Lambda-cyhalothrin, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti cyhalothrin ndi kungfu cyhalothrin, idapangidwa bwino ndi gulu la AR Jutsum mu 1984. Njira yake yogwirira ntchito ndikusintha kulowa kwa nembanemba ya mitsempha ya tizilombo, kuletsa kuyendetsa kwa axon ya mitsempha ya tizilombo, kuwononga ntchito ya neuron polumikizana ndi njira ya sodium ion, kupangitsa tizilombo toopsa kukhala osangalala kwambiri, olumala ndi kufa, ndipo imatha kugwetsa tizilombo mwachangu. Lambda-cyhalothrin ili ndi mawonekedwe opha tizilombo, imagwira ntchito kwambiri komanso imatenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo ndi yoyenera kulamulira tizilombo monga tirigu, chimanga, mitengo ya zipatso, thonje, ndiwo zamasamba zophimbidwa, ndi zina zotero.
1 Mkhalidwe woyambira
高效氯氟氰菊酯Dzina la Chingerezi: Lambda-cyhalothrin; Fomula ya molekyulu: C23H19ClF3NO3; Malo otentha: 187～190℃/0.2 mmHg; CAS No: 91465-08-633.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1 Fomula ya kapangidwe ka beta-cyhalothrin
2 Zolinga za poizoni ndi kuwongolera
Beta-cyhalothrin ili ndi zotsatira zopha anthu komanso poizoni m'mimba, komanso ili ndi zotsatira zopewera komanso yopanda mphamvu m'thupi. Ili ndi zotsatira zabwino zoletsa tizilombo tomwe timatafuna mkamwa monga mphutsi za Lepidoptera ndi tizilombo tina ta Coleoptera, ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito poletsa tizilombo toyamwa mkamwa monga pear psyllium. Zinthu zazikulu zoletsa za beta-cyhalothrin ndi midges, armyworms, corn borers, beet armyworms, heartworms, leaf rollers, armyworms, swallowtail agulugufe, fruit armyworms, cotton bollworms, red bollworms, kabichi mbozi, ndi zina zotero. M'munda wa udzu, udzu ndi mbewu zouma, imatha kupewa ndi kuwongolera grassborer, ndi zina zotero. Gwiritsani ntchito nyengo m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi: China, makamaka kuyambira Marichi mpaka Ogasiti; South/North America, kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi ndi Seputembala mpaka Disembala; Southeast Asia, kuyambira Disembala mpaka Meyi; Europe, kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi ndi Seputembala mpaka Disembala mwezi.
3 Njira yopangira zinthu ndi zinthu zazikulu zolumikizirana
(1) Kupanga kwa trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid chloride
Asidi ya Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum (Kung fu acid) imakumana ndi thionyl chloride, imasungunuka ndikukonzedwa kuti ipange trifluorochlorochrysanthemic acid chloride.
(2) Kupanga mafuta osakonzedwa a chlorofluorocyanide
Chlorofluroyl chloride, m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (ether aldehyde) ndi sodium cyanide zimapangidwa kuti zipange mafuta osaphika a chlorofluorocyanide pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira.
(3) Kupanga kwa beta-cyhalothrin
Pogwiritsa ntchito ma organic amines, chlorofluorocyanide yopanda kanthu imapangidwa kuti ipange beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Mkhalidwe wa msika wa m'dziko
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa China Pesticide Information Network, pofika pa Meyi 20, 2022, chiwerengero cha zolembetsa zaukadaulo za alpha-cyhalothrin chinali 45, ndipo zomwe zidalembetsedwa zinali 81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, ndi 98%. Pakati pawo, zolembetsa zokhala ndi 95%, 96%, ndi 98% ndizo zinali zazikulu.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa China Pesticide Information Network, kuyambira pa Meyi 20, 2022. Deta yolembetsedwa m'dziko muno ya mankhwala a beta-cyhalothrin ikuwonetsa kuti pali mankhwala osakaniza a mlingo umodzi, omwe 621 ndi a mlingo umodzi ndipo 216 ndi ophatikizika. Mlingo umodzi: 621 yolembedwa, mankhwala akuluakulu ndi 2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g/L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g/L, 2.5% water emulsion, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g/L, 50 g/L EC, 25%, 10%, 2.5% WP, 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, ndi zina zotero. Zosakaniza zophatikizana: 216 yolembedwa, makamaka ndi Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika. Mitundu yayikulu ya mlingo ndi iyi: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% madzi osungunuka, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% suspending agent, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 30% microemulsion, 2%, 4% granules, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% wettable powder, etc.
