Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), yotchedwa kala-azar ku Indian subcontinent, ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Leishmania omwe amatha kupha ngati salandira chithandizo msanga. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes ndiye vector yokhayo yotsimikizika ya VL ku Southeast Asia, komwe imayendetsedwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nyumba (IRS), mankhwala opha tizilombo. Kugwiritsa ntchito DDT m'mapulogalamu owongolera a VL kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kukana kwa mchenga, motero DDT yasinthidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo alpha-cypermethrin. Komabe, alpha-cypermethrin imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi DDT, kotero kuti chiopsezo cha kukana mu mchenga wa mchenga chimawonjezeka ndi kupsinjika maganizo komwe kumadza chifukwa chokhudzidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mankhwalawa. Mu kafukufukuyu, tidawunika kuthekera kwa udzudzu wakuthengo ndi ana awo a F1 pogwiritsa ntchito botolo la CDC bioassay.
Tinatolera udzudzu kuchokera m’midzi 10 ya m’boma la Muzaffarpur ku Bihar, India. Midzi isanu ndi itatu inapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamphamvucypermetrinpopopera mankhwala m’nyumba, mudzi wina unasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri a cypermethrin popopera mankhwala m’nyumba, ndipo mudzi wina sunagwiritsepo ntchito mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri a cypermethrin popoperapo mankhwala m’nyumba. Udzudzu wosonkhanitsidwa udawonetsedwa ndi mlingo wodziwikiratu wodziwikiratu kwa nthawi yodziwika (3 μg / ml kwa 40 min), ndipo kuchuluka kwa kugogoda ndi kufa kunalembedwa 24 h pambuyo powonekera.
Chiwerengero cha kupha kwa udzudzu wakuthengo chinachokera ku 91.19% mpaka 99.47%, ndipo mibadwo yawo ya F1 idachokera ku 91.70% mpaka 98.89%. Maola makumi awiri ndi anayi atatha kuwonekera, kufa kwa udzudzu wakuthengo kumachokera ku 89.34% mpaka 98.93%, ndipo m'badwo wawo wa F1 unachokera ku 90.16% mpaka 98.33%.
Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti kukana kungayambike mu P. argentipes, kusonyeza kufunikira kopitiriza kuyang'anira ndi kukhala maso kuti apitirize kulamulira pamene kuthetsa kwatheka.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), yotchedwa kala-azar ku Indian subcontinent, ndi matenda a parasitic omwe amayamba chifukwa cha leishmania yotchedwa flagellated protozoan Leishmania ndipo imafalikira polumidwa ndi ntchentche zazikazi zamchenga (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Ntchentche zamchenga ndizokhazo zotsimikizika za VL ku Southeast Asia. India yatsala pang'ono kukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa VL. Komabe, kuti chiwopsezo chikhale chochepa pambuyo pa kuthetsedwa, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma vector kuti tipewe kufalikira.
Ulamuliro wa udzudzu ku Southeast Asia umatheka kudzera mu kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nyumba (IRS) pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kupuma mobisa kwa silverlegs kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chandamale choyenera kuwongolera tizilombo kudzera mu kupopera mbewu motsalira m'nyumba [1]. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nyumba kwa dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pansi pa National Malaria Control Programme ku India kwakhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa udzudzu ndikuchepetsa kwambiri matenda a VL [2]. Kuwongolera kosakonzekera kwa VL kudapangitsa kuti Indian VL Eradication Programme itenge kupopera mbewu m'nyumba ngati njira yayikulu yowongolera miyendo yasiliva. Mu 2005, maboma a India, Bangladesh, ndi Nepal adasaina pangano la mgwirizano ndi cholinga chothetsa VL pofika 2015 [3]. Kuyesetsa kuthetsa, kuphatikizira kuphatikiza kuwongolera vekitala komanso kuzindikira mwachangu komanso kuchiza milandu ya anthu, cholinga chake chinali kulowa mugawo lophatikizana ndi 2015, chandamale chomwe chidasinthidwa ku 2017 kenako 2020. [4] Njira yatsopano yapadziko lonse yothetsa matenda onyalanyazidwa a kumadera otentha ikuphatikiza kutha kwa VL pofika 2030.[5]
