Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popewa ndi kuwongolera matenda a zaulimi ndi nkhalango, kukweza zokolola za tirigu ndikukweza ubwino wa tirigu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzabweretsa zotsatirapo zoipa pa ubwino ndi chitetezo cha zinthu zaulimi, thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Malamulo Adziko Lonse Oyendetsera Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo, omwe adaperekedwa limodzi ndi Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ndi World Health Organization, amafuna kuti akuluakulu oyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhazikitse njira yolembetseranso kuti ayang'anenso nthawi zonse mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Onetsetsani kuti zoopsa zatsopano zadziwika munthawi yake ndipo njira zoyendetsera bwino zatengedwa.
Pakadali pano, European Union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, South Korea ndi Thailand akhazikitsa njira zowunikira zoopsa pambuyo polembetsa komanso kuwunikanso malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
Kuyambira pomwe njira yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1982, zofunikira pa deta yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo zasinthidwa katatu, ndipo zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi miyezo yowunikira chitetezo zasinthidwa kwambiri, ndipo mankhwala akale ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa kale sangakwanitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwunika chitetezo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kudzera mu kuphatikiza zinthu, thandizo la mapulojekiti ndi njira zina, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi wapitiliza kukulitsa kasamalidwe ka chitetezo cha kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikutsatira ndikuwunika mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo oopsa komanso oopsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa chiopsezo chotsatira cha mankhwala a metsulfuron-methyl, chiopsezo cha chilengedwe cha flubendiamide ndi chiopsezo cha thanzi la anthu cha paraquat, yambani kafukufuku wapadera, ndikuyambitsa njira zoletsa zoyendetsera mankhwala munthawi yake; Kupititsa patsogolo kuchotsedwa kwa phorate, isofenphos-methyl, isocarbophos, ethoprophos, omethoate, carbofuran mu 2022 ndi 2023. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo asanu ndi atatu oopsa kwambiri, monga methomyl ndi aldicarb, adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo oopsa kwambiri kufika pa 1% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa, zomwe zidachepetsa bwino zoopsa zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ngakhale kuti China yakhala ikulimbikitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikufufuza momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe angayang'anire chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa, sinakhazikitse malamulo ndi malamulo owunikiranso mwadongosolo komanso molunjika, ndipo ntchito yowunikiranso sikokwanira, njirayo sinakhazikitsidwe, ndipo udindo waukulu sunadziwike bwino, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira kuchokera ku chitsanzo chokhwima ndi zomwe bungwe la European Union ndi United States lachita, kufotokoza momveka bwino njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zofunikira pakuwunikiranso kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China, ndikupanga chitsanzo chatsopano choyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo chomwe chimaphatikiza kuwunikanso kulembetsa, kuwunikanso ndi kupitiliza kulembetsa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale.
1 Onaninso gulu la polojekitiyi
1.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
1.1.1 Pulogalamu yowunikira mitundu yakale
Mu 1993, European Commission (yotchedwa "European Commission"), motsatira zomwe zili mu Directive 91/414, pafupifupi zosakaniza 1,000 zophera tizilombo zomwe zinalembetsedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamsika isanafike Julayi 1993 zinawunikidwanso m'magulu anayi. Mu Marichi 2009, kuwunikaku kunamalizidwa, ndipo zosakaniza 250 zogwira ntchito, kapena 26%, zinalembetsedwanso chifukwa zinakwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo; 67% ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zinachoka pamsika chifukwa cha chidziwitso chosakwanira, palibe pempho la bizinesi kapena kuchoka kwa bizinesi. Zosakaniza zina 70 kapena 7% zinachotsedwa chifukwa sizinakwaniritse zofunikira za kuwunika kwatsopano kwachitetezo.
1.1.2 Kuwunikanso kuvomereza
Nkhani 21 ya lamulo latsopano la EU Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 ikunena kuti European Commission nthawi iliyonse ikhoza kuyambitsanso kufufuzanso zosakaniza zolembetsedwa, kutanthauza, kuwunikanso kwapadera. Mapempho a Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala poganizira zomwe zapezeka pa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso deta yowunikira ayenera kuganiziridwa ndi Commission kuti ayambitsenso kuwunikanso kwapadera. Ngati Commission ikuona kuti chosakaniza chogwira ntchito sichingakwaniritse zofunikira zolembetsa, idzadziwitsa Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ndi kampani yopanga zinthu za vutoli ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yomaliza kuti kampaniyo ipereke chikalata. Commission ikhoza kupempha upangiri kapena thandizo la sayansi ndi ukadaulo kuchokera ku Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala ndi EFSA mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuyambira tsiku lolandira pempho la upangiri kapena thandizo laukadaulo, ndipo EFSA idzapereka maganizo ake kapena zotsatira za ntchito yake mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuyambira tsiku lolandira pempholo. Ngati zapezeka kuti chogwiritsira ntchito sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa kapena kuti zambiri zomwe zapemphedwa sizinaperekedwe, Komiti ipereka chisankho chochotsa kapena kusintha kulembetsa kwa chogwiritsira ntchito motsatira njira zoyendetsera malamulo.
1.1.3 kukonzanso kulembetsa
Kupitiliza kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku EU kuli kofanana ndi kuwunika kwa nthawi ndi nthawi ku China. Mu 1991, EU idalengeza malangizo a 91/414/EEC, omwe amanena kuti nthawi yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa siyenera kupitirira zaka 10, ndipo iyenera kulembetsanso ikatha, ndipo ikhoza kukonzedwanso ikakwaniritsa miyezo yolembetsa. Mu 2009, European Union idakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano la mankhwala ophera tizilombo Law 1107/2009, lolowa m'malo mwa 91/414/EEC. Lamulo 1107/2009 limafotokoza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kulembetsanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo akatha, ndipo nthawi yeniyeni yowonjezera kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo imadalira mtundu wake ndi zotsatira zake: nthawi yowonjezera ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri siipitirira zaka 15; Nthawi ya munthu wofuna kulowetsa mankhwala m'malo mwake siipitirira zaka 7; Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zofunika polimbana ndi tizilombo ndi matenda akuluakulu a zomera omwe sakukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsera, monga matenda a khansa a Gulu 1A kapena 1B, mankhwala oopsa obereketsa a Gulu 1A kapena 1B, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zosokoneza endocrine zomwe zingayambitse zotsatirapo zoipa kwa anthu ndi zamoyo zomwe sizili m'gululi, siziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kwa zaka zoposa 5.
1.2 United States
1.2.1 Kulembetsanso mitundu yakale
Mu 1988, lamulo la Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) linasinthidwa kuti lifunike kuti zosakaniza zogwira ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa asanafike pa Novembala 1, 1984 ziwunikidwenso. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira mfundo za sayansi zomwe zilipo komanso miyezo yoyendetsera. Mu Seputembala 2008, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linamaliza kufufuzanso zosakaniza zogwira ntchito 1,150 (zogawidwa m'mitu 613) kudzera mu Old Variety Re-registration Program, zomwe mitu 384 idavomerezedwa, kapena 63 peresenti. Panali mitu 229 yokhudza kuchotsa zolembetsa, zomwe zinali 37 peresenti.
1.2.2 ndemanga yapadera
Malinga ndi FIFRA ndi Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), kuwunikanso kwapadera kungayambitsidwe pamene umboni ukusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kukukwaniritsa chimodzi mwa zinthu izi:
1) Zingayambitse kuvulala kwakukulu kwa anthu kapena ziweto.
2) Ikhoza kukhala yoyambitsa khansa, yoyambitsa matenda a teratogenic, yowononga majini, yoopsa kwa mwana wosabadwayo, yoopsa pakubereka kapena yoopsa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa anthu.
3) Mlingo wa zotsalira mu zamoyo zomwe sizili m'chilengedwe ukhoza kukhala wofanana kapena woposa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zoopsa kapena zosatha, kapena ukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa kuberekana kwa zamoyo zomwe sizili m'chilengedwe.
4) zitha kuyika pachiwopsezo pa kupulumuka kwa mtundu wa nyama zomwe zili pangozi kapena zomwe zili pangozi monga momwe zalembedwera ndi lamulo la Mitundu Yomwe Ili Pangozi.
5) Zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa malo ofunikira okhala ndi zamoyo zomwe zili pangozi kapena zomwe zili pangozi kapena kusintha kwina koipa.
6) Pakhoza kukhala zoopsa kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe, ndipo ndikofunikira kudziwa ngati ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ungachepetse zotsatira zoyipa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma komanso zachilengedwe.
Kuwunikanso kwapadera nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuwunika mozama kwa chiopsezo chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zingatheke, ndi cholinga chachikulu chochepetsa chiopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwa kuwunikanso deta yomwe ilipo, kupeza chidziwitso chatsopano ndi/kapena kuchita mayeso atsopano, kuwunika zoopsa zomwe zapezeka ndikupeza njira zoyenera zochepetsera zoopsa. Kuwunikanso kwapadera kukatha, EPA ikhoza kuyambitsa njira zovomerezeka zochotsera, kukana, kusintha, kapena kusintha kulembetsa kwa mankhwala omwe akukhudzidwa. Kuyambira m'ma 1970, EPA yachita kuwunikanso kwapadera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo oposa 100 ndipo yamaliza ndemanga zambirizo. Pakadali pano, kuwunikanso kwapadera kukuyembekezera: aldicarb, atrazine, propazine, simazine, ndi ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 Kuwunikanso kulembetsa
Popeza pulogalamu yakale yolembetsanso mitundu ya zomera yatha ndipo kuwunikanso kwapadera kwatenga zaka zambiri, EPA yaganiza zoyambitsa kuwunikanso ngati pulogalamu yotsatira ku kulembetsanso mitundu yakale ya zomera ndi kuwunikanso kwapadera. Kuwunikanso kwa EPA komwe kukuchitika pano kuli kofanana ndi kuwunikanso kwa nthawi ndi nthawi ku China, ndipo maziko ake ovomerezeka ndi Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), yomwe idapereka kuwunikanso kwa nthawi ndi nthawi kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo koyamba mu 1996, ndikukonzanso FIFRA. EPA ikuyenera kuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi kamodzi pazaka 15 zilizonse kuti iwonetsetse kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa akutsatira miyezo yomwe ilipo pamene kuchuluka kwa zoopsa kukusintha ndipo mfundo zikusintha.
Mu 2007, FIFRA idapereka kusintha kuti iyambe kuwunikiranso mwalamulo, zomwe zimafuna kuti EPA imalize kuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo 726 omwe adalembetsedwa asanafike pa Okutobala 1, 2007, pofika pa Okutobala 31, 2022. Monga gawo la chisankho chowunikiranso, EPA iyeneranso kukwaniritsa udindo wake pansi pa lamulo la Mitundu Yomwe Ili Pangozi kuti itenge njira zochepetsera zoopsa za mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Komabe, chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19, kuchedwa kutumiza deta kuchokera kwa ofunsira komanso zovuta zowunikira, ntchitoyi sinamalizidwe pa nthawi yake. Mu 2023, EPA idapereka dongosolo latsopano la zaka zitatu lowunikiranso, lomwe lidzasintha nthawi yomaliza yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo 726 omwe adalembetsedwa asanafike Okutobala 1, 2007, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo 63 omwe adalembetsedwa pambuyo pa tsikulo mpaka pa Okutobala 1, 2026. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti, mosasamala kanthu kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayesedwanso, EPA idzachitapo kanthu koyenera poyang'anira ikazindikira kuti kuwonetsedwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe chomwe chimafuna chisamaliro chachangu.
2 Njira Zogwirizana
Monga kuwunika kwa mitundu yakale ya EU, mapulojekiti olembetsanso mitundu yakale ya ku United States ndi kuwunikanso kwapadera kwamalizidwa, pakadali pano, EU makamaka kudzera mu kukulitsa kulembetsa, United States makamaka kudzera mu pulojekiti yowunikiranso kuti ichite kuwunika kwachitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa, komwe kuli kofanana ndi kuwunika kwa nthawi ndi nthawi ku China.
2.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Kupitiliza kulembetsa ku EU kwagawidwa m'magawo awiri, choyamba ndi kupitiriza kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito. Mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito akhoza kusinthidwa ngati zatsimikizika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito limodzi kapena angapo ndi chinthu chimodzi chokonzekera chokhala ndi mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito kukukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa. Komiti ikhoza kuphatikiza mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito ofanana ndikukhazikitsa zofunika patsogolo ndi mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito kutengera momwe zimakhudzira thanzi la anthu ndi nyama komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, poganizira, momwe zingathere, kufunikira kowongolera bwino ndi kuyang'anira kukana kwa cholinga. Pulogalamuyo iyenera kuphatikizapo izi: njira zotumizira ndi kuwunika ma fomu ofunsira kukonzanso kulembetsa; Chidziwitso chomwe chiyenera kuperekedwa, kuphatikiza njira zochepetsera kuyesa nyama, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zanzeru monga kufufuza mu vitro; Tsiku lomaliza lotumizira deta; Malamulo atsopano otumizira deta; Nthawi yowunikira ndi kupanga zisankho; Ndi kugawa kuwunika kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito ku Mayiko omwe ali mamembala.
2.1.1 Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito
Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zimalowa mu nthawi yotsatira yokonzanso zaka 3 nthawi yovomerezeka ya satifiketi yawo yolembetsa isanathe, ndipo ofunsira ofuna kukonzanso kulembetsa (kaya wopemphayo panthawi yovomerezedwa koyamba kapena ofunsira ena) ayenera kupereka fomu yawo zaka 3 satifiketi yolembetsa isanathe. Kuwunika deta yokhudza kupitiliza kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kumachitika limodzi ndi boma la membala wa rapporteur (RMS) ndi boma la membala wa rapporteur (Co-RMS), pamodzi ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa EFSA ndi Mayiko ena a Membala. Mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, malangizo ndi malangizo oyenera, Dziko lililonse la Membala limasankha Dziko la Membala lomwe lili ndi zinthu zofunikira komanso luso lofunikira (antchito, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, ndi zina zotero) kukhala Boma lotsogolera. Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, Boma lotsogolera ndi Boma lotsogolera lowongoleranso zitha kukhala zosiyana ndi Boma lomwe dzinalo linalembetsedwa koyamba. Pa 27 Marichi 2021, Lamulo 2020/1740 la European Commission linayamba kugwira ntchito, pofotokoza nkhani zenizeni zokhudza kukonzanso kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku zosakaniza zomwe nthawi yolembetsa ili pa 27 Marichi 2024 kapena pambuyo pake. Pa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zomwe zimatha pasanafike pa 27 Marichi 2024, Lamulo 844/2012 lidzapitiriza kugwira ntchito. Njira yeniyeni yokonzanso kulembetsa ku EU ndi iyi:
2.1.1.1 Chidziwitso cha Kutumiza Fomu ndi Malangizo Okhudza Kuyankha Mafunso
Kampaniyo isanapemphe kubwezeretsanso kulembetsa, choyamba iyenera kupereka ku EFSA chidziwitso cha mayeso oyenerera omwe ikufuna kuchita pothandizira kubwezeretsanso kulembetsa, kuti EFSA ipereke upangiri wokwanira ndikuchita zokambirana ndi anthu onse kuti zitsimikizire kuti mayeso oyenerera akuchitika munthawi yake komanso moyenera. Mabizinesi angapemphe upangiri kuchokera ku EFSA nthawi iliyonse asanakonzenso pempho lawo. EFSA iyenera kudziwitsa Boma lotsogolera ndi/kapena Boma lotsogolera limodzi za chidziwitso chomwe kampaniyo yapereka ndikupereka upangiri wonse kutengera kuwunika kwa chidziwitso chonse chokhudzana ndi chogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza chidziwitso chakale cholembetsa kapena kupitiliza kwa chidziwitso cholembetsa. Ngati olembetsa angapo nthawi imodzi apempha upangiri wokonzanso kulembetsa kwa gawo lomwelo, EFSA iyenera kuwalangiza kuti atumize fomu yokonzanso yogwirizana.
