Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) ndi imodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu pakupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala ophera udzu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti msika ukhale waukulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala ophera udzu amenewa amagwira ntchito kwambiri pa chlorophyll ndipo ali ndi poizoni wochepa kwa nyama zoyamwitsa, mankhwala ophera udzu amenewa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, poizoni wochepa komanso chitetezo.
Nyama, zomera, mabakiteriya ndi bowa zonse zili ndi protoporphyrinogen oxidase, yomwe imayambitsa protoporphyrinogen IX kukhala protoporphyrin IX pansi pa mpweya wa mamolekyulu, protoporphyrinogen oxidase ndiye enzyme yomaliza yomwe imapezeka mu tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, makamaka kupanga heme ya ferrous ndi chlorophyll. Mu zomera, protoporphyrinogen oxidase ili ndi ma isoenzyme awiri, omwe amapezeka mu mitochondria ndi chloroplasts motsatana. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors ndi mankhwala amphamvu ophera udzu, omwe amatha kukwaniritsa cholinga choletsa udzu makamaka poletsa kupanga utoto wa zomera, ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yotsala m'nthaka, zomwe sizovulaza mbewu zamtsogolo. Mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala ophera udzuwu ili ndi makhalidwe osankha, kugwira ntchito kwambiri, poizoni wotsika komanso osasavuta kuwunjikana m'chilengedwe.
Mankhwala oletsa PPO a mitundu yayikulu ya udzu wophera udzu
1. Mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa Diphenyl ether
Mitundu ina yaposachedwa ya PPO
3.1 Dzina la ISO la saflufenacil lomwe linapezedwa mu 2007 - BASF, patent yatha ntchito mu 2021.
Mu 2009, benzochlor inalembetsedwa koyamba ku United States ndipo inagulitsidwa mu 2010. Pakadali pano Benzochlor yalembetsedwa ku United States, Canada, China, Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina, Brazil ndi Australia. Pakadali pano, mabizinesi ambiri ku China akulembetsa.
3.2 Anapambana dzina la ISO la tiafenacil mu 2013 ndipo patent yake imatha mu 2029.
Mu 2018, flursulfuryl ester idayambitsidwa koyamba ku South Korea; Mu 2019, idayambitsidwa ku Sri Lanka, zomwe zidayambitsa ulendo wotsatsa malonda m'misika yakunja. Pakadali pano, flursulfuryl ester yalembetsedwanso ku Australia, United States, Canada, Brazil ndi mayiko ena, ndipo yalembetsedwa mwachangu m'misika ina yayikulu.
3.3 Dzina la ISO trifludimoxazin (trifluoxazin) linapezeka mu 2014 ndipo patentyo imatha mu 2030.
Pa Meyi 28, 2020, mankhwala oyamba a trifluoxazine adalembetsedwa ku Australia koyamba padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo njira yogulitsira padziko lonse lapansi ya trifluoxazine idapita patsogolo mwachangu, ndipo pa Julayi 1 chaka chomwecho, mankhwala opangidwa ndi BASF (125.0g /L tricfluoxazine + 250.0g /L benzosulfuramide suspension) adavomerezedwanso kuti alembetsedwe ku Australia.
3.4 Dzina la ISO cyclopyranil lomwe linapezeka mu 2017 - patent imatha mu 2034.
Kampani yaku Japan idapempha chilolezo cha patent yaku Europe (EP3031806) cha mankhwala wamba, kuphatikiza mankhwala a cyclopyranil, ndipo idapereka fomu yofunsira ya PCT, yofalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi Nambala WO2015020156A1, ya pa Ogasiti 7, 2014. Patent iyi yavomerezedwa ku China, Australia, Brazil, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Russia, ndi United States.
3.5 epyrifenacil yapatsidwa dzina la ISO mu 2020
Epyrifenacil broad spectrum, zotsatira zake mwachangu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu chimanga, tirigu, barele, mpunga, manyuchi, soya, thonje, shuga beet, mtedza, mpendadzuwa, rape, maluwa, zomera zokongoletsera, ndiwo zamasamba, kuti apewe udzu wambiri wa masamba akuluakulu ndi udzu, monga setae, udzu wa ng'ombe, udzu wa barnyard, udzu wa rye, udzu wamchira ndi zina zotero.
3.6 ISO yotchedwa flufenoximacil (Flufenoximacil) mu 2022
Fluridine ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa PPO omwe ali ndi udzu wambiri, mphamvu yake yogwira ntchito mwachangu, amagwira ntchito tsiku lomwelo, komanso amatha kusinthasintha bwino pa mbewu zina. Kuphatikiza apo, fluridine imagwiranso ntchito kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za mankhwala ophera tizilombo kufika pamlingo wa gramu, zomwe ndi zoteteza chilengedwe.
Mu Epulo 2022, fluridine idalembetsedwa ku Cambodia, yomwe ndi kampani yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi kulembetsa. Chinthu choyamba chomwe chili ndi chinthu chachikuluchi chidzalembedwa ku China pansi pa dzina la malonda lakuti "Fast as the wind".
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-26-2024