Pamene India akulowa mu gawo lomaliza la BCVD, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti kukana kwakukulu kwa beta-cypermethrin sikukula. Chifukwa chokanira ndi chakuti DDT ndi cypermethrin ali ndi njira yofanana yochitira, ndiko kuti, amayang'ana mapuloteni a VGSC[21]. Chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo chakukula kwa kukana kwa mchenga wa mchenga ukhoza kukulitsidwa chifukwa cha kupsinjika komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse ndi cypermethrin yamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyang'anira ndikuzindikira kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zomwe zitha kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwalawa. M'nkhaniyi, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyang'anira momwe mchenga wamchenga ungagwiritsire ntchito milingo yodziwira matenda komanso nthawi yowonetseredwa ndi Chaubey et al. [20] anaphunzira P. argentipes ochokera m'midzi yosiyana mu Muzaffarpur chigawo cha Bihar, India, amene mosalekeza ntchito m'nyumba kupopera mankhwala mankhwala cypermethrin (yopitiriza IPS midzi). The susceptibility status of the wild P. argentipes from the villages that had left using cypermethrin-treated indoor spraying systems (omwe kale anali midzi ya IPS) ndi omwe anali asanagwiritsepo ntchito cypermethrin-treated m'nyumba kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa (omwe si a IPS midzi) anafanizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CDC botolo bioassay.
Midzi khumi inasankhidwa kuti iphunzire (mkuyu 1; Table 1), yomwe eyiti inali ndi mbiri ya kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mosalekeza m'nyumba ya synthetic pyrethroids (hypermethrin; yotchulidwa ngati midzi yopitilira hypermethrin) ndipo anali ndi milandu ya VL (osachepera mlandu umodzi) m'zaka zapitazi za 3. Mwa midzi iwiri yotsalayo mu phunziroli, mudzi umodzi womwe sunagwiritse ntchito kupopera m'nyumba kwa beta-cypermethrin (mudzi wosapopera mankhwala) unasankhidwa ngati mudzi wolamulira ndi mudzi wina womwe unali ndi kupopera mankhwala mkati mwa beta-cypermethrin (mudzi wopopera mankhwala wamkati / mudzi wakale wopopera mbewu) unasankhidwa kukhala mudzi wolamulira. Kusankhidwa kwa midziyi kunali kogwirizana ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Gulu Lopopera M'nyumba komanso kutsimikizira kwa Indoor Spraying Micro Action Plan m'boma la Muzaffarpur.
Mapu a malo a boma la Muzaffarpur akuwonetsa malo amidzi yomwe yaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyu (1-10). Malo ophunzirira: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pande; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Mapuwa adakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya QGIS (mtundu 3.30.3) ndi Open Assessment Shapefile.
Mabotolo a zoyesera zowonetsera adakonzedwa molingana ndi njira za Chaubey et al. [20] ndi Denlinger et al. [22]. Mwachidule, mabotolo agalasi a 500 ml adakonzedwa tsiku limodzi kuyesako kusanachitike ndipo khoma lamkati la mabotolowo linakutidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo (mlingo wa α-cypermethrin unali 3 μg/mL) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya acetone ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo (2.0 mL) pansi, makoma ndi kapu ya mabotolo. Botolo lirilonse lidawumitsidwa pa makina odzigudubuza kwa mphindi 30. Panthawi imeneyi, masulani pang'onopang'ono kapu kuti acetone asungunuke. Pambuyo pa mphindi 30 zowuma, chotsani kapu ndikutembenuza botolo mpaka acetone onse afufutike. Kenako mabotolowo ankawatsegula kuti aume usiku wonse. Pa mayeso aliwonse obwereza, botolo limodzi, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwongolero, limakutidwa ndi 2.0 ml ya acetone. Mabotolo onse adagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyeserera pambuyo poyeretsa koyenera malinga ndi njira yomwe Denlinger et al. ndi World Health Organization [22, 23].