2.1.1.2 Kutumiza ndi kulandira Fomu Yofunsira
Wopemphayo ayenera kutumiza fomu yofunsira kukonzanso pakompyuta mkati mwa zaka 3 asanafike nthawi yolembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kudzera mu dongosolo lotumizira lapakati lomwe lasankhidwa ndi European Union, lomwe Boma lotsogolera, Boma lotsogolera limodzi, Mayiko ena a Membala, EFSA ndi Commission angadziwitsidwe. Boma lotsogolera lidzadziwitsa wopemphayo, Boma lotsogolera limodzi, Commission ndi EFSA, mkati mwa mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene fomuyo yaperekedwa, za tsiku lolandiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa fomu yofunsira kukonzanso. Ngati chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zikusowa muzinthu zomwe zaperekedwa, makamaka ngati deta yonse yoyesera sinaperekedwe monga momwe zimafunikira, dziko lotsogolera lidzadziwitsa wopemphayo za zomwe zasowa mkati mwa mwezi umodzi kuyambira tsiku lolandira fomuyo, ndipo liyenera kusinthidwa mkati mwa masiku 14, ngati zinthu zomwe zasowa sizinaperekedwe kapena palibe zifukwa zomveka zomwe zaperekedwa pakutha kwake, fomu yofunsira kukonzanso sidzalandiridwa. Boma lotsogolera lidzadziwitsa mwamsanga wopemphayo, Boma lotsogolera limodzi, Commission, Mayiko ena a Membala ndi EFSA za chisankhocho ndi zifukwa zomwe sizingavomerezedwe. Tsiku lomaliza loti pempholi lipitirire, Dziko lomwe lidzatsogolere limodzi lidzagwirizana pa ntchito zonse zowunikira ndi kugawa ntchito.
2.1.1.3 Kuwunikanso deta
Ngati pempho loti munthu apitirize kulembetsa lavomerezedwa, Boma lotsogolera lidzawunikanso mfundo zazikulu ndikupempha anthu kuti apereke ndemanga. EFSA, mkati mwa masiku 60 kuyambira tsiku lomwe pempho lopitiliza kulembedwa, idzalola anthu kuti apereke ndemanga zolembedwa pa chidziwitso cha pempho lopitiliza kulembetsa komanso kukhalapo kwa deta kapena zoyeserera zina zofunika. Boma lotsogolera ndi Boma lotsogolera limodzi lidzachita kuwunika kodziyimira pawokha, kopanda tsankho komanso kowonekera bwino ngati chogwiritsira ntchitocho chikukwaniritsabe zofunikira za njira zolembetsera, kutengera zomwe asayansi apeza panopa ndi zikalata zoyenera, kuwunika zambiri zonse zomwe zalandiridwa pa pempho lokonzanso, deta yolembetsa yomwe idaperekedwa kale ndi zomaliza zowunikira (kuphatikiza kuwunika koyambirira) ndi ndemanga zolembedwa zomwe zalandiridwa panthawi yokambirana ndi anthu. Zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa ndi ofunsira kupitirira zomwe pempholo lidapereka, kapena pambuyo pa tsiku lomaliza lopereka, sizidzaganiziridwa. Boma lotsogolera lipereka lipoti lokonzanso (dRAR) ku Commission ndi EFSA mkati mwa miyezi 13 kuchokera pamene pempho lokonzanso lidaperekedwa. Munthawi imeneyi, Boma lotsogolera lingapemphe zambiri zowonjezera kwa wopemphayo ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yokwanira ya zambiri zowonjezera, lingayang'anenso EFSA kapena kupempha zambiri zowonjezera zasayansi ndi zaukadaulo kuchokera ku Mayiko ena Omwe Ali Mamembala, koma siliyenera kupangitsa kuti nthawi yowunikira ipitirire miyezi 13 yomwe yatchulidwa. Lipoti loyambirira la kuwunika kowonjezera kulembetsa liyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
1) Malingaliro opitiliza kulembetsa, kuphatikizapo zofunikira ndi zoletsa zilizonse zofunika.
2) Malangizo okhudza ngati chogwiritsira ntchito chiyenera kuonedwa ngati chogwiritsira ntchito "chochepa chiopsezo".
3) Malangizo okhudza ngati chogwiritsira ntchitocho chiyenera kuonedwa ngati choyenera kulowedwa m'malo.
4) Malangizo okhudza kukhazikitsa malire apamwamba kwambiri a residue (MRL), kapena zifukwa zosakhudzira MRL.
5) Malangizo okhudza kugawa, kutsimikizira kapena kusintha magulu a zosakaniza zogwira ntchito.
6) Kutsimikiza kuti ndi mayeso ati omwe ali mu deta yopitiliza kulembetsa omwe ali ofunikira pakuwunika.
7) Malangizo okhudza magawo a lipotilo omwe ayenera kuwonedwa ndi akatswiri.
8) Ngati kuli koyenera, Boma lotsogolera limodzi silikugwirizana ndi mfundo zowunikira Boma Lotsogolera, kapena mfundo zomwe palibe mgwirizano pakati pa Mayiko omwe amapanga Gulu Logwirizana la Mayiko Otsogolera.
9) Zotsatira za zokambirana za anthu onse ndi momwe zidzagwiritsidwire ntchito.
Boma lotsogolera liyenera kulankhulana mwachangu ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira za mankhwala, ndipo pamapeto pake, lipereke pempho ku European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) panthawi yopereka lipoti loyesa kupitiliza kuti lipeze gulu lomwe lili pansi pa EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging Regulation for Substances and Mixtures. Chogwiritsira ntchitochi ndi kuphulika, poizoni woopsa, dzimbiri/kukwiya pakhungu, kuvulala kwambiri kwa maso/kukwiya, chifuwa cha kupuma kapena khungu, kusintha kwa maselo a majeremusi, khansa, poizoni wobereka, poizoni weniweni wa ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kukhudzana kamodzi kapena mobwerezabwereza, komanso gulu lofanana la zoopsa zomwe zingachitike m'madzi. Boma loyesa liyenera kufotokoza mokwanira zifukwa zomwe chogwiritsira ntchitochi sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira za gulu limodzi kapena angapo a zoopsa, ndipo ECHA ikhoza kupereka ndemanga pa malingaliro a Boma loyesa.
2.1.1.4 Ndemanga pa lipoti loyambirira la kuwunika kopitilira
EFSA idzawunikanso ngati lipoti lokonzekera kupitiliza kwa ntchito lili ndi mfundo zonse zofunika ndikuzifalitsa kwa wopemphayo ndi Mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala osapitirira miyezi itatu atalandira lipotilo. Wopemphayo akalandira lipoti lokonzekera kupitiliza kwa ntchito, atha, mkati mwa milungu iwiri, kupempha EFSA kuti isunge mfundo zina zachinsinsi, ndipo EFSA idzalengeza kuti lipoti lokonzekera kupitiliza kwa ntchito likhale lotseguka, kupatulapo mfundo zachinsinsi zomwe zalandiridwa, pamodzi ndi mfundo zatsopano zofunsira kupitiliza kwa ntchito. EFSA idzalola anthu kupereka ndemanga zolembedwa mkati mwa masiku 60 kuyambira tsiku lomwe lipoti lokonzekera kupitiliza kwa ntchito lidasindikizidwa ndikutumiza, pamodzi ndi ndemanga zawo, ku Boma lotsogolera, Boma lotsogolera limodzi kapena gulu la Mayiko omwe ali mamembala limodzi.
2.1.1.5 Kuwunikanso kwa anzawo ndi kupereka mayankho
EFSA imakonza akatswiri (akatswiri a dziko lotsogolera ndi akatswiri a mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala) kuti achite kafukufuku wa anzawo, kukambirana maganizo a dziko lotsogolera ndi nkhani zina zomwe sizinachitike, kupanga ziganizo zoyambirira ndi kukambirana ndi anthu onse, ndipo potsiriza kupereka ziganizo ndi zisankho ku European Commission kuti zivomerezedwe ndikutulutsidwa. Ngati, pazifukwa zomwe wopemphayo sangathe kuzilamulira, kuwunika kwa chogwiritsira ntchito sikunamalizidwe tsiku lotha ntchito lisanafike, EU ipereka chisankho chowonjezera kuvomerezeka kwa kulembetsa chogwiritsira ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti kukonzanso kulembetsa kwachitika bwino.
