Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwadzetsa mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuwonekera kwa zamoyo zosamva, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kuvulaza thanzi la munthu.Choncho, mankhwala atsopano ophera tizilombo omwe ali otetezeka ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe akufunika mwachangu.Mu phunziro ili, rhamnolipid biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 inagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa poizoni kwa udzudzu (Culex quinquefasciatus) ndi mphutsi za chiswe (Odontotermes obesus).Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti panali chiwerengero cha imfa chodalira mlingo pakati pa mankhwala.The LC50 (50% lethal concentration) mtengo pa 48 hours kwa chiswe ndi udzudzu larval biosurfactants anatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito nonlinear regression pamapindikira njira yoyenera.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti maora 48 a LC50 values (95% confidence interval) of the larvicidal and antitermite act of the biosurfactant anali 26.49 mg/L (25.40 mpaka 27.57) ndi 33.43 mg/L (kusiyana 31.09 mpaka 35.68) motsatana.Malinga ndi kafukufuku histopathological, mankhwala ndi biosurfactants anawononga kwambiri organelle zimakhala ndi mphutsi ndi chiswe.Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono topangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ndi chida chabwino kwambiri komanso chothandiza kwambiri chowongolera Cx.quinquefasciatus ndi O. obesus.
Mayiko otentha amakhala ndi matenda ambiri obwera ndi udzudzu1.Kufunika kwa matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu kuli ponseponse.Anthu oposa 400,000 amamwalira ndi malungo chaka chilichonse, ndipo mizinda ina ikuluikulu ikukumana ndi miliri ya matenda aakulu monga dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya ndi Zika. zochitika zazikulu 3,4.Culex, Anopheles ndi Aedes ndi mitundu itatu ya udzudzu yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kufalitsa matenda.Kufalikira kwa matenda a dengue fever, matenda opatsirana ndi udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti, kwawonjezeka m'zaka khumi zapitazi ndipo kumayambitsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha thanzi4,7,8.Malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO), anthu opitilira 40% padziko lapansi ali pachiwopsezo cha matenda a dengue fever, pomwe matenda atsopano 50-100 miliyoni amachitika chaka chilichonse m'maiko oposa 1009,10,11.Dengue fever yakhala vuto lalikulu laumoyo wa anthu chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kwachuluka padziko lonse12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, omwe amadziwikanso kuti African Anopheles mosquito, ndiye udzudzu wofunikira kwambiri wa malungo a anthu m'madera otentha ndi otentha15.Kachilombo ka West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, encephalitis ya ku Japan, ndi matenda a mavairasi a akavalo ndi mbalame amafalitsidwa ndi udzudzu wa Culex, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa udzudzu wamba.Kuonjezera apo, amanyamulanso matenda a bakiteriya ndi parasitic16.Pali mitundu yopitilira 3,000 ya chiswe padziko lapansi, ndipo yakhalapo kwa zaka zopitilira 150 miliyoni17.Tizirombo zambiri timakhala m'nthaka ndipo timadya matabwa ndi matabwa okhala ndi cellulose.Chiswe cha ku India Odontotermes obesus ndi tizilombo tofunika kwambiri timene timawononga kwambiri mbewu zofunika komanso mitengo yobzala18.M'madera aulimi, kuwononga chiswe mosiyanasiyana kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma ku mbewu zosiyanasiyana, mitundu yamitengo ndi zomangira.Chiswe chimathanso kuyambitsa mavuto paumoyo wa anthu19.
