Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa acaricides ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ulimi, mafakitale ndi mafakitale ena. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nthata zaulimi, kapena nkhupakupa pa ziweto kapena ziweto. Chaka chilichonse dziko lapansi limataya kwambiri chifukwa cha tizilombo tomwe timawononga tizilombo. Malinga ndi Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 80 peresenti ya ng'ombe padziko lonse lapansi zimataya nkhupakupa, zomwe zimawononga ndalama zokwana $7.3 biliyoni pachaka. Ku South America, zomera za soya zomwe zawonongeka ndi nthata za kangaude Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zinataya pafupifupi 18.28% mu zokolola za chimanga. Ku China, pafupifupi maekala 40 miliyoni a citrus nawonso amataya Panonychus citri (McGregor). Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kukuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu zapamwamba pamsika wa acaricide mu 2018 ndi izi: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, ndi propargite, hexythiazox, ndi fenpyroximate, malonda awo onse ndi US$572 miliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa 69.1% ya msika wa acaricide, ndipo kukula kwa msika kukuyembekezeka kufika US$2 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025. Kukula kwa msika wa acaricide kungakhale kwakukulu pamene malo olima padziko lonse lapansi akuchepa, chiwerengero cha anthu chikuwonjezeka, kufunikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kukuwonjezeka, komanso kufunikira kwa njira zokhazikika zaulimi kukuwonjezeka.
Kusanthula kwa msika wa acaricide padziko lonse lapansi kukuwonetsa kuti nthata zofiira, Panclaw citrus ndi Panonychus urmi ndi mitundu yofunika kwambiri pazachuma ya nthata zowononga, zomwe zimawerengera oposa 80% ya msika. Nthata zina zokhudzana nazo ndi nthata za kangaude (makamaka nthata zazifupi), nthata za dzimbiri ndi nthata za ndulu ndi nthata za horsefly. Ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso, kuphatikizapo zipatso za citrus, mphesa, soya, thonje, ndi chimanga, ndi mbewu zazikulu zomwe mankhwala ophera acaricide amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komabe, chifukwa cha moyo waufupi, parthenogenesis, zida zapadera za kagayidwe kachakudya komanso kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwa nthata zodya zomera monga akangaude ndi nthata za panclaw, kukana kwawo ku acaricides kwakula mofulumira. Nthatazi zimakhala ndi mitundu itatu mwa 12 ya arthropods yolimbana ndi matenda yomwe yanenedwa. Pakugwiritsa ntchito acaricides padziko lonse lapansi, mankhwala ochiritsira monga organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, ndi pyrethroids akadali ndi udindo waukulu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ngakhale kuti mankhwala ochiritsira monga bifenazate ndi acetafenac ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri atuluka, vuto la kusakanikirana kwa acaricides likadali lalikulu. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kosakhudzana ndi sayansi kwa acaricides awa, nthata zambiri zodya zomera zakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolimbana ndi acaricides ya mankhwala pamsika, ndipo zotsatira zake zatsika kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, chifukwa cha chidwi chowonjezeka pa nkhani zachilengedwe komanso kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono m'dera la ulimi wachilengedwe, kufunikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kuteteza mbewu pamsika wapadziko lonse kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha mankhwala otetezeka, ogwira ntchito bwino, osawononga chilengedwe, osavulaza adani achilengedwe komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ndi osavuta kuwapanga kuti asawonongeke chikuyembekezeka.