2.1.2 Kukonzekera
Wokhala ndi satifiketi yolembetsera yoyenera, mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwezeretsedwanso, ayenera kutumiza fomu yopempha kulembetsa mankhwala ku Dziko lomwe lalandira kulembetsa mankhwala ofanana. Ngati wolembetsa apempha kulembetsa mankhwala omwewo m'madera osiyanasiyana, zambiri zonse zofunsira ziyenera kuperekedwa ku Mayiko onse Omwe Ali M'mamembala kuti zithandize kusinthana chidziwitso pakati pa Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala. Pofuna kupewa mayeso obwerezabwereza, wopemphayo, asanachite mayeso kapena mayeso, ayenera kuyang'ana ngati mabizinesi ena alandira kulembetsa kwa mankhwala komweko, ndipo ayenera kutenga njira zonse zoyenera kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano wogawana malipoti oyesera ndi mayeso.
Pofuna kupanga njira yogwirira ntchito yogwirizana komanso yogwira mtima, EU imagwiritsa ntchito njira yolembetsera zigawo za kukonzekera, yomwe imagawidwa m'magawo atatu: Kumpoto, pakati ndi Kum'mwera. Komiti Yoyang'anira Zigawo (zonal SC) kapena Mayiko Oyimilira Awo adzafunsa onse omwe ali ndi ziphaso zolembetsera zinthu ngati apemphe kuti awonjezere kulembetsa komanso m'chigawo chiti, Imasankhanso woimira boma la Membala wa Zigawo (zonal RMS). Kuti akonze pasadakhale, Boma loyang'anira zigawo liyenera kusankhidwa nthawi yayitali musanapereke fomu yopempha kuti mankhwala apitirire, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zichitike EFSA isanasindikize zomwe zanenedwa pakuwunikanso mankhwala. Ndi udindo wa Boma loyang'anira zigawo kutsimikizira chiwerengero cha ofunsira omwe apereka ma fomu okonzanso, kudziwitsa ofunsira za chisankhocho ndikumaliza kuwunika m'malo mwa Mayiko ena m'chigawochi (kuwunika kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena nthawi zina kumachitika ndi Boma la Membala popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolembetsera zigawo). Dziko lowunikira zogwiritsira ntchito likufunika kuti limalize kufananiza deta yopitilira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi deta yopitilira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala. Boma lotsogoza chigawo lidzamaliza kuwunika deta yopitilira yokonzekera mkati mwa miyezi 6 ndikutumiza ku Mayiko ndi ofunsira kuti apereke ndemanga. Dziko lililonse la Mamembala lidzamaliza kuvomereza mankhwala ake mkati mwa miyezi itatu. Njira yonse yokonzanso mankhwala iyenera kumalizidwa mkati mwa miyezi 12 kuchokera pamene kulembetsa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzatha.
2.2 United States
Mu ndondomeko yowunikiranso, US EPA imafunika kuchita kuwunika zoopsa, kudziwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsera FIFRA, ndikupereka chisankho chowunikiranso. Bungwe loyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo la EPA lili ndi magawo asanu ndi awiri, magawo anayi owongolera, ndi magawo atatu apadera. Registry and Reevaluation Service ndi Nthambi yowongolera, ndipo Registry ili ndi udindo pa ntchito zatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo; Reevaluation Service ili ndi udindo pa kuwunika mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochiritsira pambuyo polembetsa. Nthambi ya Thanzi la Zotsatira za Zaumoyo, Nthambi ya Khalidwe la Zachilengedwe ndi Zotsatira ndi Nthambi ya Biological and Economic Analysis, zomwe ndi magulu apadera, makamaka ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wowunikira zaukadaulo zonse zofunikira pakulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kuwunika pambuyo polembetsa, komanso kumaliza kuwunika zoopsa.
2.2.1 Gawo la mitu
Mutu wowunikiranso umakhala ndi chosakaniza chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zinthu zonse zomwe zili ndi zosakanizazo. Pamene kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi makhalidwe a poizoni a zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zogwira ntchito zikugwirizana kwambiri, ndipo gawo kapena deta yonse yofunikira pakuwunika zoopsa ikhoza kugawidwa, ikhoza kugawidwa m'gulu limodzi; Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi zosakaniza zambiri zogwira ntchito nawonso amayang'aniridwa ndi mutu wowunikiranso wa chosakaniza chilichonse chogwira ntchito. Deta kapena chidziwitso chatsopano chikapezeka, EPA ingasinthenso mutu wowunikiranso. Ngati ipeza kuti zosakaniza zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamutu umodzi sizili zofanana, EPA ingagawire mutuwo m'mitu iwiri kapena ingapo yodziyimira payokha, kapena ingawonjezere kapena kuchotsa zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamutu wowunikiranso.
2.2.2 Kupanga ndondomeko
Mutu uliwonse wowunikiranso uli ndi tsiku loyambira, lomwe ndi tsiku loyamba lolembetsa kapena tsiku lolembetsanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa koyamba pamutuwu (tsiku lolembetsanso limatanthauza tsiku lomwe chisankho cholembetsanso kapena chisankho chanthawi yake chidasainidwa), nthawi zambiri chilichonse chomwe chili pambuyo pake. EPA nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yake yowunikiranso pa tsiku loyambira kapena kuwunikiranso kwaposachedwa, komanso ikhoza kuwunikanso mitu yambiri yofunikira nthawi imodzi kuti igwire bwino ntchito. EPA idzayika fayilo yowunikiranso, kuphatikiza tsiku loyambira, patsamba lake lawebusayiti ndikusunga ndondomeko yowunikiranso chaka chomwe idasindikizidwa komanso kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri pambuyo pake.
2.2.3 Kuyambiranso kuwunikanso
2.2.3.1 kutsegula docket
EPA imayambitsa kuwunikanso mwa kupanga fayilo ya anthu onse pamutu uliwonse wowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikupempha ndemanga. Komabe, ngati EPA ikuwona kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira pakulembetsa kwa FIFRA ndipo palibe kuwunika kwina kofunikira, ikhoza kudumpha sitepe iyi ndikulengeza chisankho chake chomaliza kudzera mu Federal Register. Fayilo iliyonse ya mlandu idzakhala yotseguka panthawi yonse yowunikiranso mpaka chisankho chomaliza chipangidwe. Fayiloyo ikuphatikizapo, koma sikungokhala, izi: chidule cha momwe polojekiti yowunikiranso ilili; Mndandanda wa olembetsa omwe alipo ndi olembetsa, chidziwitso chilichonse cha Federal Register chokhudza kulembetsa komwe kukuyembekezera, malire omwe alipo kapena otsala; Zikalata zowunikira zoopsa; Mndandanda wa mndandanda wa zolembetsa zomwe zilipo; Chidule cha deta ya ngozi; Ndi deta kapena chidziwitso china chilichonse chofunikira. Fayiloyi ikuphatikizanso dongosolo loyambirira la ntchito lomwe likuphatikizapo chidziwitso choyambira chomwe EPA ili nacho pakali pano chokhudza mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ayenera kulamulidwa ndi momwe adzagwiritsidwire ntchito, komanso kuwunika zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka, zosowa za deta, ndi ndandanda yowunikiranso.
2.2.3.2 Ndemanga za anthu onse
EPA imafalitsa chidziwitso mu Federal Register kuti anthu onse apereke ndemanga pa fayilo yowunikiranso ndi dongosolo loyambirira la ntchito kwa masiku osachepera 60. Panthawiyi, omwe akukhudzidwa akhoza kufunsa mafunso, kupereka malingaliro kapena kupereka chidziwitso choyenera. Kupereka chidziwitso chotere kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi.
1) Chidziwitso choyenera chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yaperekedwa, koma EPA idzaganiziranso, mwakufuna kwake, ngati ingagwiritse ntchito deta kapena chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa pambuyo pake.