Nkhani yolimbana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizirombo m'minda yamasiku ano yamankhwala ndi yaulimi ndizovuta20,21.Chifukwa chake, makampani onsewa akuyenera kuyang'ana ma antimicrobial atsopano otsika mtengo komanso otetezeka a biopesticides.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo alipo tsopano ndipo apezeka kuti ndi opatsirana komanso amathamangitsa tizilombo tomwe sitinawapeze22.M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wa biosurfactants wakula chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.Ma biosurfactants ndi othandiza kwambiri komanso ofunikira paulimi, kukonza nthaka, kuchotsa mafuta, mabakiteriya ndi kuchotsa tizilombo, ndi kukonza chakudya23,24.Ma biosurfactants kapena microbial surfactants ndi biosurfactant mankhwala opangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya, yisiti ndi bowa m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madera omwe ali ndi mafuta25,26.Ma surfactants opangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi ma biosurfactants ndi mitundu iwiri yomwe imapezeka mwachindunji kuchokera ku chilengedwe27.Ma biosurfactants osiyanasiyana amapezeka m'malo okhala m'madzi28,29.Choncho, asayansi akuyang'ana njira zamakono zopangira biosurfactants zochokera ku mabakiteriya achilengedwe30,31.Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku woterewu kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwazinthu zachilengedwezi pakuteteza chilengedwe32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium ndi mitundu ya bakiteriyayi ndi oimira ophunzitsidwa bwino23,33.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma biosurfactants okhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana34.Ubwino waukulu wa mankhwalawa ndikuti ena mwa iwo ali ndi antibacterial, larvicidal ndi insecticidal.Izi zikutanthauza kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale aulimi, mankhwala, mankhwala ndi zodzikongoletsera35,36,37,38.Chifukwa chakuti ma biosurfactants nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonongeka komanso opindulitsa chilengedwe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu ophatikizika othana ndi tizirombo kuti ateteze mbewu39.Choncho, chidziwitso choyambirira chapezeka pa ntchito ya larvicidal ndi antitermite ya microbial biosurfactants yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Tidasanthula zakufa ndi kusintha kwa histological titakumana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Kuphatikiza apo, tidawunikanso pulogalamu yapakompyuta yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) kuti tidziwe zakupha kwa ma microalgae, daphnia, ndi nsomba.
Mu phunziro ili, ntchito ya antitermite (poizoni) yoyeretsedwa ya biosurfactants pamagulu osiyanasiyana kuyambira 30 mpaka 50 mg / ml (pa 5 mg / ml intervals) inayesedwa motsutsana ndi chiswe cha Indian, O. obesus ndi mitundu inayi )Kuyesa.Mphutsi za instar Cx.Mphutsi za udzudzu quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 yokhazikika pa maola 48 motsutsana ndi O. obesus ndi Cx.C. solanacearum.Mphutsi za udzudzu zidazindikirika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhotakhota yokhotakhota.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kufa kwachiswe kumachulukirachulukira ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa biosurfactant.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti biosurfactant inali ndi ntchito ya larvicidal (Chithunzi 1) ndi ntchito yotsutsa chiswe (Chithunzi 2), yokhala ndi maola 48 a LC50 values (95% CI) ya 26.49 mg/L (25.40 mpaka 27.57) ndi 33.43 mg/ l (mkuyu 31.09 mpaka 35.68), motero (Table 1).Pankhani ya chiwopsezo chachikulu (maola 48), biosurfactant imatchedwa "yovulaza" zamoyo zomwe zayesedwa.The biosurfactant yopangidwa mu kafukufukuyu inawonetsa ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya larvicidal ndi 100% kufa mkati mwa maola 24-48 akuwonekera.
Werengerani mtengo wa LC50 wa ntchito ya larvicidal.Mzere wokhotakhota wokhotakhota wosagwirizana (mzere wokhazikika) ndi 95% nthawi yodalirika (malo amthunzi) pakufa kwachibale (%).
Werengerani mtengo wa LC50 wa ntchito yolimbana ndi chiswe.Mzere wokhotakhota wokhotakhota wosagwirizana (mzere wokhazikika) ndi 95% nthawi yodalirika (malo amthunzi) pakufa kwachibale (%).
Pamapeto pa kuyesa, kusintha kwa morphological ndi zosokoneza zidawonedwa pansi pa microscope.Kusintha kwa morphological kunawonedwa mumagulu owongolera ndi ochizira pakukula kwa 40x.Monga momwe chithunzi 3 chikusonyezera, kuwonongeka kwa kukula kunachitika mu mphutsi zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi biosurfactants.Chithunzi 3a chikuwonetsa Cx wamba.quinquefasciatus, Chithunzi 3b chikuwonetsa Cx yodabwitsa.Zimayambitsa mphutsi zisanu za nematode.
Zotsatira za sublethal (LC50) Mlingo wa biosurfactants pakukula kwa mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus.Chithunzi cha microscopy chowala (a) cha Cx wamba pa 40 × magnification.quinquefasciatus (b) Zosazolowereka Cx.Zimayambitsa mphutsi zisanu za nematode.
Mu phunziro lino, histological kafukufuku wa ankachitira mphutsi (mkuyu. 4) ndi chiswe (mkuyu 5) anaulula zingapo zolakwika, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa m`mimba m`dera ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu, epithelial zigawo ndi khungu.pakati.Histology idawulula njira yolepheretsa ntchito ya biosurfactant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu.