Patsiku lomaliza kukonzekera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, 30-40 udzudzu wogwidwa kuthengo (akazi anjala) amachotsedwa m'makolawo m'mbale ndikuwomberedwa pang'onopang'ono m'botolo lililonse. Pafupifupi chiwerengero chofanana cha ntchentche chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa botolo lililonse lokutidwa ndi tizilombo, kuphatikizapo kuwongolera. Bwerezani izi kasanu mpaka kasanu ndi kamodzi pamudzi uliwonse. Pambuyo pa mphindi 40 atakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zomwe zidagwetsedwa zidalembedwa. Ntchentche zonse zinagwidwa ndi makina opangira makina opangira makina, kuyika muzitsulo za pint makatoni zokutidwa ndi mauna abwino, ndikuyikidwa mu chofungatira chosiyana pansi pa chinyezi ndi kutentha komweko ndi chakudya chofanana (mipira ya thonje yonyowa mu 30% yankho la shuga) monga midzi yosasamalidwa. Imfa idalembedwa patatha maola 24 mutakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Udzudzu wonse unang'ambika ndikuwunikiridwa kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi ndani. Momwemonso zidachitika ndi ntchentche za F1. Ziwopsezo za kugogoda ndi kufa zidalembedwa patatha maola 24 pambuyo powonekera. Ngati kufa m'mabotolo owongolera kunali <5%, palibe kuwongolera kwakufa komwe kunapangidwa muzobwereza. Ngati kufa mu botolo lowongolera kunali ≥ 5% ndi ≤ 20%, kufa m'mabotolo oyesera a chotengeracho kunakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Abbott. Ngati kufa kwa gulu lolamulira kupitilira 20%, gulu lonse loyesa lidatayidwa [24, 25, 26].
Kufa kwa udzudzu wogwidwa kuthengo wa P. argentipes. Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira zolakwika zamtundu uliwonse. Kuphatikizika kwa mizere iwiri yopingasa yofiira ndi graph (90% ndi 98% yakufa, motsatana) kukuwonetsa zenera lakufa momwe kukana kungayambike.[25]
Kufa kwamtundu wa F1 mbadwa za P. argentipes. Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira zolakwika zamtundu uliwonse. Mipiringidzo yomwe imadutsana ndi mizere iwiri yofiira yopingasa (90% ndi 98% yakufa, motsatira) imayimira kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa pomwe kukana kungayambike[25].
Udzudzu womwe uli m'mudzi wowongolera/omwe si wa IRS (Manifulkaha) unapezeka kuti umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kufa kwapakati (±SE) kwa udzudzu wogwidwa zakutchire 24 h pambuyo pa kugogoda ndi kuwonetseredwa kunali 99.47 ± 0.52% ndi 98.93 ± 0.65%, motero, ndi imfa yaing'ono ya ana a F1 inali 98.89 ± 1.13% ± 1.31% ndi 8. 2, 3).
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti ntchentche zamchenga zamiyendo yasiliva zimatha kukana pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin m'midzi yomwe pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin inkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mosiyana ndi izi, ntchentche zamchenga zamiyendo ya siliva zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumidzi yopanda pulogalamu ya IRS / control zidapezeka kuti ndizowopsa. Kuyang'anira kukhudzidwa kwa kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zam'changa ndikofunikira pakuwunika momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwira ntchito, chifukwa chidziwitsochi chingathandize kuthana ndi kulimbana ndi tizilombo. Miyezo yapamwamba ya DDT yotsutsa yakhala ikufotokozedwa nthawi zonse mu ntchentche za mchenga kuchokera kumadera omwe amapezeka ku Bihar chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa mbiri yakale kuchokera ku IRS pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa [1].
Tinapeza P. argentipes kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pyrethroids, ndipo mayesero a m'munda ku India, Bangladesh ndi Nepal anasonyeza kuti IRS inali ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ya entomological pamene imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi cypermethrin kapena deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Posachedwapa, Roy et al. [18] inanena kuti P. argentipes adayamba kukana pyrethroids ku Nepal. Kafukufuku wathu wokhudzana ndi ngozi zakumunda adawonetsa kuti ntchentche zamchenga zasiliva zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera kumidzi yomwe siili ndi IRS ndizovuta kwambiri, koma ntchentche zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kumidzi yapakati / yakale ya IRS ndi midzi yosalekeza ya IRS (imfa zidachokera 90% mpaka 97% kupatula ntchentche zamchenga zochokera ku Anandpur-Haruni zomwe zinali ndi 89.34% zofafanizika ndi 4h) mwina zinali zofafanizika ndi 89.34% cypermethrin [25]. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa kukana kumeneku ndi kukakamizidwa kwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nyumba (IRS) ndi mapulogalamu opopera mankhwala a m'deralo, omwe ndi njira zoyendetsera miliri ya kala-azar m'madera / midzi / midzi (Standard Operating Procedure for Outbreak Investigation and Management [30]. Tsoka ilo, zidziwitso zakale za dera lino, zopezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito CDC bioassay, sizikupezeka kuti ziyerekezedwe ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wa P. argentipes pogwiritsa ntchito pepala lopangidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo a WHO Mlingo woyezetsa tizilombo m'mizere yoyesera ya WHO ndizomwe zimalangizidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ma insecticides. Mwazigawo izi ku mchenga ntchentche sizidziwika bwino chifukwa mchenga flying kuuluka mocheperapo kuposa udzudzu, ndipo amathera nthawi yochuluka kukhudzana ndi gawo lapansi mu bioassay [23].