2) Chidziwitso chiyenera kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe osavuta kuwerenga komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, chilichonse chomwe sichili mu Chingerezi chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi kumasuliridwa mu Chingerezi, ndipo chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mawu kapena kanema chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi zolemba. Zopereka zolembedwa zitha kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a pepala kapena amagetsi.
3) Woperekayo ayenera kufotokoza momveka bwino komwe deta kapena chidziwitsocho chaperekedwacho chachokera.
4) Wopereka fayiloyo angapemphe kuti EPA iwunikenso zomwe zinakanidwa mu ndemanga yapitayi, koma ayenera kufotokoza zifukwa zowunikiranso.
Kutengera ndi zomwe zalandiridwa panthawi ya ndemanga ndi ndemanga yapitayi, EPA imapanga ndikupereka dongosolo lomaliza la ntchito lomwe limaphatikizapo zofunikira za deta ya dongosololi, ndemanga zomwe zalandiridwa, ndi chidule cha mayankho a EPA.
Ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo alibe kulembetsa kwa mankhwala, kapena mankhwala onse olembetsedwa achotsedwa, EPA sidzayesanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
2.2.3.3 Kutenga nawo mbali kwa otenga nawo mbali
Kuti pakhale kuwonekera poyera komanso kutenga nawo mbali, komanso kuthana ndi kusatsimikizika komwe kungakhudze kuwunika zoopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zisankho zoyang'anira zoopsa, monga kulemba zilembo zosamveka bwino kapena kusowa kwa deta yoyesera, EPA ikhoza kuchita misonkhano yolunjika ndi omwe akukhudzidwa pa mitu yomwe ikubwera kapena yomwe ikupitilira kuwunikanso. Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira koyambirira kungathandize EPA kuchepetsa kuwunika kwake kumadera omwe akufunikiradi chisamaliro. Mwachitsanzo, EPA isanayambe kuwunikanso, ikhoza kufunsa mwini satifiketi yolembetsa kapena wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo, ndipo panthawi yowunikiranso, EPA ikhoza kufunsa mwini satifiketi yolembetsa, wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena ogwira ntchito ena oyenerera kuti apange limodzi dongosolo lowongolera zoopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
2.2.4 Kuwunikanso ndi kukhazikitsanso
2.2.4.1 Unikani kusintha komwe kwachitika kuyambira ndemanga yomaliza
EPA idzawunika kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo, mfundo, njira zowunikira zoopsa, kapena zofunikira pa data zomwe zachitika kuyambira pomwe kulembetsa kwatha, kudziwa kufunika kwa kusinthako, ndikuwona ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adawunikidwanso akukwaniritsabe zofunikira zolembetsera za FIFRA. Nthawi yomweyo, onaninso deta yonse yatsopano kapena chidziwitso chofunikira kuti mudziwe ngati kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zoopsa kapena kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zoopsa/phindu ndikofunikira.
2.2.4.2 Chitani mayeso atsopano ngati pakufunika
Ngati zatsimikizika kuti kuwunika kwatsopano n'kofunikira ndipo deta yowunikira yomwe ilipo ndi yokwanira, EPA idzayambiranso mwachindunji kuwunika kwa zoopsa kapena kuwunika kwa zoopsa/phindu. Ngati deta kapena chidziwitso chomwe chilipo sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira zowunikira zatsopano, EPA ipereka chidziwitso choitana deta kwa mwini satifiketi yolembetsa yoyenera motsatira malamulo oyenera a FIFRA. Mwini satifiketi yolembetsa nthawi zambiri amafunika kuyankha mkati mwa masiku 90 kuti agwirizane ndi EPA pa chidziwitso chomwe chiyenera kuperekedwa komanso nthawi yomaliza dongosolo.
2.2.4.3 Kuwunika momwe zinthu zimakhudzira nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha
Pamene EPA iwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo powunikanso, imayenera kutsatira zomwe zili mu Tendangered Species Act kuti ipewe kuvulaza mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kapena yomwe ili pangozi yomwe yalembedwa ndi boma komanso zotsatirapo zoyipa pa malo ofunikira. Ngati pakufunika kutero, EPA idzafunsana ndi US Fish and Wildlife Service ndi National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu onse
Ngati kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zoopsa kukuchitika, EPA nthawi zambiri imafalitsa chidziwitso mu Federal Register chomwe chimapereka kuwunika koyambirira kwa zoopsa kuti anthu aunikenso ndikupereka ndemanga, ndi nthawi ya ndemanga ya masiku osachepera 30 ndipo nthawi zambiri masiku 60. EPA idzayikanso lipoti losinthidwa la kuwunika zoopsa mu Federal Register, kufotokozera kusintha kulikonse kwa chikalata chomwe chikuperekedwa, komanso kuyankha ndemanga ya anthu onse. Ngati kuwunika kosinthidwa kwa zoopsa kukuwonetsa kuti pali zoopsa zomwe zingakhudze anthu, nthawi ya ndemanga ya masiku osachepera 30 ikhoza kuperekedwa kuti anthu onse apereke malingaliro ena a njira zochepetsera zoopsa. Ngati kuwunika koyambirira kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kochepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito/kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kukhudza kochepa kwa omwe akukhudzidwa kapena anthu onse, kuopsa kochepa, komanso kuchitapo kanthu kochepa kapena kopanda chiopsezo, EPA singachite ndemanga yapadera ya anthu onse pa kuwunika koyambirira kwa zoopsa, koma m'malo mwake ipereke chikalatacho kuti chiwunikidwenso ndi anthu onse pamodzi ndi chisankho chowunikiranso.
2.2.5 chisankho chowunikiranso kulembetsa
Chigamulo chowunikiranso ndi cha EPA chotsimikiza ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsera, kutanthauza kuti, amafufuza zinthu monga chizindikiro cha mankhwalawo, zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso ma phukusi kuti adziwe ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo agwira ntchito yake popanda kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pa thanzi la anthu kapena chilengedwe.
2.2.5.1 chisankho chowunikiranso kulembetsa kapena chisankho chanthawi yochepa choperekedwa
Ngati EPA ipeza kuti kuwunikanso zoopsa zatsopano sikofunikira, ipereka chigamulo chowunikiranso chomwe chaperekedwa motsatira malamulo ("Chisankho Choperekedwa"); Pamene kuwunika kwina, monga kuwunika kwa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kapena kuwunika kwa endocrine, kukufunika, chisankho chanthawi chomwe chaperekedwa chingaperekedwe. Chisankho chomwe chaperekedwa chidzafalitsidwa kudzera mu Federal Register ndipo chidzapezeka kwa anthu onse kuti apereke ndemanga kwa masiku osachepera 60. Chisankho chomwe chaperekedwacho chimaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:
1) Fotokozani zomwe zaperekedwa pa mfundo zolembetsera FIFRA, kuphatikizapo zomwe zapezeka mu upangiri wovomerezeka wa Temberero la Mitundu Yomwe Ili Pangozi, ndipo sonyezani maziko a zomwe zaperekedwa.
2) Dziwani njira zochepetsera chiopsezo zomwe zikuperekedwa kapena njira zina zofunika zothetsera vutoli ndikuzitsimikizira.
3) Sonyezani ngati deta yowonjezera ikufunika; Ngati pakufunika, tchulani zofunikira za deta ndipo dziwitsani mwini khadi lolembetsa za foni ya data.
4) Tchulani kusintha kulikonse komwe kukuyembekezeka kwa chizindikiro.
5) Khazikitsani nthawi yomaliza ntchito iliyonse yofunikira.