5 Mkhalidwe wa msika wakunja
5.1 Kulembetsa kukonzekera kunja kwa dziko
Mlingo waukulu wolembetsedwa ndi 25 g/L, 50 g/L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
Zosakaniza zazikulu ndi izi: beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + thiamethoxam 12.6% microcapsule suspension, beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + abamectin 0.3% EC, thiamethoxam 14.1% + high-efficiency chlorofluorocarbon Cypermethrin 10.6% suspending agent, Acetamiprid 2% + Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 Zinthu zotumizidwa kunja ku China
Kuyambira mu 2015 mpaka 2019, makampani okwana 582 adatumiza kunja zinthu zamakono komanso zokonzekera za cyhalothrin, ndipo kuchuluka kwa makampani khumi apamwamba omwe adatumiza kunja kudapanga 45% ya kuchuluka konse kwa zinthu zotumizira kunja (kuchuluka kwa zaka 5). Makampani khumi apamwamba alembedwa mu Table 2.
Kuchuluka kwapakati kwa zipangizo zaukadaulo zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndi matani 2,400 pachaka, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndi matani 3,000 pachaka. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kwawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2019. Kuchuluka kwapakati kwa zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimakonzedwa kunja ndi matani 14,800 pachaka, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndi matani 17,000 (2017), kenako kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kumakhala kokhazikika; kuchuluka kwapakati kwa zinthu zomwe zimakonzedwa kunja ndi matani 460 pachaka, ndipo kwakukulu kwambiri ndi matani 515 pachaka.
Kuyambira mu 2015 mpaka 2019, zinthu zaukadaulo ndi zopangira za cyhalothrin zinatumizidwa kumisika 77. Misika isanu yapamwamba inali United States, Belgium, India, Argentina, ndi Pakistan. Misika isanu yapamwamba inali 57% ya zonse zomwe China inatumiza kunja. (Zaka 5 zonse pamodzi).
6 Zochitika zaposachedwa pamsika
Malinga ndi atolankhani, pa Meyi 7, 2022, nthawi yakomweko, fakitale ya kampani ya agrochemical yaku India Bharat Rasayan, yomwe imapanga zinthu za pyrethroid ndi zina zokhudzana nazo, idayaka moto pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa boiler.
India ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe si a patent padziko lonse lapansi, omwe mphamvu yopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ofunikira kwambiri, methyl betinate ndi ether aldehyde, ndi yokwera kwambiri. Mu 2021, Bharat Rasayan idzatumiza kunja mankhwala ophera tizilombo okwana matani 6,000, omwe 61% ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, 13% ndi 26% ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo (makamaka mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid). Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ofunikira popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid, ether aldehyde imafunika matani pafupifupi 6,000 pachaka, omwe pafupifupi theka lake liyenera kugulidwa ku India.
Popeza msika wa cyhalothrin wa m'dziko muno ukuyandikira kumapeto, ndipo kampani yaku India si kampani yayikulu yomwe imapanga zinthu zokhudzana ndi alpha-cyhalothrin monga ether aldehydes, mphamvu yake pamsika wa m'dziko muno ndi yochepa, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kulabadira zomwe zatumizidwa posachedwapa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-08-2022