Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwabweretsa mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo kubuka kwa tizilombo tosalimba, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kuvulaza thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo tatsopano ta majeremusimankhwala ophera tizilombozomwe zili zotetezeka ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe ndizofunikira mwachangu. Mu kafukufukuyu, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa poizoni ku mphutsi za udzudzu (Culex quinquefasciatus) ndi termite (Odontotermes obesus). Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti panali chiŵerengero cha imfa chomwe chimadalira mlingo pakati pa chithandizo. Mtengo wa LC50 (50% lethal concentration) pa maola 48 a termite ndi terval biosurfactants udapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosasintha ya regression curve. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma values a LC50 a maola 48 (95% confidence interval) a larvicidal ndi antitermite a biosurfactant anali 26.49 mg/L (kuyambira 25.40 mpaka 27.57) ndi 33.43 mg/L (kuyambira 31.09 mpaka 35.68) motsatana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa histopathological, chithandizo cha biosurfactants chinawononga kwambiri minofu ya mphutsi ndi chiswe. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti biosurfactant ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ndi chida chabwino kwambiri komanso chothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi Cx. quinquefasciatus ndi O. obesus.
Mayiko otentha amakumana ndi matenda ambiri ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu1. Kufunika kwa matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu kuli ponseponse. Anthu opitilira 400,000 amafa ndi malungo chaka chilichonse, ndipo mizinda ina ikuluikulu ikukumana ndi miliri ya matenda oopsa monga dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya ndi Zika.2 Matenda ofalitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya amagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda amodzi mwa asanu ndi limodzi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo udzudzu umayambitsa milandu yayikulu3,4. Culex, Anopheles ndi Aedes ndi mitundu itatu ya udzudzu yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kufalikira kwa matenda5. Kufalikira kwa malungo a dengue, matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti, kwawonjezeka pazaka khumi zapitazi ndipo kukuwopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu4,7,8. Malinga ndi World Health Organization (WHO), anthu opitilira 40% padziko lonse lapansi ali pachiwopsezo cha matenda a dengue, ndipo milandu yatsopano 50–100 miliyoni imachitika chaka chilichonse m'maiko opitilira 1009,10,11. Matenda a dengue akhala vuto lalikulu la thanzi la anthu chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kwawonjezeka padziko lonse lapansi12,13,14. Anopheles gambiae, yomwe imadziwika kuti udzudzu wa ku Africa wa Anopheles, ndiye woyambitsa matenda a malungo m'madera otentha komanso otentha15. Kachilombo ka West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, matenda a encephalitis aku Japan, ndi matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi a akavalo ndi mbalame amafalitsidwa ndi udzudzu wa Culex, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa udzudzu wamba wa m'nyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi omwe amanyamula matenda a bakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda16. Pali mitundu yoposa 3,000 ya chiswe padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 150 miliyoni17. Tizilombo tambiri timakhala m'nthaka ndipo timadya zinthu zamatabwa ndi matabwa zomwe zili ndi cellulose. Chiswe cha ku India Odontotermes obesus ndi tizilombo tofunika kwambiri tomwe timayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu zofunika ndi mitengo yobzala18. M'madera a ulimi, kufalikira kwa chiswe pazigawo zosiyanasiyana kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana, mitundu ya mitengo ndi zipangizo zomangira. Chiswe chingayambitsenso mavuto azaumoyo wa anthu19.
Nkhani yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toononga m'magawo amakono a mankhwala ndi ulimi ndi yovuta20,21. Chifukwa chake, makampani onsewa ayenera kufunafuna mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo otetezeka. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo opangidwa tsopano akupezeka ndipo awonetsedwa kuti ndi opatsirana komanso amathamangitsa tizilombo topindulitsa tomwe sitingathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukula chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi othandiza kwambiri paulimi, kukonza nthaka, kuchotsa mafuta, kuchotsa mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo, komanso kukonza chakudya23,24. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya, yisiti ndi bowa m'malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'malo okhala ndi mafuta25,26. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku mankhwala ndi mitundu iwiri yomwe imapezeka mwachindunji kuchokera ku chilengedwe27. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo amapezeka kuchokera ku malo okhala m'nyanja28,29. Chifukwa chake, asayansi akufunafuna ukadaulo watsopano wopanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku mabakiteriya achilengedwe30,31. Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wotere kukuwonetsa kufunika kwa mankhwala achilengedwe awa poteteza chilengedwe32. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium ndi mitundu ya mabakiteriya iyi ndi oimira ophunziridwa bwino23,33.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya biosurfactants yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana34. Ubwino waukulu wa mankhwala awa ndi wakuti ena mwa iwo ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa mabakiteriya, yoletsa matuza komanso yopha tizilombo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale a zaulimi, mankhwala, mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola35,36,37,38. Popeza biosurfactants nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonongeka komanso amakhala othandiza pa chilengedwe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu ophatikizana osamalira tizilombo kuti ateteze mbewu39. Chifukwa chake, chidziwitso choyambira chapezeka chokhudza ntchito yoletsa matuza ndi yoletsa chiswe ya biosurfactants ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Tinafufuza za imfa ndi kusintha kwa histological pamene tikukumana ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Kuphatikiza apo, tinayesa pulogalamu ya kompyuta ya Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti tidziwe poizoni wa microalgae, daphnia, ndi nsomba.