2.2.5.2 Chisankho cha kanthawi chowunikira kulembetsa
Pambuyo poganizira ndemanga zonse pa chisankho chanthawi yochepa chomwe chaperekedwa, EPA, mwakufuna kwake, ikhoza kupereka chisankho chanthawi yochepa kudzera mu Federal Register isanamalize kuwunikanso. Chisankho chanthawi yochepachi chikuphatikizapo kufotokozera kusintha kulikonse kwa chisankho chanthawi yochepa chomwe chaperekedwa kale komanso kuyankha ndemanga zofunika, ndipo chisankho chanthawi yochepachi chingafunikenso: njira zatsopano zochepetsera zoopsa kapena kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera zoopsa kwakanthawi; Pemphani kuti mutumize zilembo zatsopano; Kufotokozera bwino zambiri zomwe zikufunika kuti mumalize kuwunika ndi nthawi yotumizira (zidziwitso zoyitanitsa deta zitha kuperekedwa musanapereke, nthawi yomweyo kapena pambuyo poti chigamulo chowunikiranso kwakanthawi chaperekedwa). Ngati mwini satifiketi yolembetsa alephera kugwirizana ndi zomwe ziyenera kuchitika pa chisankho chowunikiranso kwakanthawi, EPA ingatengepo kanthu koyenera mwalamulo.
2.2.5.3 chisankho chomaliza
EPA ipereka chigamulo chomaliza ikamaliza kuwunikanso konse kwa kuwunikanso, kuphatikizapo, komwe kuli koyenera, kuwunika ndi kufunsa mafunso za mitundu yomwe yalembedwa pa Mndandanda wa Zinyama Zakuthengo Zomwe Zili Pangozi ndi Zoopsa za Federal, komanso kuwunikanso mapulogalamu owunikira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la endocrine. Ngati mwini satifiketi yolembetsa alephera kugwirizana ndi zomwe ziyenera kuchitika pa chisankho chowunikiranso, EPA ingatenge njira zoyenera zalamulo motsatira FIFRA.
3 Lembetsani pempho lopitiliza
3.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Kukonzanso kulembetsa kwa EU kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito za mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kuwunika kwathunthu komwe kumaphatikiza deta yakale ndi yatsopano, ndipo olembetsa ayenera kutumiza deta yonse ngati pakufunika.
3.1.1 Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito
Nkhani 6 ya Lamulo 2020/1740 lokhudza kukonzanso kulembetsa imafotokoza zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa kuti zikonzedwenso kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
1) Dzina ndi adilesi ya wopemphayo amene ali ndi udindo wopitiliza kufunsira ndikukwaniritsa zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi malamulo.
2) Dzina ndi adilesi ya wopempha mgwirizano ndi dzina la bungwe la opanga.
3) Njira yoyimira kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi choteteza zomera chomwe chili ndi chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu yomwe imakula kwambiri m'chigawo chilichonse, komanso umboni woti chinthucho chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsera zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 4 ya Regulation No. 1107/2009.
"Njira yogwiritsira ntchito" yomwe ili pamwambapa ikuphatikizapo njira yolembetsera ndi kuwunika popitiliza kulembetsa. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zoteteza zomera zomwe zili ndi njira zoyimira zomwe zili pamwambapa ziyenera kukhala zopanda zosakaniza zina. Ngati chidziwitso chomwe wopemphayo wapereka sichikukhudza madera onse omwe akukhudzidwa, kapena sichikulimidwa kwambiri m'deralo, chifukwa chake chiyenera kuperekedwa.
4) zotsatira zofunikira za deta ndi kuwunika zoopsa, kuphatikizapo: i) kusonyeza kusintha kwa zofunikira zalamulo ndi malamulo kuyambira kuvomerezedwa kwa kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kapena kukonzanso kulembetsa kwaposachedwa; ii) kusonyeza kusintha kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kuyambira kuvomerezedwa kwa kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kapena kukonzanso kulembetsa kwaposachedwa; iii) kusonyeza kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyimira; iv) kusonyeza kuti kulembetsa kukupitirirabe kusintha kuchokera ku kulembetsa koyambirira.
(5) zolemba zonse za lipoti lililonse la mayeso kapena kafukufuku ndi chidule chake ngati gawo la chidziwitso choyambirira cholembetsa kapena chidziwitso chotsatira chopitiliza kulembetsa mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za chidziwitso cha zosakaniza zogwira ntchito.
6) zolemba zonse za lipoti lililonse la mayeso kapena kafukufuku ndi chidule chake monga gawo la deta yoyambirira yolembetsa kapena deta yotsatira yolembetsa, mogwirizana ndi zofunikira pa deta yokonzekera mankhwala.
7) Umboni wolembedwa wosonyeza kuti ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chogwira ntchito chomwe sichikukwaniritsa miyezo yolembetsera yomwe ilipo kuti muchepetse tizilombo toopsa tomwe timawononga zomera.
8) Pomaliza mayeso aliwonse kapena kafukufuku wokhudza nyama zokhala ndi fupa la msana, tchulani njira zomwe zatengedwa kuti mupewe kuyesa nyama zokhala ndi fupa la msana. Chidziwitso chowonjezera kulembetsa sichiyenera kukhala ndi lipoti lililonse la mayeso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito dala mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa kwa anthu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa.
9) Kopi ya fomu yopempha MRLS yoperekedwa motsatira Nkhani 7 ya Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Ulaya ndi ya Council.
10) Pempho loti pakhale gulu kapena kusinthidwa kwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira Lamulo 1272/2008.
11) Mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe zingatsimikizire kukwanira kwa pulogalamu yopitiliza, ndikulemba chizindikiro cha deta yatsopano yomwe yaperekedwa panthawiyi.
12) Mogwirizana ndi Nkhani 8 (5) ya Lamulo Nambala 1107/2009, chidule ndi zotsatira za mabuku asayansi a anthu onse omwe awunikidwa ndi anzawo.
13) Unikani zambiri zonse zomwe zaperekedwa malinga ndi momwe sayansi ndi ukadaulo zilili panopa, kuphatikizapo kuwunikanso zina mwa deta yoyambirira yolembetsa kapena deta yotsatira yopitiliza kulembetsa.
14) Kuganizira ndi kupereka upangiri pa njira zilizonse zofunikira komanso zoyenera zochepetsera chiopsezo.
15) Mogwirizana ndi Article 32b ya Regulation 178/2002, EFSA ikhoza kuyitanitsa mayeso ofunikira asayansi kuti achitike ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lofufuza zasayansi ndikupereka zotsatira za mayesowo ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Europe, Commission ndi Mayiko Omwe Ali M'gulu. Malamulo oterewa ndi otseguka komanso owonekera, ndipo chidziwitso chonse chokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha mayeso chiyenera kuphatikizidwa mu fomu yowonjezera kulembetsa.
Ngati deta yoyambirira yolembetsa ikukwaniritsabe zofunikira pa data ndi miyezo yowunikira, ikhoza kupitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera kulembetsa uku, koma iyenera kutumizidwanso. Wopemphayo ayenera kuyesetsa kupeza ndikupereka chidziwitso choyambirira cholembetsa kapena chidziwitso chofunikira ngati kupitiliza kulembetsa kotsatira. Ngati wopempha kuti awonjezere kulembetsa si wopempha kuti alembetse koyamba chogwiritsira ntchito (ndiko kuti, wopemphayo alibe chidziwitso choperekedwa koyamba), ndikofunikira kupeza ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe chilipo cholembetsa cha chogwiritsira ntchito kudzera mwa wopempha kuti alembetse koyamba kapena dipatimenti yoyang'anira dziko lowunikira. Ngati wopempha kuti awonjezere kulembetsa apereka umboni woti chidziwitso choyenera sichikupezeka, Boma lotsogolera kapena EFSA yomwe idachita kafukufuku wakale ndi/kapena wokonzanso wotsatira idzayesetsa kupereka chidziwitso choterocho.
Ngati deta yolembetsa kale siikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zilipo, mayeso atsopano ndi malipoti atsopano ayenera kuchitidwa. Wopemphayo ayenera kuzindikira ndikulemba mayeso atsopano omwe akuyenera kuchitidwa ndi nthawi yake, kuphatikizapo mndandanda wosiyana wa mayeso atsopano a nyama zonse zokhala ndi vertebrate, poganizira ndemanga zomwe EFSA idapereka isanakonzenso fomuyi. Lipoti latsopano la mayeso liyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino, kufotokoza chifukwa chake ndi kufunikira kwake. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti pali kutseguka komanso kuwonekera bwino ndikuchepetsa kubwerezabwereza kwa mayeso, mayeso atsopano ayenera kuperekedwa ku EFSA asanayambe, ndipo mayeso osasungidwa sadzalandiridwa. Wopemphayo akhoza kutumiza fomu yopempha chitetezo cha deta ndikutumiza mitundu yachinsinsi komanso yosasungidwa mwachinsinsi ya deta iyi.