Histopathology ya mphutsi za 4th instar Cx zosasamalidwa bwino.quinquefasciatus larvae (control: (a,b)) ndikuthandizidwa ndi biosurfactant (mankhwala: (c,d)).Mivi imasonyeza epithelium ya m'mimba (epi), nuclei (n), ndi minofu (mu).Baro = 50µm.
Histopathology ya O. obesus yosachiritsika (kuwongolera: (a,b)) ndi chithandizo cha biosurfactant (mankhwala: (c,d)).Mivi imasonyeza epithelium ya m'mimba (epi) ndi minofu (mu), motsatira.Baro = 50µm.
Pakafukufukuyu, ECOSAR idagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera za kawopsedwe kakang'ono ka mankhwala a rhamnolipid biosurfactant kwa opanga oyamba (green algae), ogula oyambira (utitiri wamadzi) ndi ogula achiwiri (nsomba).Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yaposachedwa kwambiri ya kachulukidwe-ntchito kuti iwunikire kawopsedwe potengera kapangidwe ka maselo.Mtunduwu umagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya structure-activity (SAR) kuti iwerengere kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka zinthu zamoyo zam'madzi.Mwachindunji, Table 2 ikufotokozera mwachidule za ndende zakupha (LC50) ndi kukhazikika kothandiza (EC50) kwa mitundu ingapo.Kuopsa kokayikiridwa kudagawidwa m'magulu anayi pogwiritsa ntchito Global Harmonized System of Classification and Lebel of Chemicals (Table 3).
Kuwongolera matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma vector, makamaka mitundu ya udzudzu ndi udzudzu wa Aedes.Aigupto, tsopano ntchito yovuta 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Ngakhale mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, monga pyrethroids ndi organophosphates, ali opindulitsa pang'ono, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu paumoyo wa anthu, kuphatikiza matenda a shuga, kusokonezeka kwa uchembere, kusokonezeka kwa minyewa, khansa, ndi matenda opuma.Komanso, pakapita nthawi, tizilombo timatha kugonjetsedwa ndi iwo13,43,48.Chifukwa chake, njira zowongolera zachilengedwe zogwira mtima komanso zoteteza zachilengedwe zidzakhala njira yotchuka kwambiri yoletsa udzudzu49,50.Benelli51 adanena kuti kuwongolera msanga kwa ma vectors a udzudzu kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri m'matauni, koma sanalimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzudzu m'madera akumidzi52.Tom et al 53 adanenanso kuti kulamulira udzudzu pa msinkhu wawo ukhoza kukhala njira yotetezeka komanso yosavuta chifukwa iwo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi othandizira 54 .
Kupanga kwa biosurfactant ndi vuto lamphamvu (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kunawonetsa kusasinthika komanso kulonjeza kothandiza.Phunziro lathu lapitalo linanena kuti Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 imakonza kupanga biosurfactant pogwiritsa ntchito physicochemical parameters26.Malinga ndi kafukufuku wawo, mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yopangira biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi E. cloacae isolate inali yolumikizidwa kwa maola 36, mukubwadamuka pa 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% shuga monga gwero la kaboni, 1% yisiti. .chotsitsacho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la nayitrogeni kuti apeze 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Kuphatikiza apo, ma biosurfactants adadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito TLC, FTIR ndi MALDI-TOF-MS.Izi zidatsimikizira kuti rhamnolipid ndi biosurfactant.Glycolipid biosurfactants ndi gulu lomwe limaphunziridwa kwambiri mwa mitundu ina ya biosurfactants55.Amakhala ndi magawo a carbohydrate ndi lipid, makamaka unyolo wamafuta acid.Pakati pa glycolipids, oimira akuluakulu ndi rhamnolipid ndi sophorolipid56.Ma Rhamnolipids ali ndi zigawo ziwiri za rhamnose zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mono- kapena di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa rhamnolipids m'mafakitale azachipatala ndi mankhwala kumakhazikitsidwa bwino 58, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo posachedwapa monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo 59.
