Kukana mankhwala ndi mphamvu ya synergists ndi pyrethroids mu Anopheles gambiae udzudzu (Diptera: Culicidae) kumwera kwa Togo Journal of Malaria |

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikupereka detamankhwala ophera tizilombokukana kupanga zisankho pamapulogalamu owongolera kutsutsa ku Togo.
Mlingo wa Anopheles gambiae (SL) wopezeka ku mankhwala ophera tizirombo ogwiritsidwa ntchito paumoyo wa anthu unawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera ya WHO in vitro test. Ma bioassays a kukana kwa pyrethroid adachitidwa molingana ndi ma protocol oyesa botolo la CDC. Zochita zochotsa ma enzyme zidayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito synergists piperonyl butoxide, SSS-phosphorothioate, ndi ethacrine. Chizindikiritso cha mtundu ndi genotyping ya kdr mutation mu Anopheles gambiae SL pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PCR.
Anthu amdera la Anopheles gambiae sl adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto la pirimiphos-methyl ku Lomé, Kowie, Aniye ndi Kpeletutu. Kufa kunali 90% ku Bayda, kusonyeza kukana kwa pirimiphos-methyl. Kukaniza DDT, benzodicarb ndi propoxur kunalembedwa pamasamba onse. Miyezo yayikulu ya kukana kwa pyrethroids idalembedwa, ndi oxidases, esterases ndi glutathione-s-transferases kukhala ma enzymes omwe amalepheretsa kukana, malinga ndi mayeso a synergistic. Mitundu yayikulu yomwe idapezeka ndi Anopheles gambiae (ss) ndi Anopheles cruzi. Ma frequency apamwamba a kdr L1014F ndi ma frequency otsika a kdr L1014S alleles adapezeka pamasamba onse.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zida zowonjezera zolimbikitsira njira zothana ndi malungo (IRS ndi LLIN) zomwe zilipo kale.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi gawo lofunikira pamapulogalamu owongolera ma vector a malungo ku Africa [1]. Komabe, kuwonekera kwa kukana magulu akuluakulu a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza ma bedi ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nyumba (IRS) kumafuna kuti tiganizirenso za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa komanso kasamalidwe ka ma vector resistance [2]. Kutuluka kwa kukana mankhwala kwanenedwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku West Africa kuphatikizapo Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali [3, 4, 5] makamaka Togo [6, 7]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma synergists ndi kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawonjezera chiwopsezo cha ma vectors a malungo m'malo omwe amalimbana kwambiri ndi pyrethroids [8, 9]. Kusunga kukhazikika kwa njira zowongolera, kuphatikiza mwadongosolo kasamalidwe kakukana mu ndondomeko iliyonse yowongolera ma vector kuyenera kuganiziridwa [2]. Dziko lililonse liyenera kuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu owongolera kukana pozindikira kukana [10]. Malinga ndi malingaliro a World Health Organisation (WHO) [10], kuwongolera kukana kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zitatu kuphatikiza (1) kuwunika momwe tizilombo tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono ta ma vectors, (2) mawonekedwe amphamvu yakukana, ndi (3) kuunikira kwa machitidwe amthupi, makamaka makamaka pakuchita bwino kwa synergist piperon (BOYL). Ku Togo, sitepe yoyamba, kuwunika momwe tizilombo toyambitsa malungo imayendera, imachitika zaka 2-3 zilizonse m'malo a National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Mphamvu yotsutsa ndi mphamvu ya masitepe awiri otsiriza (ie, potentiator piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), ndi ethacrynic acid (EA)) sizinaphunzire zambiri.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndi kuthana ndi mbali zitatuzi ndikupatsa NMCP deta yodalirika kuti ipange zisankho za kasamalidwe ka kukana ku Togo.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika kuyambira Juni mpaka Seputembala 2021 pa malo osankhidwa a NMCP m'maboma atatu azaumoyo kumwera kwa Togo (Chithunzi 1). Malo asanu owunikira a NMCP adasankhidwa kuti awonedwe motengera momwe alili (malo osiyanasiyana aukhondo) komanso mawonekedwe a chilengedwe (kuchuluka kwa ma vector, malo oberekera mphutsi osatha): Lomé, Bayda, Kowie, Anyère ndi Kpeletoutou (Table 1).
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti udzudzu wa Anopheles gambiae kum'mwera kwa Togo sumva mankhwala ophera tizirombo ambiri, kusiyapo pirimiphos-methyl. Miyezo yayikulu ya kukana kwa pyrethroid idawonedwa pamalo ophunzirira, omwe mwina amalumikizidwa ndi ma enzymes ochotsa poizoni (oxidases, esterases ndi glutathione-s-transferases). Kusintha kwa kdr L1014F kunapezeka mu mitundu iwiri ya alongo Anopheles gambiae ss ndi Anopheles kruzi okhala ndi ma frequency osinthika koma apamwamba (> 0.50), pomwe kusintha kwa kdr L1014S kunachitika pafupipafupi kotsika ndipo kunapezeka mu udzudzu wa Anopheles cruzi mokha. Ma synergists PBO ndi EA adabwezeretsa pang'ono kukhudzidwa kwa pyrethroids ndi organochlorines, motsatana, pamasamba onse, pomwe DEF idakulitsa chiwopsezo cha carbamates ndi organophosphates pamasamba onse kupatula Anye. Izi zitha kuthandiza a Togolese National Malaria Control Programme kupanga njira zowongolera ma vector.