides wakula mofulumira.Nsabwe zimapanga 3 mwa 12 za arthropods zosamva zomwe zanenedwa.Pakugwiritsa ntchito ma acaricides padziko lonse lapansi, ma acaricides wamba monga organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, ndi pyrethroids akadali pamalo apamwamba.M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ngakhale kuti ma acaricides apamwamba kwambiri monga bifenazate ndi acetafenac atuluka, vuto la homogenization ya acaricides likadali lalikulu.Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso mosagwirizana ndi sayansi ya ma acaricides awa, nthata zambiri za herbivorous zapanga magawo osiyanasiyana olimbana ndi ma acaricides pamsika, ndipo zotsatira zake zatsika kwambiri.Kumbali ina, ndi chidwi chochulukirachulukira pazachilengedwe komanso kukwera kwapang'onopang'ono kwaulimi wachilengedwe, kufunikira kwazinthu zachilengedwe kuti ziteteze mbewu pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi kwakula kwambiri.Choncho, chitukuko cha otetezeka, kothandiza, ochezeka zachilengedwe, zosavulaza kwa adani achilengedwe ndi Otetezeka ndi ma acaricides atsopano achilengedwe omwe sali ophweka kupanga kukana ali pafupi.
Kutengera izi, ndikofunikira mwachangu kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi mafakitale agwiritse ntchito mokwanira zabwino zazachilengedwe zaku China kulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma biological acaricides.
1. Research maziko a veratrotrol alkaloids
Hellebore, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti phiri anyezi, wakuda hellebore, ndi mankhwala osatha.Monga chomera chachilengedwe chopha tizirombo ku China, anthu nthawi zambiri amakumba ma rhizomes ake nthawi ya zomera ndikukazinga mumtsuko wofewa wotsukira nkhosa, mbuzi, ng'ombe ndi ziweto zina, komanso kuthana ndi mphutsi za m'nyumba ndi tizirombo tina.Kenako ofufuza adapeza kuti hellebore imakhalanso ndi mphamvu yowongolera tizirombo tina.Mwachitsanzo, ethyl acetate Tingafinye Veratrum rhizome ali ndi ntchito zabwino tizilombo pa wachiwiri ndi wachitatu instar mphutsi wa Plutella xylostella, pamene Veratrol alkaloid Tingafinye ali ndi zotsatira zakupha munthu wamkulu ndi wachinayi instar mphutsi za mphemvu German.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ofufuza adapezanso kuti zigawo zosiyana za Veratrum rhizome zimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino ya acaricidal, yomwe ili ndi ethanol Tingafinye> chloroform Tingafinye> n-butanol Tingafinye.
Komabe, momwe mungatulutsire zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndizovuta.Ofufuza achi China nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic m'zigawo, kuchotsa madzi, ethanol percolation m'zigawo, ndi supercritical CO2 m'zigawo kuti apeze yogwira zinthu kuchokera Veratrum rhizomes.Pakati pawo, ammonia alkalized chloroform akupanga m'zigawo njira amagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa poizoni zosungunulira chloroform ngakhale m'zigawo mlingo ndi ndi mkulu;njira yochotsera madzi imakhala ndi nthawi zambiri zochotsa madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri, komanso kutsika kochepa;mtengo ndi wotsika.The supercritical CO2 m'zigawo njira kuchotsa veratroline alkaloids osati mkulu mlingo m'zigawo, zosakaniza yogwira si kuwonongedwa, komanso mankhwala ntchito ndi chiyero cha zosakaniza yogwira wa mankhwala analandira bwino kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, zotsalira za CO2 zopanda poizoni komanso zopanda zosungunulira zilibe vuto kwa thupi la munthu komanso chilengedwe, zomwe zimatha kuchedwetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha njira zachikhalidwe zochotsa, ndipo zalembedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwaukadaulo wabwino kwambiri wochotsa ndi kulekanitsa chomera mankhwala zotsatira.Komabe, kupanga kowopsa komanso kukwera mtengo kumalepheretsa ntchito yake yayikulu yamafakitale.
2. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha alkaloids veratrotrol
Phunzirani paukadaulo wochotsa Veratrum.The co-m'zigawo luso makamaka zochokera chikhalidwe Chinese mankhwala zinthu veratrorum, kuwonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mankhwala., Veratrotoin ndi zosakaniza zina angapo yogwira anakonza pamodzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana ntchito mosalekeza wachotsa botanical mankhwala zipangizo, kuti azidzadziyeretsa ndi mpweya wa ogwira zigawo zikuluzikulu yogwira mu botanical mankhwala zipangizo mu magawo.Kupeza zigawo zamagulu zamagulu omwe ali ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana kapena magwiridwe antchito ofanana kuchokera pagulu lomwelo lazopangira.Kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu zopangira botanical, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, ndikuwonjezera kwambiri mpikisano wamsika.
Phunzirani pamachitidwe azinthu za Veratrum yogwira ntchito.Veratrol rhizome extract ndi mtundu wosakaniza, womwe uli ndi zinthu zoposa khumi zogwira ntchito monga veratrol, resveratrol, veratotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, ndi resveratrol oxide.Manjenje dongosolo la tizirombo.
Malinga ndi malipoti ofufuza, kawopsedwe ake amachokera pakutsegulidwa kwa mayendedwe otengera magetsi a Na+, komwe kumatsegula njira za Ca2+ zoyambitsa magetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma neurotransmitter atulutsidwe.Magetsi amagetsi a sodium ion njira ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsa ma neuronal ndi minofu.Zomwe zimagwira mu Veratrum Tingafinye zimatha kuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa njira za sodium ion, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa membrane permeability, kuchititsa kunjenjemera komanso kufa.
Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri ena a ku France adanenanso kuti veratroline alkaloids imathanso kuletsa mopanda mpikisano acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ya tizilombo.Chifukwa buku limagwirira zochita za veratrotrol alkaloids, Mipikisano malo kuukira akhoza kuchitika, ndipo n'zovuta kuti nthata azolowere Mipikisano kanthu malo mankhwala mwa kusintha kwawo structural, kotero n'zosavuta kukhala mankhwala kukana.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome Tingafinye kukonzekera luso.Mothandizidwa ndi luso m'zigawo zapamwamba ndi kuwonjezeredwa ndi luso kukonzekera bwino, mavuto padziko mankhwala ndi yaing'ono, amene mwamsanga kukulunga tizilombo thupi, kulimbikitsa malowedwe ndi mayamwidwe a mankhwala njira, ndi kumapangitsanso zotsatira zosakaniza yogwira.Ili ndi dispersibility yabwino m'madzi, ndipo yankho limakhala lowonekera komanso lofanana pambuyo kubalalitsidwa.Dilution nthawi 1000, nthawi yonyowetsa chinsalu chonse ndi masekondi 44, ndipo imatha kunyowa mwachangu ndikulowa.Kukhazikika kwa kufalikira kwa kuwala kochulukirapo kunawonetsa kuti kukonzekera kwa 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome kunali kukhazikika kwabwino komanso kumakwaniritsa malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito.
Kafukufuku akupita patsogolo paukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract
Ukadaulo watsopano wasintha kwambiri zinthu zofulumira za mankhwalawa.Poyerekeza ndi zamakono zamakono, mankhwalawa achepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi.Kupyolera mu ndondomeko yapadera, zosakaniza zomwe zili mu mankhwalawa zimakhala zambiri, ndipo zotsatira za synergistic zimawonekera kwambiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, ikagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo, choyamba, imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa akangaude ofiira, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwongolera mphamvu.Kufotokozera mwachidule, mu nthawi yayitali ya zipatso za citrus Panonychus mite ku Hezhou, Guangxi, China, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole inali yogwira ntchito mu mphindi 20, palibe tizilombo tamoyo tinawoneka patatha masiku atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo Kuwongolera kunali masiku 11 pambuyo pa ntchito.ikhoza kusungidwa pamwamba pa 95%.Kumayambiriro kwa Jiangxi Ruijin navel lalanje citrus panclaw nthata, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome Tingafinye + 30% tetramizine bifenazate onse anafa tsiku 1 pambuyo ntchito, ndipo palibe tizilombo tamoyo anaonekera patatha masiku 3 ntchito., zotsatira zowongolera zili pafupi ndi 99% pambuyo pa masiku 16.
Zotsatira za bioassay zomwe zili pamwambazi zikusonyeza kuti pamene chiwerengero cha akangaude ofiira chili chochepa kapena chokwera, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, rhizome ya Veratella vulgaris ikhoza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mphutsi zofiira ndi kuwongolera mphamvu. zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Zinawonetsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zowongolera.Pa nthawi yomweyo, rhizome Tingafinye wa hellebore amachokera zomera.Pa analimbikitsa ndende, ndi otetezeka ntchito mu budding, maluwa, ndi achinyamata zipatso magawo ambiri zomera, ndipo alibe mphamvu pa kukula kwa mphukira, maluwa ndi zipatso.Ndiwotetezeka komanso osakonda zachilengedwe kwa zamoyo zomwe sizili zolimbana nazo monga adani achilengedwe a nthata, ndipo sizilimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi ma acaricides omwe alipo.Ndiwoyenera kwambiri kuphatikizira kasamalidwe ka nthata (IPM).Ndipo ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga etoxazole, spirodiclofen, ndi bifenazate mu citrus akhoza kukwaniritsa mokwanira "China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limites of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union Zakudya”.Pesticide Residue Limit Standard ndi US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard in Foods imapereka chitsimikizo cholimba chachitetezo chazakudya komanso mtundu ndi chitetezo chazaulimi.
Ukadaulo wosintha ma gene umalimbikitsa kutukuka kwa hellebore
Hellebore ndi mankhwala wamba ndipo ndi zitsamba zosatha za banja la Liliaceae.Amamera m'mapiri, m'nkhalango kapena m'tchire.Imagawidwa ku Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu ndi malo ena ku China.Lili ndi chuma chakutchire.Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, kutulutsa kwamankhwala kwa hellebore pachaka kuli pafupi ndi matani 300-500, ndipo mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, monga hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, ndi Guling hellebore, ndipo zigawo zogwira ntchito zamtundu uliwonse ndizo. osati chimodzimodzi.
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha biotechnology komanso kafukufuku wozama pazamankhwala a hellebore, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosintha ma gene kuti apititse patsogolo mankhwala a hellebore ndi kuweta mwakupanga kwa mitundu yamtundu wakuthengo kwapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono.Kulima mopanga mitundu ya hellebore kudzachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa migodi ya hellebore kuzinthu zakuthengo, ndikupititsa patsogolo kutukuka kwa hellebore m'munda waulimi ndi zamankhwala.
M'tsogolomu, zotulutsa zachilengedwe za hellebore rhizome zomwe zimachokera ku zitsamba zamankhwala zikuyembekezeka kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito ma acaricides achikhalidwe, ndikuwonjezeranso kuwongolera kwazinthu zaulimi, kukonza bwino ndi chitetezo chazaulimi, kukonza chilengedwe chaulimi. ndi kusunga zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.chopereka chachikulu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-08-2022