Kuyanjana kwa biosurfactant ndi dera la hydrophobic la siphon yopuma kumalola madzi kudutsa m'mimba mwake, motero kumawonjezera kukhudzana kwa mphutsi ndi chilengedwe cha m'madzi.Kukhalapo kwa biosurfactants kumakhudzanso trachea, yomwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupi ndi pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphutsi zizitha kukwawa pamwamba ndikupuma.Zotsatira zake, kuthamanga kwapamadzi kumachepa.Popeza kuti mphutsi sizingagwirizane ndi madzi, zimagwera pansi pa thanki, kusokoneza kuthamanga kwa hydrostatic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kufa chifukwa chomira38,60.Zotsatira zofananazo zidapezedwa ndi Ghribi61, pomwe biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis idawonetsa zochitika zowononga mphutsi motsutsana ndi Ephestia kuehniella.Mofananamo, ntchito ya larvicidal ya Cx.Das ndi Mukherjee23 adawunikanso momwe cyclic lipopeptides pa quinquefasciatus mphutsi.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zimakhudza ntchito ya larvicidal ya rhamnolipid biosurfactants motsutsana ndi Cx.Kupha udzudzu wa quinquefasciatus kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale.Mwachitsanzo, ma biosurfactants opangidwa ndi ma surfactin opangidwa ndi mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana amtundu wa Bacillus amagwiritsidwa ntchito.ndi Pseudomonas spp.Malipoti ena oyambirira64,65,66 adanena za kupha mphutsi za lipopeptide biosurfactants kuchokera ku Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 idapeza kuti rhamnolipid biosurfactant yotalikirana ndi Stenotropomonas maltophilia inali ndi ntchito yamphamvu ya larvicidal pa ndende ya 10 mg/L.Silva et al.67 inanena za ntchito ya larvicidal ya rhamnolipid biosurfactant motsutsana ndi Ae pamlingo wa 1 g/L.Aedes aegypti.Kanakdande et al.68 inanena kuti lipopeptide biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis anayambitsa imfa yonse mu Culex mphutsi ndi chiswe ndi lipophilic gawo la Eucalyptus.Mofananamo, Masendra et al.69 inanena nyerere zantchito (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) kufa kwa 61.7% mu lipophilic n -hexane ndi EtOAc tizigawo ta E. crude extract.
Parthipan et al 70 adanena za kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a lipopeptide biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Bacillus subtilis A1 ndi Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 motsutsana ndi Anopheles Stephensi, vector ya malungo a Plasmodium.Anawona kuti mphutsi ndi mphutsi zimapulumuka kwa nthawi yaitali, zimakhala ndi nthawi yaifupi ya kutuluka kwa mazira, zinali zosabala, ndipo zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi pamene zimathandizidwa ndi biosurfactants zosiyanasiyana.Makhalidwe a LC50 a B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 anali 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 ndi 7.99 mg/L m'madera osiyanasiyana a mphutsi (ie mphutsi I, II, III, IV ndi pupae) motsatira.Poyerekeza, ma biosurfactants a magawo a larval I-IV ndi pupal magawo a Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 anali 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 ndi 6.99 mg/L, motsatira.Kuchedwa kwa mphutsi ndi mphutsi zomwe zatsala zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zotsatira za kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi kagayidwe kachakudya komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 imapanga biosurfactant yokhala ndi 100% yowononga udzudzu wa Aedes.Aegypti 24-hour interval 38 inali yapamwamba kuposa yomwe Silva et al.Biosurfactant yopangidwa kuchokera ku Pseudomonas aeruginosa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mpendadzuwa ngati gwero la kaboni yasonyezedwa kuti imapha 100% ya mphutsi mkati mwa maola 48 67.Abinaya et al.72 ndi Pradhan et al.73 adawonetsanso zotsatira za larvicidal kapena insecticidal of surfactants opangidwa ndi magulu angapo amtundu wa Bacillus.Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa kale ndi Senthil-Nathan et al.anapeza kuti 100% ya mphutsi za udzudzu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi madambwe a zomera zimatha kufa.74.
Kuwunika momwe tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda n'kofunika kwambiri pamapulogalamu ogwirizanitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa milingo yaing'ono kapena kuyika kwake sikupha tizilombo koma kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo m'mibadwo yamtsogolo posokoneza mawonekedwe achilengedwe10.Siqueira et al 75 adawona zochitika zonse za larvicidal (100% kufa) kwa rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) poyesedwa pazigawo zosiyanasiyana kuyambira 50 mpaka 300 mg / ml.Larval stage ya Aedes aegypti strains.Iwo anasanthula zotsatira za nthawi mpaka imfa ndi sublethal ndende pa kupulumuka mphutsi ndi ntchito kusambira.Kuonjezera apo, adawona kuchepa kwa liwiro la kusambira pambuyo pa maola 24-48 akukumana ndi zovuta zowonongeka za biosurfactant (mwachitsanzo, 50 mg / mL ndi 100 mg / mL).Poizoni omwe ali ndi udindo wodalirika amaganiziridwa kuti ndiwothandiza kwambiri pakuwononga tizirombo tomwe timakonda76.