Mu kafukufukuyu, mphamvu ya antitermite (poizoni) ya biosurfactants yoyeretsedwa pamlingo wosiyanasiyana kuyambira 30 mpaka 50 mg/ml (pa nthawi ya 5 mg/ml) idayesedwa motsutsana ndi nsabwe zaku India, O. obesus ndi mtundu wachinayi )Yesani. Mphutsi za instar Cx. Mphutsi za udzudzu quinquefasciatus. Kuchuluka kwa Biosurfactant LC50 kwa maola 48 motsutsana ndi O. obesus ndi Cx. C. solanacearum. Mphutsi za udzudzu zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira yosagwirizana ndi mzere. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kufa kwa nsabwe kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa biosurfactant. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti biosurfactant inali ndi mphamvu yopha mphutsi (Chithunzi 1) ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi chiswe (Chithunzi 2), yokhala ndi mphamvu ya LC50 ya maola 48 (95% CI) ya 26.49 mg/L (25.40 mpaka 27.57) ndi 33.43 mg/l (Chithunzi 31.09 mpaka 35.68), motsatana (Table 1). Ponena za poizoni woopsa (maola 48), biosurfactant imagawidwa ngati "yoopsa" kwa zamoyo zomwe zayesedwa. Biosurfactant yomwe idapangidwa mu kafukufukuyu idawonetsa mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yopha mphutsi ndi imfa 100% mkati mwa maola 24-48 atakhudzidwa.
Werengani mtengo wa LC50 wa ntchito yopha larvicidal. Kuyika kozungulira kopanda mzere (mzere wolimba) ndi 95% ya nthawi yodalirika (malo okhala ndi mthunzi) kuti mudziwe imfa (%).
Werengani mtengo wa LC50 wa ntchito yolimbana ndi chiswe. Kuyika kozungulira kopanda mzere (mzere wolimba) ndi 95% yodalirika (dera lokhala ndi mthunzi) kuti mudziwe imfa (%).
Kumapeto kwa kafukufukuyu, kusintha kwa mawonekedwe ndi zolakwika zinawonedwa pansi pa maikulosikopu. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kunawonedwa m'magulu owongolera ndi ochiritsidwa pa kukula kwa 40x. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3, kuwonongeka kwa kukula kunachitika mwa mphutsi zambiri zomwe zinapatsidwa mankhwala a biosurfactants. Chithunzi 3a chikuwonetsa Cx. quinquefasciatus wabwinobwino, Chithunzi 3b chikuwonetsa Cx yosadziwika bwino. Imayambitsa mphutsi zisanu za nematode.
Zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (LC50) pakukula kwa mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus. Chithunzi chopepuka cha microscopy (a) cha Cx yachibadwa pa kukula kwa 40×. quinquefasciatus (b) Cx yachilendo. Imayambitsa mphutsi zisanu za nematode.
Mu kafukufukuyu, kufufuza kwa histological kwa mphutsi zomwe zachiritsidwa (Chithunzi 4) ndi chiswe (Chithunzi 5) kunawonetsa zinthu zingapo zosazolowereka, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa malo am'mimba ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu, zigawo za epithelial ndi khungu. Histology inavumbula njira yoletsa ntchito ya biosurfactant yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu.
Histopathology ya mphutsi za Cx zamtundu wachinayi zomwe sizinachiritsidwe. mphutsi za quinquefasciatus (control: (a,b)) ndipo zimathandizidwa ndi biosurfactant (mankhwala: (c,d)). Mivi imasonyeza epithelium ya m'mimba yothandizidwa (epi), nuclei (n), ndi minofu (mu). Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology ya O. obesus yosachiritsidwa bwino (kulamulira: (a,b)) ndi biosurfactant yothandizidwa (kuchiza: (c,d)). Mivi imasonyeza epithelium ya m'mimba (epi) ndi minofu (mu), motsatana. Bar = 50 µm.