3.1.2 Kukonzekera
Kupitiriza kulembetsa mankhwala kumadalira zosakaniza zomwe zamalizidwa. Mogwirizana ndi Nkhani 43 (2) ya Regulation No. 1107/2009, ma fomu opitiliza kukonzekera ayenera kuphatikizapo:
1) Kopi ya satifiketi yolembetsa kukonzekera.
2) deta yatsopano iliyonse yomwe ikufunika kuyambira nthawi yofunsira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zofunikira pa chidziwitso, malangizo ndi zofunikira zake (monga kusintha kwa magawo oyeserera omwe akuchitika chifukwa chopitiliza kuwunika kulembetsa).
3) Zifukwa zotumizira deta yatsopano: zofunikira zatsopano za chidziwitso, malangizo ndi miyezo sizinali kugwira ntchito panthawi yolembetsa malonda; Kapena kusintha momwe zinthuzo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
4) Kutsimikizira kuti malondawa akukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukonzanso kulembetsa kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zomwe zili m'malamulo (kuphatikiza zoletsa zoyenera).
5) Ngati chinthucho chayang'aniridwa, lipoti la chidziwitso cha kuyang'aniridwa liyenera kuperekedwa.
6) Ngati kuli kofunikira, chidziwitso choyerekeza chiyenera kuperekedwa motsatira malangizo oyenera.
3.1.2.1 Kufananiza deta ya zosakaniza zogwira ntchito
Popempha kuti mankhwala apitirize kulembetsa, wopemphayo, malinga ndi kuwunika kwa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ayenera kupereka chidziwitso chatsopano cha mankhwala aliwonse omwe akufunika kusinthidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zofunikira ndi miyezo ya deta, kusintha ndikusintha deta yogwirizana ndi mankhwala, ndikuchita kuwunika zoopsa mogwirizana ndi malangizo atsopano ndi mfundo zomaliza kuti atsimikizire kuti chiopsezocho chikadali pamalo oyenera. Kufananiza deta ya mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi udindo wa dziko lomwe likuyang'anira kuwunikanso kulembetsa mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Wopemphayo angapereke chidziwitso choyenera cha mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Dziko lotsogolera lomwe lasankhidwa popereka chilengezo chakuti chidziwitso cha mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito chili munthawi yosateteza, umboni wa ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho, chilengezo chakuti mankhwalawo sakuperekedwa chidziwitso cha mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena popereka lingaliro lobwerezabwereza mayesowo. Kuvomereza chidziwitso chogwiritsira ntchito kuti apitirize kulembetsa mankhwala kungadalire mankhwala omwewo oyambirira omwe akukwaniritsa muyezo watsopano, ndipo pamene mtundu wa mankhwala oyamba omwewo wadziwika usintha (kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa zonyansa), wopemphayo angapereke zifukwa zomveka kuti mankhwala oyambilira omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi ofanana.
3.1.2.2 Kusintha kwa njira zabwino zaulimi (GAP)
Wopemphayo ayenera kupereka mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo mawu osonyeza kuti palibe kusintha kwakukulu kwa GAP m'derali kuyambira nthawi yolembetsa, ndi mndandanda wosiyana wa ntchito zina mu fomu ya GAP mu mtundu woperekedwa. Kusintha kwakukulu kokha mu GAP komwe ndikofunikira kuti kutsatire kusintha kwa kuwunika kwa gawo logwira ntchito (mitengo yatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo atsopano, zikhalidwe kapena zoletsa mu malamulo okonzanso kulembetsa) ndikovomerezeka, bola ngati wopemphayo apereka chidziwitso chonse chofunikira chothandizira. Mwachidule, palibe kusintha kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a mlingo komwe kungachitike mu pulogalamu yopitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito.
3.1.2.3 Deta yokhudza mphamvu ya mankhwala
Kuti zigwire bwino ntchito, wopemphayo ayenera kudziwa ndi kutsimikizira kutumiza deta yatsopano yoyesera. Ngati kusintha kwa GAP kwayambitsidwa ndi mtengo watsopano womaliza, malangizo atsopano, deta yoyesera ya GAP yatsopano iyenera kuperekedwa, apo ayi, deta yotsutsa yokha ndiyo iyenera kuperekedwa kuti ipitirire.
3.2 United States
Zofunikira za deta ya US EPA pakuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo zikugwirizana ndi kulembetsanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kusintha kwa kulembetsa, ndi kulembetsanso, ndipo palibe malamulo osiyana. Mapempho ofunikira kuti mudziwe zambiri kutengera zosowa zowunikira zoopsa pakuwunikiranso, ndemanga zomwe zalandiridwa panthawi yokambirana ndi anthu, ndi zina zotero, zidzafalitsidwa ngati dongosolo lomaliza la ntchito komanso chidziwitso choyitanitsa deta.
Nkhani Zina 4
4.1 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pamodzi
4.1.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Mogwirizana ndi Nkhani 5, Chaputala 3 cha Lamulo la 2020/1740, ngati anthu oposa mmodzi apempha kuti kulembetsa kwa chinthu chomwecho chogwira ntchito kukonzedwenso, anthu onse ofunsira ayenera kuchita zonse zoyenera kuti apereke chidziwitso pamodzi. Bungwe losankhidwa ndi wofunsira likhoza kupanga fomu yopempha pamodzi m'malo mwa wofunsirayo, ndipo onse omwe angakhale ofunsira akhoza kulumikizidwa ndi pempho loti apereke chidziwitso pamodzi.
Olembera ntchito angathenso kupereka zambiri zonse padera, koma ayenera kufotokoza zifukwa zomwe zili muzolembazo. Komabe, malinga ndi Nkhani 62 ya Regulation 1107/2009, mayeso obwerezabwereza pa nyama zokhala ndi msana saloledwa, kotero ofunsira omwe angakhale ndi chidziwitso choyenera ayenera kuyesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti zotsatira za mayeso a nyama zokhala ndi msana ndi maphunziro omwe akukhudzidwa akugawidwa. Kuti awonjezere kulembetsa kwa zinthu zogwira ntchito zomwe zikuphatikizapo olembera ntchito angapo, deta yonse iyenera kuunikidwanso pamodzi, ndipo ziganizo ndi malipoti ziyenera kupangidwa pambuyo pofufuza mokwanira.
4.1.2 United States
EPA imalimbikitsa kuti ofunsira agawane deta yowunikiranso, koma palibe lamulo lofunikira. Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha kuyitanitsa deta, mwini satifiketi yolembetsa ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo angasankhe ngati apereka deta pamodzi ndi ofunsira ena, kuchita maphunziro osiyana, kapena kuchotsa kulembetsa. Ngati mayeso osiyana ndi ofunsira osiyanasiyana apangitsa kuti pakhale mapeto awiri osiyana, EPA idzagwiritsa ntchito mapeto osamala kwambiri.
4.2 Ubale pakati pa kukonzanso kulembetsa ndi kulembetsa kwatsopano
4.2.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Asanayambe kukonzanso kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, kutanthauza kuti, Boma Lisanalandire fomu yolembera zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, wopemphayo angapitirize kupereka fomu yolembera mankhwala oyenera ku Boma Lililonse (chigawo); Pambuyo poyambiranso kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, wopemphayo sangathenso kutumiza fomu yolembera mankhwala ofanana ku Boma Lililonse, ndipo ayenera kudikira kuti chigamulo chokhudza kukonzanso kulembetsa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito chiperekedwe asanapereke mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zatsopano.