Zotsatira za histological za zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 amasintha kwambiri minofu ya udzudzu (Cx. quinquefasciatus) ndi mphutsi za chiswe (O. obesus).Zofananira zofananira zidayamba chifukwa chokonzekera mafuta a basil mu An.gambiaes.s ndi An.arabica adafotokozedwa ndi Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 adafotokozanso zolakwika zomwezo za morphological mu An.Mphutsi za Stephanie zinali zowonekera ku nanoparticles zagolide.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 adanenanso kuti thumba la m'busa mafuta ofunikira anawononga kwambiri chipinda ndi epithelial zigawo za Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti.Raghavendran et al adanenanso kuti mphutsi za udzudzu zimathandizidwa ndi 500 mg / ml mycelial extract ya bowa wamba wa Penicillium.Ae amawonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa histological.Egypt ndi Cx.Chiwerengero cha imfa 80. Poyamba, Abinaya et al.Mphutsi zachinayi za An zidaphunziridwa.Stephensi ndi E.aegypti anapeza zosintha zambiri za histological mu Aedes aegypti zochizidwa ndi B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kuphatikizapo chapamimba cecum, minofu atrophy, kuwonongeka ndi disorganization wa mitsempha chingwe ganglia72.Malinga ndi Raghavendran et al., atalandira chithandizo ndi P. daleae mycelial extract, maselo a midgut a udzudzu omwe anayesedwa (4th instar larvae) anawonetsa kutupa kwa lumen ya m'mimba, kuchepa kwa zinthu za intercellular, ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya81.Zomwezo kusintha kwa histological kunkawoneka mu mphutsi za udzudzu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tsamba la echinacea, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda50.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ECOSAR kwalandira kuzindikira kwapadziko lonse82.Kafukufuku wamakono akusonyeza kuti chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ECOSAR biosurfactants to microalgae (C. vulgaris), nsomba ndi utitiri wamadzi (D. magna) zimagwera m'gulu la "toxicity" lotanthauzidwa ndi United Nations83.Mtundu wa ECOSAR wa ecotoxicity umagwiritsa ntchito SAR ndi QSAR kulosera za kawopsedwe kakang'ono komanso kwanthawi yayitali kwa zinthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera za kawopsedwe ka zinthu zowononga organic82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ndi mankhwala ena onse ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu anagulidwa ku HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Kupanga kwa biosurfactant kunachitika mu 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks yomwe ili ndi 200 mL ya wosabala Bushnell Haas sing'anga yowonjezeredwa ndi 1% yamafuta osakanizidwa ngati gwero lokhalo la kaboni.A preculture of Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) adalowetsedwa ndikukula pa orbital shaker pa 37 ° C, 200 rpm kwa masiku 7.Pambuyo pa incubation nthawi, biosurfactant inachotsedwa ndi centrifuging chikhalidwe sing'anga pa 3400 × g kwa 20 min pa 4 ° C ndipo zotsatira supernatant anagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kufufuza.Njira zokometsera ndi mawonekedwe a biosurfactants zidatengedwa kuchokera ku phunziro lathu lakale26.
Mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus zinapezedwa kuchokera ku Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Mphutsi zinaleredwa muzotengera zapulasitiki zodzazidwa ndi madzi opangidwa ndi deionized pa 27 ± 2 ° C ndi chithunzi cha 12:12 (kuwala: mdima).Mphutsi za udzudzu zimadyetsedwa ndi 10% ya glucose solution.
Mphutsi za Culex quinquefasciatus zapezeka m'matangi otseguka komanso osatetezedwa.Gwiritsani ntchito malangizo a magulu okhazikika kuti muzindikire ndi chikhalidwe cha mphutsi mu labotale85.Mayesero a Larvicidal anachitidwa motsatira malingaliro a World Health Organization 86.SH.Mphutsi zachinayi za quinquefasciatus zinasonkhanitsidwa m'machubu otsekedwa m'magulu a 25 ml ndi 50 ml ndi mpweya wa magawo awiri mwa atatu a mphamvu zawo.Biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) inawonjezeredwa ku chubu chilichonse payekha ndikusungidwa pa 25 ° C.Chubu chowongolera chimagwiritsa ntchito madzi osungunuka (50 ml).Mphutsi zakufa zinkaonedwa kuti ndizo zomwe sizinawonetse zizindikiro za kusambira panthawi yomwe incubation (maola 12-48) 87 .Yerekezerani kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa mphutsi pogwiritsa ntchito equation.(1)88.