Mu kafukufukuyu, ECOSAR idagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera za poizoni wa rhamnolipid biosurfactant kwa opanga oyamba (algae wobiriwira), ogula oyamba (utitiri wa m'madzi) ndi ogula achiwiri (nsomba). Pulogalamuyi imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yodziwika bwino ya kapangidwe kake-kachitidwe kake kuti iwunikire poizoni kutengera kapangidwe ka mamolekyu. Chitsanzochi chimagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya kapangidwe kake (SAR) kuti iwerengere poizoni wa zinthu zomwe zimachitika nthawi yayitali komanso nthawi yayitali ku mitundu ya m'madzi. Makamaka, Gome 2 limafotokoza mwachidule kuchuluka kwapakati pakupha (LC50) ndi kuchuluka kwapakati kogwira ntchito (EC50) kwa mitundu ingapo. Kuopsa kokayikiridwa kudagawidwa m'magawo anayi pogwiritsa ntchito Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Gome 3).
Kulamulira matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka mitundu ya udzudzu ndi udzudzu wa Aedes. Aigupto, tsopano akugwira ntchito molimbika 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka m'mankhwala, monga pyrethroids ndi organophosphates, ndi opindulitsa pang'ono, amaika pachiwopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi la anthu, kuphatikizapo matenda a shuga, matenda obereka, matenda a mitsempha, khansa, ndi matenda opuma. Kuphatikiza apo, pakapita nthawi, tizilomboti titha kukhala osagonjetsedwa ndi iwo13,43,48. Chifukwa chake, njira zowongolera zachilengedwe zogwira mtima komanso zosawononga chilengedwe zidzakhala njira yotchuka kwambiri yowongolera udzudzu49,50. Benelli51 adati kuwongolera koyambirira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa udzudzu kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri m'mizinda, koma sanalimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzudzu m'madera akumidzi52. Tom et al 53 adatinso kuwongolera udzudzu ukadali wosakhwima kungakhale njira yotetezeka komanso yosavuta chifukwa umakhala womvera kwambiri mankhwala oletsa 54.
Kupanga kwa biosurfactant pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wamphamvu (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kunawonetsa kugwira ntchito kokhazikika komanso kodalirika. Kafukufuku wathu wakale adanenanso kuti Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 imakonza kupanga kwa biosurfactant pogwiritsa ntchito magawo a physicochemical26. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wawo, mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yopangira biosurfactant pogwiritsa ntchito E. cloacae isolate inali kusungidwa kwa maola 36, kugwedezeka pa 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, mchere 1 ppt, 2% shuga ngati gwero la kaboni, 1% yisiti. Chotsitsacho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la nayitrogeni kuti chipeze 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Kuphatikiza apo, biosurfactants adadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito TLC, FTIR ndi MALDI-TOF-MS. Izi zidatsimikizira kuti rhamnolipid ndi biosurfactant. Glycolipid biosurfactants ndi gulu lophunziridwa kwambiri la mitundu ina ya biosurfactants55. Amapangidwa ndi chakudya ndi mafuta, makamaka mafuta acid unyolo. Pakati pa ma glycolipids, oimira akuluakulu ndi rhamnolipid ndi sophorolipid56. Ma Rhamnolipids ali ndi magawo awiri a rhamnose ogwirizana ndi mono‐ kapena di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic acid57. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma rhamnolipids m'mafakitale azachipatala ndi azamankhwala kwadziwika bwino58, kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo posachedwapa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo 59.