4.2.2 United States
Ngati kulembetsa kwina (monga kukonzekera kwatsopano kwa mlingo) sikuyambitsa kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zoopsa, EPA ikhoza kuvomereza kulembetsa kwina panthawi yowunikiranso; Komabe, ngati kulembetsa kwatsopano (monga momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito) kungayambitse kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zoopsa, EPA ikhoza kuphatikiza malondawo mu kuwunikanso kwa zoopsa kapena kuchita kuwunika kosiyana kwa zoopsa za malondawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zake mu kuwunikanso. Kusinthasintha kwa EPA kumachitika chifukwa chakuti magawo atatu apadera a Health Effects Branch, Environmental Behavior and Effects Branch, ndi Biological and Economic Analysis Branch amathandizira ntchito ya Registry ndi Reevaluation Branch, ndipo amatha kuwona deta yonse ya registry ndi reevaluation nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene reevaluation yapanga chisankho chosintha chizindikirocho, koma sichinaperekedwebe, ngati kampani ipereka fomu yopempha kusintha chizindikirocho, registry idzachigwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi chisankho chowunikiranso. Njira yosinthasintha iyi imalola EPA kuphatikiza bwino zinthu ndikuthandizira makampani kulembetsa kale.
4.3 Chitetezo cha Deta
4.3.1 Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Nthawi yotetezedwa ya deta yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito ndi deta yokonzekera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso kulembetsa ndi miyezi 30, kuyambira tsiku lomwe mankhwala okonzekera ogwirizanawo adalembetsedwa koyamba kuti akonzedwenso m'dziko lililonse la Membala, tsiku lenilenilo limasiyana pang'ono kuchokera ku Dziko Limodzi la Membala kupita ku Lina.
4.3.2 United States
Deta yowunikiranso yomwe yatumizidwa kumene ili ndi nthawi yoteteza deta ya zaka 15 kuyambira tsiku lopereka, ndipo wopempha akatchula deta yomwe yaperekedwa ndi kampani ina, nthawi zambiri iyenera kutsimikizira kuti mwiniwake wa detayo wapatsidwa chipukuta misozi kapena chilolezo chapezeka. Ngati kampani yolembetsa mankhwala yogwira ntchito ikatsimikiza kuti yapereka deta yofunikira kuti iwunikidwenso, mankhwala opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala yogwira ntchitoyo apeza chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito deta ya mankhwala yogwira ntchitoyo, kotero imatha kusunga kulembetsa mwachindunji malinga ndi kutsiriza kwa kuwunikanso kwa mankhwala yogwira ntchitoyo, popanda kuwonjezera zina zowonjezera, koma ikufunikabe kutenga njira zowongolera zoopsa monga kusintha chizindikiro ngati pakufunika.
5. Chidule ndi chiyembekezo
Ponseponse, EU ndi US ali ndi cholinga chomwecho pochita kuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa: kuonetsetsa kuti pamene luso lowunikira zoopsa likukula komanso mfundo zikusintha, mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa akhoza kupitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala ndipo sapereka chiopsezo chosayenera pa thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwina m'njira zinazake. Choyamba, izi zikuwonekera pakugwirizana pakati pa kuwunika kwaukadaulo ndi kupanga zisankho zoyang'anira. Kuwonjezeka kwa kulembetsa kwa EU kumakhudza kuwunika kwaukadaulo ndi zisankho zomaliza zoyang'anira; Kuwunikanso ku United States kumangopanga ziganizo zowunikira zaukadaulo monga kusintha zilembo ndi kutumiza deta yatsopano, ndipo mwini satifiketi yolembetsa ayenera kutengapo gawo kuti achite mogwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwazo ndikupanga mapulogalamu ofanana kuti akwaniritse zisankho zoyang'anira. Chachiwiri, njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndizosiyana. Kuwonjezeka kwa kulembetsa ku EU kwagawidwa m'magawo awiri. Gawo loyamba ndi kukulitsa kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito pamlingo wa EU. Pambuyo powonjezera kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito, kukulitsa kulembetsa kwa mankhwala kumachitika m'maiko omwe ali mamembala. Kuwunikanso kwa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala ku United States kumachitika nthawi imodzi.
Kuvomereza kulembetsa ndi kuwunikanso pambuyo polembetsa ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mu Meyi 1997, China idakhazikitsa "Malamulo Okhudza Kuyang'anira Tizilombo", ndipo patatha zaka zoposa 20 za chitukuko, njira yonse yolembetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yowunikira yakhazikitsidwa. Pakadali pano, China yalembetsa mitundu yoposa 700 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zokonzekera zoposa 40,000, zomwe zoposa theka la izi zalembetsedwa kwa zaka zoposa 20. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali, kwakukulu komanso kwakukulu kudzapangitsa kuti pakhale kukana kwachilengedwe kwa cholinga, kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa zoopsa zachitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama. Kubwerezanso kulembetsa pambuyo polembetsa ndi njira yothandiza yochepetsera chiopsezo cha nthawi yayitali chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikukwaniritsa kayendetsedwe ka moyo wonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo ndi njira yowonjezera yothandiza ku njira yolembetsera ndi kuvomereza. Komabe, ntchito yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China inayamba mochedwa, ndipo "Njira Zoyendetsera Kulembetsa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo" yomwe idalengezedwa mu 2017 idanena koyamba kuchokera pamlingo wolamulira kuti mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo yolembetsedwa kwa zaka zoposa 15 iyenera kukonzedwa kuti ichite kuwunika nthawi ndi nthawi malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kusintha kwa mfundo zamafakitale. NY/ T2948-2016 "Kufotokozera Zaukadaulo kwa Kuwunikanso kwa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo" komwe kudaperekedwa mu 2016 kumapereka mfundo zoyambira ndi njira zowunikira kuwunikanso mitundu yolembetsedwa ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo kumafotokoza mawu oyenera, koma kukakamiza kwake kuli kochepa ngati muyezo wovomerezeka. Pogwirizana ndi ntchito yothandiza yowongolera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China, kafukufuku ndi kusanthula kwa njira yowunikiranso ya EU ndi United States kungatipatse malingaliro ndi chidziwitso chotsatirachi.
Choyamba, perekani mokwanira udindo waukulu wa mwini satifiketi yolembetsa poyesanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa. Njira yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku EU ndi United States ndi yakuti dipatimenti yoyang'anira kulembetsa ipange dongosolo la ntchito, kupereka mitundu yowunikiranso ndi nkhawa zokhudza zoopsa, ndipo mwini satifiketi yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo apereke chidziwitsocho ngati pakufunika mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yaperekedwa. China ikhoza kutenga maphunziro kuchokera ku zomwe zikuchitika, kusintha malingaliro a dipatimenti yoyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti ichite mayeso otsimikizira ndikumaliza ntchito yonse yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kufotokozeranso udindo waukulu wa mwini satifiketi yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo poyesanso ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, ndikukonza njira zogwiritsira ntchito poyesanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China.
Chachiwiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yotetezera deta yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Malamulo Okhudza Kuyang'anira Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ndi malamulo ake othandizira amafotokoza momveka bwino njira yotetezera mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China komanso zofunikira pakuvomereza deta yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma zofunikira pakuteteza deta yowunikiranso ndi kuvomereza deta sizikumveka bwino. Chifukwa chake, omwe ali ndi ziphaso zolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti achite nawo ntchito yowunikiranso, ndipo njira yotetezera deta yowunikiranso iyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino, kuti eni ake oyamba athe kupereka deta kwa ofunsira ena kuti alandire malipiro, kuchepetsa mayeso obwerezabwereza, ndikuchepetsa mtolo pamakampani.
Chachitatu ndi kupanga njira yowunikira zoopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pambuyo polembetsa, kuwunikanso ndi kupitiriza kulembetsa. Mu 2022, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi udatulutsa kumene "Malamulo Oyang'anira Kuyang'anira ndi Kuwunika Zoopsa za Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo (Draft for Comment)", kusonyeza kutsimikiza mtima kwa China kukhazikitsa ndi kuchita nthawi zonse kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo pambuyo polembetsa. M'tsogolomu, tiyeneranso kuganiza bwino, kuchita kafukufuku wambiri, ndikuphunzira kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri, ndikukhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikusintha njira yowongolera chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo pambuyo polembetsa yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya dziko la China kudzera mu kuyang'anira, kuwunikanso ndi kulembetsa zoopsa za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuti tichepetse mitundu yonse ya zoopsa zachitetezo zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikuteteza bwino ulimi, thanzi la anthu komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-27-2024