Banja la Odontotermitidae limaphatikizapo chiswe cha ku India Odontotermes obesus, chopezeka m’zipika zowola ku Kampasi ya Zaulimi (Yunivesite ya Annamalai, India).Yesani biosurfactant iyi (0–50 mg/ml) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zabwinobwino kuti muwone ngati ili yovulaza.Pambuyo poyanika mu laminar kutuluka kwa mpweya kwa mphindi 30, pepala lililonse la Whatman linakutidwa ndi biosurfactant pamtunda wa 30, 40, kapena 50 mg/ml.Zingwe zamapepala zokutidwa kale komanso zosakutidwa zidayesedwa ndikufaniziridwa pakatikati pa mbale ya Petri.Mbale iliyonse ya petri imakhala ndi chiswe cha O. obesus pafupifupi makumi atatu.Kuwongolera ndi kuyesa chiswe kunkapatsidwa mapepala onyowa ngati chakudya.Mambale onse ankasungidwa kutentha kwa firiji nthawi yonseyi.Termites adamwalira pambuyo pa 12, 24, 36 ndi 48 hours89,90.Equation 1 idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kufa kwachiswe pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biosurfactant.(2).
Zitsanzozo zinasungidwa pa ayezi ndi kupakidwa mu ma microtubes okhala ndi 100 ml ya 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ndikutumizidwa ku Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ya Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA).Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.District, Tamil Nadu, India kuti muwunikenso.Zitsanzo zinakhazikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo mu 4% paraformaldehyde pa 37 ° C kwa maola 48.
Pambuyo pa gawo lokonzekera, zinthuzo zidatsukidwa katatu ndi 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), pang'onopang'ono kutaya madzi m'thupi mu Mowa ndikuviika mu utomoni wa LEICA kwa masiku 7.Zinthuzo zimayikidwa mu nkhungu ya pulasitiki yodzaza ndi utomoni ndi polima, kenaka ndikuyika mu uvuni wotenthedwa kufika 37 ° C mpaka chipika chomwe chili ndi chinthucho chitapangidwa polima.
Pambuyo polima, midadada idadulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) mpaka makulidwe a 3 mm.Magawowo ali m'magulu azithunzi, okhala ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi pa slide iliyonse.Ma slidewo adawumitsidwa kutentha kwa firiji, kenako amathiridwa ndi hematoxylin kwa mphindi 7 ndikutsuka ndi madzi othamanga kwa 4 min.Komanso, ntchito eosin njira pakhungu kwa mphindi 5 ndi muzimutsuka ndi madzi othamanga 5 Mphindi.
Kuopsa koopsa kunanenedweratu pogwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zam'madzi zochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana otentha: nsomba za maola 96 LC50, maola 48 D. magna LC50, ndi ndere zobiriwira za maola 96 EC50.Kuopsa kwa ma rhamnolipid biosurfactants ku nsomba ndi ndere zobiriwira kudawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ECOSAR 2.2 ya Windows yopangidwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency.(Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Mayesero onse a ntchito ya larvicidal ndi antitermite adachitidwa katatu.Kusakhazikika kopanda mzere (lolemba lazosintha zamtundu wa mlingo) wa data yakufa kwa mphutsi ndi chiswe kunachitidwa kuti awerengere ndende yakupha yapakati (LC50) ndi nthawi yodalirika ya 95%, ndipo ma curve oyankha okhudzidwa adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc. USA) 84, 91.
Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa ma biosurfactants opangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 monga udzudzu larvicidal ndi antitermite agents, ndipo ntchitoyi idzathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino njira za larvicidal ndi antitermite action.Histological maphunziro a mphutsi ankachitira ndi biosurfactants anasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa m`mimba thirakiti, midgut, cerebral kotekisi ndi hyperplasia m`mimba epithelial maselo.Results: Toxicological evaluation ya antitermite ndi larvicidal ntchito ya rhamnolipid biosurfactant yopangidwa ndi Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 inawulula kuti kudzipatula kumeneku ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a udzudzu (Cx quinquefasciatus) ndi chiswe (O. obesus).Pakufunika kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwe kwa ma biosurfactants ndi momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe.Kafukufukuyu akupereka maziko asayansi owunika kuopsa kwa chilengedwe cha biosurfactants.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-09-2024