Kuyanjana kwa biosurfactant ndi dera lopanda madzi la siphon yopumira kumalola madzi kudutsa m'mimba mwake, motero kumawonjezera kukhudzana kwa mphutsi ndi malo am'madzi. Kupezeka kwa biosurfactants kumakhudzanso trachea, kutalika kwake komwe kuli pafupi ndi pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphutsi zizitha kukwawa pamwamba ndikupuma mosavuta. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu ya pamwamba pa madzi imachepa. Popeza mphutsi sizingagwirizane ndi pamwamba pa madzi, zimagwera pansi pa thanki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya hydrostatic iwonongeke kwambiri komanso imfa chifukwa chomira38,60. Zotsatira zofananazi zidapezeka ndi Ghribi61, pomwe biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis idawonetsa mphamvu ya mphutsi motsutsana ndi Ephestia kuehniella. Mofananamo, ntchito ya mphutsi ya Cx. Das ndi Mukherjee23 idawunikanso momwe ma cyclic lipopeptides amakhudzira mphutsi za quinquefasciatus.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikukhudza ntchito yopha mphutsi ya rhamnolipid biosurfactants motsutsana ndi Cx. Kupha udzudzu wa quinquefasciatus kukugwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale. Mwachitsanzo, ma biosurfactants ochokera ku surfactin opangidwa ndi mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana a mtundu wa Bacillus amagwiritsidwa ntchito. ndi Pseudomonas spp. Malipoti ena oyambirira64,65,66 adanena kuti lipopeptide biosurfactants imapha mphutsi kuchokera ku Bacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. 63 adapeza kuti rhamnolipid biosurfactant yochokera ku Stenotropomonas maltophilia inali ndi mphamvu yopha mphutsi pamlingo wa 10 mg/L. Silva et al. 67 adanenanso kuti rhamnolipid biosurfactant imapha mphutsi motsutsana ndi Ae pamlingo wa 1 g/L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. 68 inanena kuti ma lipopeptide biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis adayambitsa imfa yonse mu mphutsi za Culex ndi chiswe ndi lipophilic fraction ya Eucalyptus. Mofananamo, Masendra et al. 69 adanenanso kuti imfa ya worker ant (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) ya 61.7% mu lipophilic n-hexane ndi EtOAc fractions ya E. crude extract.
Parthipan ndi anzake 70 adanenanso za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a lipopeptide biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis A1 ndi Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 motsutsana ndi Anopheles Stephensi, yemwe ndi woyambitsa matenda a malungo otchedwa Plasmodium. Adawona kuti mphutsi ndi ma pupae zidapulumuka nthawi yayitali, zinali ndi nthawi yochepa yoika mazira, zinali zopanda tizilombo, ndipo zinali ndi moyo wautali zikapatsidwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana a biosurfactants. LC50 values yomwe idawonedwa ya B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 inali 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 ndi 7.99 mg/L pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphutsi (monga mphutsi I, II, III, IV ndi ma pupae a siteji) motsatana. Poyerekeza, ma biosurfactants a magawo a mphutsi I-IV ndi magawo a pupal a Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 anali 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 ndi 6.99 mg/L, motsatana. Kuchedwa kwa mphutsi ndi ma pupae omwe atsala kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi kagayidwe kachakudya komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mtundu wa Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 umapanga biosurfactant yokhala ndi mphamvu yopha 100% ya udzudzu wa Aedes. Nthawi ya maola 24 aegypti 38 inali yokwera kuposa momwe Silva et al. Biosurfactant yopangidwa kuchokera ku Pseudomonas aeruginosa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mpendadzuwa ngati gwero la kaboni yawonetsedwa kuti imapha 100% ya mphutsi mkati mwa maola 48. Abinaya et al.72 ndi Pradhan et al.73 adawonetsanso mphamvu yopha mphutsi kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ya surfactants yopangidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya Bacillus. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa kale ndi Senthil-Nathan et al. adapeza kuti 100% ya mphutsi za udzudzu zomwe zimakumana ndi dziwe la zomera zitha kufa.
Kuwunika momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudzira tizilombo ndikofunikira kwambiri pa mapulogalamu ophatikizana owongolera tizilombo chifukwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komwe kumapha tizilombo sikupha tizilombo koma kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa tizilombo m'mibadwo yamtsogolo mwa kusokoneza makhalidwe a zamoyo10. Siqueira ndi anzake 75 adawona ntchito yonse yopha tizilombo (100% imfa) ya rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) pamene adayesedwa pamlingo wosiyanasiyana kuyambira 50 mpaka 300 mg/ml. Gawo la mphutsi la mitundu ya Aedes aegypti. Adasanthula zotsatira za nthawi mpaka imfa komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komwe kumapha tizilombo pa moyo wa mphutsi ndi ntchito yosambira. Kuphatikiza apo, adawona kuchepa kwa liwiro losambira pambuyo pa maola 24-48 atakumana ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komwe kumapha tizilombo (monga 50 mg/mL ndi 100 mg/mL). Poizoni omwe ali ndi ntchito zabwino zopha tizilombo amaganiziridwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pakuwononga tizilombo tomwe timaonekera76.
