Matenda Akuluakulu a Thonje ndi Tizirombo Ndi Kapewedwe Ndi Kupewa Kwawo (1)

一,Fusarium matenda

 Zizindikiro zovulaza:

 Thonje Fusarium matendazitha kuchitika kuchokera ku mbande mpaka zazikulu, zomwe zimachitika kwambiri zisanachitike komanso zitaphukira.Itha kugawidwa m'mitundu 5:

1. Yellow Reticulated Type: Mitsempha ya masamba a chomera chodwala imasanduka yachikasu, masophyll amakhalabe obiriwira, ndipo masamba ena kapena ambiri amawoneka achikasu, amachepera pang'onopang'ono ndikuuma;

2. Mtundu wachikasu: Magawo am'deralo kapena akulu a m'mphepete mwa masamba amasanduka achikasu, amachepera ndi kuuma;

3. Mtundu wofiyira wofiirira: Magawo am'deralo kapena akulu a masamba amasanduka ofiirira, ndipo mitsempha yamasamba imawonekeranso yofiirira, yofota ndikufota;

4. Mtundu wofota wobiriwira: Masamba amataya madzi mwadzidzidzi, mtundu wa masambawo umakhala wobiriwira pang'ono, masamba amakhala ofewa ndi opyapyala, mbewu yonse imakhala yobiriwira ndi youma ndipo imafa, koma masamba nthawi zambiri samagwa, petioles amapindika;

5. Mtundu wa Shrinkage: Pakakhala masamba enieni 5-7, masamba ambiri apamwamba a chomera chodwala amafota, amapunduka, obiriwira obiriwira, okhala ndi ma internodes ofupikitsidwa, aafupi kuposa mbewu zathanzi, nthawi zambiri samafa, ndipo xylem ya Muzu ndi tsinde la zomera zodwala zimasanduka zakuda.

 Njira ya Pathogenesis:

 Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timayambitsa matenda a thonje nthawi zambiri timakhala mu nthangala za zomera zodwala, zotsalira za zomera zodwala, dothi, ndi manyowa.Kuyendetsa mbewu zowonongeka ndizomwe zimayambitsa madera atsopano a matenda, ndipo ntchito zaulimi monga kulima, kasamalidwe, ndi ulimi wothirira m'minda ya thonje yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti afalitse kwambiri.Pathogenic spores imatha kukula mumizu, zimayambira, masamba, zipolopolo, ndi zina zambiri za zomera zodwala panthawi ya chinyezi chachikulu, zomwe zimatha kufalikira ndi mpweya ndi mvula, zomwe zimawononga zomera zozungulira.

Zochitika za Cotton Fusarium matendazimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi.Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amayamba pafupifupi 20 ℃ kutentha kwa nthaka, ndipo amafika pachimake pamene kutentha kwa nthaka kumakwera kufika 25 ℃ -28 ℃;Mumvula yamkuntho kapena chaka chamvula m'chilimwe, matendawa ndi aakulu;Minda ya thonje yokhala ndi malo otsika, dothi lolemera, nthaka ya alkaline, ngalande zosayenda bwino, kuthira feteleza wa nayitrogeni, ndi kulima kwambiri zimakhudzidwa kwambiri.

Kupewa ndi kuwongolera mankhwala:

1. Musanafese, gwiritsani ntchito 40% carbendazim • pentachloronitrobenzene, 50% methyl sulfur • Thiram 500 times solution pothira dothi;

2. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mizu idathiriridwa ndi 40% carbendazim • pentachloronitrobenzene, 50% methylsulfide • thiram 600-800 times solution spray kapena 500 times solution, kapena 50% thiram 600-800 times solution, 80% mancozeb 80% -1000 nthawi yankho, yokhala ndi mphamvu yowongolera;

3. M'minda yomwe yadwala kwambiri, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution ndi 1% urea solution amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera masamba kwa masiku 5-7 aliwonse kwa 2-3 motsatizana.Matenda kupewa zotsatira zoonekeratu.

二,Cotton Verticillium Wilt

Zizindikiro zovulaza:

Isanayambe komanso itatha kuphukira m'munda, matendawa amayamba kuchitika, m'mphepete mwa masamba omwe ali ndi matenda amataya madzi ndi kufota.Zigamba zachikasu zosakhazikika zimawonekera pa mesophyll pakati pa mitsempha ya masamba, ndikumakula pang'onopang'ono kukhala kanjedza wobiriwira ngati zigamba pamitsempha yamasamba, zokhala ngati zikopa za chivwende.Pakati ndi m'munsi masamba pang'onopang'ono kukula cha kumtunda, popanda kugwa kapena pang'ono kugwa masamba.Chomera chodwala ndi chachifupi pang'ono kuposa chathanzi.Pambuyo pa chilala cha nthawi yachilimwe ndi mvula yamkuntho, kapena kuthirira kwa madzi osefukira, masambawo anafota mwadzidzidzi, monga ngati atenthedwa ndi madzi otentha, kenako n’kugwa, kumene kumatchedwa acute wilting type.

Kupewa ndi kuwongolera mankhwala:

1. Kusankha mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda ndikukhazikitsa kasinthasintha ndi kasinthasintha wa mbeu.Kuchigawo chakumpoto cha thonje, kugwiritsa ntchito tirigu, chimanga, ndi kasinthasintha wa thonje kungachepetse kufala kwa matenda;Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa panthawi yake monga Sujie An pa nthawi ya mphukira ndi boll kumatha kuchepetsa kuchitika kwa verticillium wilt.

2. Kumayambiriro, 80% mancozeb, 50% thiram, 50% methamphetamine, thiram ndi mankhwala ena ankawapopera madzi nthawi 600-800 kamodzi pa masiku 5-7 katatu zotsatizana, zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kupewa thonje verticillium wilt.

三,Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa thonje verticillium wilt ndi fusarium wilt

1. Verticillium wilt imawoneka mochedwa ndipo imayamba kuchitika nthawi ya mphukira;Fusarium wilt imatha kuwononga kwambiri nthawi ya mbande, pomwe siteji ya mphukira ndi pachimake cha matendawa.

2. Verticillium wilt nthawi zambiri imayambira kumunsi kwa masamba, pomwe fusarium wilt imayambira pamwamba mpaka pansi.

3. Verticillium wilt imayambitsa chikasu cha mesophyll ndipo fusarium wilt imapangitsa kuti mitsempha ikhale yachikasu.

4. Verticillium wilt imayambitsa kumera pang'ono, pomwe fusarium wilt imapangitsa kuti mtundu wa mbewu ukhale wocheperako komanso waufupi;

5. Pambuyo podula tsinde, mitsempha ya mitsempha ya verticillium wilt imakhala yofiirira, ndipo fusarium wilt ndi yofiirira.