Synthetic pyrethroids akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera omwe amapezeka ku VL ku Nepal kuyambira 1992, kusinthana ndi ma SPs alpha-cypermethrin ndi lambda-cyhalothrin powongolera mchenga [31], ndipo deltamethrin yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Bangladesh kuyambira 2012 [32]. Kukaniza kwa phenotypic kwapezeka m'madera akutchire a mchenga wa silverlegged sandflies m'madera omwe ma pyrethroids opangidwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali [18, 33, 34]. Kusintha kosagwirizana ndi mawu (L1014F) kwapezeka m'madera akutchire a mchenga wa Indian sandfly ndipo wakhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi kukana DDT, kutanthauza kuti kukana kwa pyrethroid kumayambira pa mlingo wa maselo, monga DDT ndi pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) amayang'ana jini yomweyi mu tizilombo 3417]. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika mwadongosolo kutengeka kwa cypermethrin ndikuwunika kukana kwa udzudzu ndikofunikira panthawi yothetsa komanso kutha.
Cholepheretsa cha kafukufukuyu ndikuti tidagwiritsa ntchito CDC vial bioassay kuyesa kutengeka, koma mafananidwe onse adagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za maphunziro am'mbuyomu pogwiritsa ntchito zida za WHO bioassay. Zotsatira zochokera ku ma bioassays awiriwa sizingafanane mwachindunji chifukwa CDC vial bioassay imayesa kugwetsa kumapeto kwa nthawi yozindikira matenda, pomwe WHO kit bioassay imayesa kufa pa 24 kapena 72 maola atatha kuwonekera (yotsirizirayi yochita pang'onopang'ono mankhwala) [35]. Cholepheretsa china ndi kuchuluka kwa midzi ya IRS mu kafukufukuyu poyerekeza ndi mudzi umodzi womwe si wa IRS komanso mudzi umodzi womwe si wa IRS/m'mudzi wakale wa IRS. Sitingathe kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha udzudzu chomwe chimawonedwa m'midzi pawokha m'chigawo chimodzi chikuyimira kuchuluka kwa kutengeka m'midzi ina ndi zigawo ku Bihar. Pamene dziko la India likulowa mu gawo lomaliza la kachilombo ka khansa ya m'magazi, ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kukula kwakukulu kwa kukana. Ndikofunikira kuyang'anira mwachangu kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zochokera m'maboma, midadada ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Zomwe zaperekedwa mu phunziroli ndizoyambira ndipo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa poyerekezera ndi zizindikiritso zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndi World Health Organisation [35] kuti mupeze lingaliro lachindunji la momwe P. argentipes alili m'maderawa asanasinthe mapulogalamu owongolera ma vector kuti asunge kuchuluka kwa mchenga ndikuthandizira kuthetsa kachilombo ka khansa ya m'magazi.
Udzudzu wa P. argentipes, wofalitsa kachilombo ka leukosis, angayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro zoyamba kukana cypermethrin yogwira mtima kwambiri. Kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madera akutchire a P. argentipes ndikofunikira kuti mukhalebe ndi epidemiological zotsatira za njira zowongolera vekitala. Kusinthasintha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu ndi/kapena kuwunika ndi kulembetsa mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira ndipo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tithane ndi kukana kwa tizilombo ndikuthandizira kuthetsa kachilombo ka leukosis ku India.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-17-2025