Kuwona kwa mbiri ya zotsatira zathu kukuwonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 zimasintha kwambiri minofu ya udzudzu (Cx. quinquefasciatus) ndi mphutsi za chiswe (O. obesus). Zolakwika zofananazi zidayambitsidwa ndi kukonzekera mafuta a basil mu An. gambiaes.s ndi An. arabica zidafotokozedwa ndi Ochola77. Kamaraj et al.78 adafotokozanso za zolakwika zomwezo mu An. Mphutsi za Stephanie zidakumana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tagolide. Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 adanenanso kuti mafuta ofunikira a shepherd's essential adawononga kwambiri chipinda ndi zigawo za epithelial za Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Raghavendran et al adanenanso kuti mphutsi za udzudzu zidachiritsidwa ndi 500 mg/ml mycelial extract ya bowa wa Penicillium wakomweko. Ae akuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa histological. aegypti ndi Cx. Chiwerengero cha imfa 80. M'mbuyomu, Abinaya et al. Fourth instar mphutsi za An zidaphunziridwa. Stephensi ndi Ae. aegypti adapeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa histological mu Aedes aegypti yomwe idathandizidwa ndi B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kuphatikiza gastric cecum, kufooka kwa minofu, kuwonongeka ndi kusokonekera kwa mitsempha ya ganglia72. Malinga ndi Raghavendran et al., atalandira chithandizo ndi P. daleae mycelial extract, maselo apakati a udzudzu woyesedwa (mphutsi zachinayi) adawonetsa kutupa kwa lumen ya m'mimba, kuchepa kwa zomwe zili mkati mwa maselo, komanso kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya81. Kusintha komweko kwa histological kudawonedwa mu mphutsi za udzudzu zomwe zidathandizidwa ndi echinacea leaf extract, zomwe zikusonyeza mphamvu yopha tizilombo ya mankhwala omwe adachiritsidwa50.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ECOSAR kwadziwika padziko lonse lapansi82. Kafukufuku wapano akusonyeza kuti poizoni woopsa wa ECOSAR biosurfactants ku microalgae (C. vulgaris), nsomba ndi utitiri wa m'madzi (D. magna) uli m'gulu la "poizoni" lomwe lafotokozedwa ndi United Nations83. Chitsanzo cha ECOSAR cha poizoni wachilengedwe chimagwiritsa ntchito SAR ndi QSAR kulosera poizoni woopsa komanso wa nthawi yayitali wa zinthu ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera poizoni wa zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ndi mankhwala ena onse omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu adagulidwa ku HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Kupanga kwa biosurfactant kunachitika mu ma flask a Erlenmeyer a 500 mL okhala ndi 200 mL ya Bushnell Haas medium yoyera yowonjezeredwa ndi 1% ya mafuta osaphika ngati gwero lokha la kaboni. Kulima koyamba kwa Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) kunabayidwa ndi kulimidwa pa orbital shaker pa 37°C, 200 rpm kwa masiku 7. Pambuyo pa nthawi yobzala, biosurfactant inachotsedwa poika centrifuge ya culture medium pa 3400 × g kwa mphindi 20 pa 4°C ndipo supernatant yomwe inatuluka idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa. Njira zowongolera bwino ndi kufotokozera kwa biosurfactants zidatengedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wathu wakale26.
Mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus zinapezedwa ku Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India). Mphutsi zinaleredwa m'mabotolo apulasitiki odzazidwa ndi madzi oyeretsedwa pa 27 ± 2°C ndi nthawi yowunikira ya 12:12 (yowala:yamdima). Mphutsi za udzudzu zinapatsidwa yankho la 10% la shuga.
Mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus zapezeka m'matangi otseguka komanso osatetezedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito malangizo okhazikika ogawa kuti mudziwe ndikukulitsa mphutsi mu labotale85. Mayeso opha mphutsi adachitika motsatira malangizo a World Health Organization 86. SH. Mphutsi zachinayi za quinquefasciatus zidasonkhanitsidwa m'machubu otsekedwa m'magulu a 25 ml ndi 50 ml ndi mpweya wochepa wa magawo awiri mwa atatu a mphamvu zawo. Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) idawonjezedwa ku chubu chilichonse payekhapayekha ndikusungidwa pa 25 °C. Chubu chowongolera chidagwiritsa ntchito madzi osungunuka okha (50 ml). Mphutsi zakufa zimaonedwa kuti ndi zomwe sizinawonetse zizindikiro zosambira panthawi yoyamwitsa (maola 12–48) 87. Werengani kuchuluka kwa imfa ya mphutsi pogwiritsa ntchito equation. (1)88.