Kutengera izi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi mafakitale chigwiritse ntchito mokwanira zabwino za zinthu zachilengedwe zaku China kuti zilimbikitse kafukufuku, chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
1. Mbiri ya kafukufuku wa ma alkaloid a veratrotrol
Hellebore, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti anyezi a m'mapiri, hellebore wakuda, ndi mankhwala osatha. Monga chomera chophera tizilombo ku China, anthu nthawi zambiri amakumba mizu yake nthawi ya zomera ndikuikazinga mu msuzi wofewa kuti asambe nkhosa, mbuzi, ng'ombe ndi ziweto zina ozizira, komanso kuthana ndi mphutsi za ntchentche ndi tizilombo tina. Kenako ofufuza adapeza kuti hellebore ilinso ndi mphamvu yabwino yolamulira tizilombo tina. Mwachitsanzo, chotsitsa cha ethyl acetate cha Veratrum rhizome chili ndi mphamvu yabwino yophera tizilombo pa mphutsi yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ya Plutella xylostella, pomwe chotsitsa cha Veratrol alkaloid chili ndi mphamvu yopha pa mphutsi zazikulu ndi zachinayi za German cockroach. Nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza adapezanso kuti zotsitsa zosiyanasiyana za Veratrum rhizome zili ndi mphamvu yabwino yophera tizilombo, pakati pawo ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Komabe, momwe angatulutsire zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndi vuto lovuta. Ofufuza aku China nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, kuchotsa madzi, kuchotsa ethanol percolation, ndi kuchotsa supercritical CO2 kuti apeze zinthu zogwira ntchito kuchokera ku veratrum rhizomes. Pakati pawo, njira yochotsera ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction imagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa poizoni chloroform ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu; njira yochotsera madzi imakhala ndi nthawi zambiri zochotsera, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri, komanso kuchuluka kochepa kochotsera; kuchuluka kwake ndi kochepa. Njira yochotsera supercritical CO2 yochotsera veratroline alkaloids sikuti imangokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kochotsera, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito sizimawonongeka, komanso ntchito yamankhwala ndi chiyero cha zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za zinthu zomwe zapezeka zimakula kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsalira za CO2 zopanda poizoni komanso zopanda zosungunulira sizivulaza thupi la munthu ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha njira zachikhalidwe zochotsera, ndipo zalembedwa ngati imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zochotsera ndi kulekanitsa zotsatira zamankhwala a zomera. Komabe, njira yopangira yowopsa komanso mtengo wake wokwera zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu m'mafakitale.
2. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ma alkaloid a veratrotrol
Phunzirani za ukadaulo wochotsera Veratrum. Ukadaulo wochotsera pamodzi umachokera makamaka ku mankhwala achi China otchedwa veratrorum, omwe amawonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala achilengedwe. , Veratroin ndi zosakaniza zina zambiri zogwira ntchito zimakonzedwa pamodzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa mankhwala a zomera mosalekeza, kuti zitsuke bwino komanso kuti ziume bwino kwambiri mu mankhwala a zomera. Kupeza zigawo zamagulu za mankhwala okhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena ntchito yofanana kuchokera ku gulu lomwelo la zinthu zopangira. Kukweza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zomera, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, ndikuwonjezera kwambiri mpikisano pamsika.
Phunzirani momwe zinthu zogwira ntchito za Veratrum zimagwirira ntchito. Chotsitsa cha veratrol rhizome ndi mtundu wa zosakaniza, zomwe zili ndi zosakaniza zoposa khumi monga veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, ndi resveratrol oxide. Dongosolo la mitsempha la tizilombo.
Malinga ndi malipoti ofufuza, poizoni wake umachokera ku kutseguka kwa njira za Na+ zomwe zimadalira magetsi, zomwe zimatsegula njira za Ca2+ zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma neurotransmitter atuluke. Njira za sodium ion zomwe zimatetezedwa ndi magetsi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupereka zizindikiro za mitsempha ndi minofu. Zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu Veratrum extract zimatha kuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa magetsi m'njira za sodium ion, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa kulowa kwa nembanemba kuchitike, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu agwedezeke komanso afe.
Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri ena aku France adanenanso kuti ma alkaloid a veratroline amathanso kuletsa acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ya tizilombo popanda mpikisano. Chifukwa cha njira yatsopano yogwirira ntchito ya ma alkaloid a veratrotrol, kuukira kwa malo ambiri kumatha kuchitika, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti nthata zisinthe mankhwala omwe amapezeka pamalo osiyanasiyana kudzera mu kusintha kwawo, kotero sizophweka kukhala ndi kukana mankhwala.
Ukadaulo wokonzekera chotsitsa cha rhizome cha 0.1% CE. Pothandizidwa ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba wochotsa komanso wowonjezeredwa ndi ukadaulo wabwino kwambiri wokonzekera, mphamvu ya pamwamba ya mankhwalawa ndi yaying'ono, yomwe imatha kukulunga thupi la tizilombo mwachangu, kulimbikitsa kulowa ndi kuyamwa kwa yankho la mankhwala, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito. Ili ndi kuthekera kofalikira bwino m'madzi, ndipo yankho limakhala lowonekera bwino komanso lofanana pambuyo pobalalika. Kuchuluka kwa nthawi 1000, nthawi yonyowetsa kwathunthu pepala la canvas ndi masekondi 44, ndipo imatha kunyowetsa mwachangu ndikulowa. Deta yokhazikika yowunikira yowunikira yawonetsa kuti kukonzekera kotsitsa kwa rhizome ya 0.1% CE veratrum kunali kolimba bwino ndipo kunakwaniritsa bwino malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito m'munda.
Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku pa ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ukadaulo watsopanowu wasintha kwambiri mphamvu ya mankhwalawa yogwira ntchito mwachangu. Poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wakale, mankhwalawa achepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi. Kudzera mu njira yapaderayi, zosakaniza zomwe zili mu mankhwalawa zimakhala zambiri, ndipo mphamvu yogwirizana imawonekera bwino.
Nthawi yomweyo, ikagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo, choyamba, imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa akangaude ofiira, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukonza mphamvu yowongolera. Mwachidule, panthawi yofala kwambiri ya citrus Panonychus mite ku Hezhou, Guangxi, China, kupopera 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole kunagwira ntchito mu mphindi 20, palibe tizilombo tamoyo timene tinawoneka patatha masiku atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo mphamvu yowongolera inali patatha masiku 11 mutagwiritsa ntchito. Zitha kusungidwa pamwamba pa 95%. Poyamba Jiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zonse zinafa patatha tsiku limodzi mutagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo palibe tizilombo tamoyo timene tinawoneka patatha masiku atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito. , mphamvu yowongolera ili pafupi ndi 99% patatha masiku 16.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa bioassay pamwambapa zikusonyeza kuti pamene chiwerengero cha tizilombo tofiira ta kangaude chili chochepa kapena chapamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophatikizika ndi mankhwala, chotsitsa cha rhizome cha Veratella vulgaris chingachepetse chiwerengero cha tizilombo tofiira ta kangaude ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yolamulira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chinawonetsa mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolamulira. Nthawi yomweyo, chotsitsa cha hellebore cha rhizome chimachokera ku zomera. Pa kuchuluka komwe kumalimbikitsidwa, ndikotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito pakukula, maluwa, ndi zipatso zazing'ono za zomera zambiri, ndipo sichikhudza kukula kwa mphukira, maluwa ndi zipatso. Ndi yotetezeka komanso yoteteza chilengedwe ku zamoyo zomwe sizili m'gulu la adani achilengedwe a tizilombo, ndipo sichimalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi acaricides omwe alipo. Ndi yoyenera kwambiri kuyang'anira pamodzi tizilombo (IPM). Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga etoxazole, spirodiclofen, ndi bifenazate mu citrus zimatha kukwaniritsa mokwanira "China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union Foods". Malamulo Oletsa Kusuta Mankhwala Oletsa Kusuta ndi Malamulo Oletsa Kusuta Mankhwala Oletsa Kusuta Mankhwala ku US amapereka chitsimikizo cholimba cha chitetezo cha chakudya komanso ubwino ndi chitetezo cha zinthu zaulimi.
Ukadaulo wosintha majini umalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafakitale a hellebore
Hellebore ndi mankhwala odziwika bwino ndipo ndi chomera chosatha cha banja la Liliaceae. Imamera m'mapiri, m'nkhalango kapena m'nkhalango. Imapezeka ku Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu ndi malo ena ku China. Ili ndi zinthu zambiri zakuthengo. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, mtengo wa pachaka wa hellebore wamankhwala ndi pafupifupi matani 300-500, ndipo mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, monga hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, ndi Guling hellebore, ndipo zigawo zogwira ntchito za mtundu uliwonse sizofanana.
Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ya zamoyo komanso kafukufuku wozama pa mankhwala a hellebore, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosintha majini kuti akonze mitundu ya mankhwala a hellebore ndi kubzala mitundu ya hellebore yakuthengo kwapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Kulima mitundu ya hellebore yopangidwa mwaluso kudzachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa kukumba kwa hellebore kuzinthu zakuthengo, ndikupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha mafakitale a hellebore m'munda waulimi ndi wazachipatala.
M'tsogolomu, zotulutsa zachilengedwe za hellebore rhizome zochokera ku zomera zamankhwala zikuyembekezeka kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe a acaricides, ndikupititsa patsogolo kukonza bwino zinthu zaulimi, kukonza ubwino ndi chitetezo cha zinthu zaulimi, kukonza chilengedwe chaulimi ndikusunga zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-08-2022