Banja la Odontotermitidae limaphatikizapo chiswe cha ku India cha Odontotermes obesus, chomwe chimapezeka m'mitengo yowola ku Agricultural Campus (Annamalai University, India). Yesani chiswe ichi cha biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachizolowezi kuti mudziwe ngati chili chovulaza. Pambuyo pouma mu mpweya wa laminar kwa mphindi 30, chidutswa chilichonse cha pepala la Whatman chinapakidwa ndi biosurfactant pamlingo wa 30, 40, kapena 50 mg/ml. Zidutswa za pepala zopakidwa kale komanso zosapakidwa zinayesedwa ndikuyerekezeredwa pakati pa mbale ya Petri. Mbale iliyonse ya petri ili ndi chiswe chogwira ntchito pafupifupi makumi atatu cha O. obesus. Kuwongolera ndi kuyesa chiswe kunapatsidwa pepala lonyowa ngati gwero la chakudya. Ma mbale onse anasungidwa kutentha kwa chipinda nthawi yonse yoberekera. Chiswe chinafa pambuyo pa maola 12, 24, 36 ndi 488. Kenako equation 1 idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa imfa ya chiswe pamlingo wosiyanasiyana wa biosurfactant. (2).
Zitsanzozo zinasungidwa pa ayezi ndipo zinapakidwa m'machubu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi 100 ml ya 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ndipo zinatumizidwa ku Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ya Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. District, Tamil Nadu, India kuti zikawunikidwenso. Zitsanzozo zinakhazikika nthawi yomweyo mu 4% paraformaldehyde pa 37°C kwa maola 48.
Pambuyo pa gawo lokhazikika, zinthuzo zinatsukidwa katatu ndi 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), kenako zinasungunuka pang'onopang'ono mu ethanol ndikunyowa mu LEICA resin kwa masiku 7. Kenako chinthucho chimayikidwa mu nkhungu ya pulasitiki yodzazidwa ndi resin ndi polymerizer, kenako nkuyikidwa mu uvuni wotenthedwa mpaka 37°C mpaka chipika chokhala ndi chinthucho chitapangidwa polymer kwathunthu.
Pambuyo pa polymerization, mabuloko adadulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) mpaka makulidwe a 3 mm. Magawowa adagawidwa m'magulu pa ma slide, ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi pa slide iliyonse. Ma slide adaumitsidwa kutentha kwa chipinda, kenako adapakidwa ndi hematoxylin kwa mphindi 7 ndikutsukidwa ndi madzi othamanga kwa mphindi 4. Kuphatikiza apo, ikani yankho la eosin pakhungu kwa mphindi 5 ndikutsuka ndi madzi othamanga kwa mphindi 5.
Kuopsa kwakukulu kunanenedweratu pogwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zam'madzi zochokera m'madera otentha osiyanasiyana: nsomba ya maola 96 LC50, D. magna LC50 ya maola 48, ndi algae wobiriwira ya maola 96 EC50. Kuopsa kwa rhamnolipid biosurfactants ku nsomba ndi algae wobiriwira kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ECOSAR version 2.2 ya Windows yopangidwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency. (Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Mayeso onse okhudza ntchito yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a larvicidal ndi antitermite anachitika katatu. Kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa nonlinear (log of dose response variables) kwa deta ya imfa ya larval ndi termite kunachitika kuti awerengere kuchuluka kwa lethal (LC50) ndi 95% confidence interval, ndipo ma concentration response curves adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa ma biosurfactants a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 monga mankhwala ophera larvicidal ndi antitermite, ndipo ntchitoyi ithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe ma larvicidal ndi antitermite zimagwirira ntchito. Kafukufuku wa histological wa mphutsi zomwe zimapatsidwa mankhwala ophera larvicidal adawonetsa kuwonongeka kwa kugaya chakudya, midgut, cerebral cortex ndi hyperplasia ya maselo a epithelial a m'matumbo. Zotsatira: Kuwunika poizoni kwa ntchito yophera larvicidal ndi antitermidal ya rhamnolipid biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 kwawonetsa kuti isolate iyi ndi mankhwala ophera larvicidal omwe angathe kuwongolera matenda obwera chifukwa cha udzudzu (Cx quinquefasciatus) ndi termites (O. obesus). Pali kufunika kumvetsetsa poizoni wa chilengedwe wa ma biosurfactants ndi momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe. Kafukufukuyu amapereka maziko asayansi owunikira chiopsezo cha chilengedwe cha ma biosurfactants.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-09-2024