Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popewa komanso kuwongolera matenda aulimi ndi nkhalango, kukonza zokolola zambewu ndikuwongolera mbewu yabwino, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa paubwino ndi chitetezo chazaulimi, thanzi la anthu komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe.Mfundo za International Code of Conduct for Pesticide Management, zomwe bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organisation la United Nations ndi World Health Organisation, likufuna kuti akuluakulu oyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhazikitse njira yolembetsanso kuti aziwunika ndikuwunika pafupipafupi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Onetsetsani kuti zoopsa zatsopano zikudziwika panthawi yake ndipo njira zoyendetsera bwino zimatengedwa.
Pakalipano, European Union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, South Korea ndi Thailand akhazikitsa njira zowunikira zoopsa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo polembetsa ndikuwunikanso malinga ndi momwe zilili.
Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu 1982, zofunika pakulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo zasinthidwa katatu, ndipo zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi miyezo yowunikira chitetezo zakhala zikuyenda bwino, ndipo mankhwala akale omwe adalembetsedwa kale sangathenso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse. zofunikira pakuwunika chitetezo.M'zaka zaposachedwa, kudzera mu kuphatikizika kwa zinthu, thandizo la polojekiti ndi njira zina, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi ukupitilira kukulitsa chitetezo cha kalembera wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikutsata ndikuwunika mitundu ingapo yamankhwala oopsa kwambiri komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha chiopsezo chotsatira cha mankhwala a metsulfuron-methyl, chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe cha flubendiamide ndi chiwopsezo cha thanzi la anthu a paraquat, yambani phunziro lapadera, ndikuyambitsa njira zoletsa zoletsa panthawi yake;Kupititsa patsogolo phorate, isofenphos-methyl, isocarbophos, ethoprophos, omethoate, carbofuran mu 2022 ndi 2023 Mankhwala asanu ndi atatu akupha kwambiri, monga methomyl ndi aldicarb, adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oopsa kwambiri mpaka kuchepera 1% ya chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwala opha tizilombo. , kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chitetezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ngakhale kuti China yakhala ikulimbikitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikuwunika kuwunika kwa ntchito ndi kuwunika kwachitetezo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa, sinakhazikitsebe malamulo ndi malamulo owunikiranso, komanso kuwunikanso ntchito sikukwanira, ndondomekoyi siinakhazikitsidwe, ndipo chachikulu. udindo sudziwika, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka.Choncho, kuphunzira kuchokera ku chitsanzo chokhwima ndi zochitika za European Union ndi United States, kufotokoza momveka bwino ndondomeko ndi zofunikira za kuunikanso kalembera wa mankhwala ku China, ndi kupanga njira yatsopano yoyendetsera mankhwala yomwe imaphatikizapo kubwereza kalembera, kuunikanso ndi kupitiriza kulembetsa. zofunikira zoyendetsera ntchito kuti zitsimikizire bwino chitetezo chakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale.
1 Onaninso gulu la polojekiti
1.1 European Union
1.1.1 pulogalamu yowunikiranso mitundu yakale
Mu 1993, European Commission (yotchedwa “European Commission”) mogwirizana ndi zimene Directive 91/414 imanena, pafupifupi mankhwala ophera tizilombo okwana 1,000 amene analembetsa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pamsika July 1993 asanafike, anaunikanso m’magulu anayi.Mu Marichi 2009, kuwunikaku kudamalizidwa, ndipo pafupifupi 250 zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, kapena 26%, zidalembetsedwanso chifukwa zidakwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo;67% yazinthu zomwe zimagwira zidachoka pamsika chifukwa cha chidziwitso chosakwanira, osagwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi kapena kusiya bizinesi.Zina 70 kapena 7% zazinthu zogwira ntchito zidachotsedwa chifukwa sizinakwaniritse zofunikira pakuwunika kwatsopano kwachitetezo.
1.1.2 kuunikanso kuvomereza
Ndime 21 ya EU Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 yatsopano ikupereka kuti European Commission nthawi iliyonse ikhoza kuyambitsanso kuunikanso kwazinthu zomwe zidalembetsedwa, ndiko kuti, kuwunikanso mwapadera.Zopempha zoyesedwanso ndi Mayiko Amembala molingana ndi zomwe zapezedwa zatsopano zasayansi ndi luso komanso zowunikira ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndi Commission poyambitsanso kuunikanso kwapadera.Ngati bungweli likuwona kuti chinthu chomwe chikugwira ntchito sichingakwaniritse zolembetsa, idzadziwitsa Mayiko omwe ali membala, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ndi kampani yopanga zomwe zikuchitika ndikukhazikitsa tsiku loti kampaniyo ipereke chikalata.The Commission angafune uphungu kapena thandizo la sayansi ndi luso ku States Member ndi EFSA pasanathe miyezi itatu kuchokera tsiku chiphaso cha pempho la malangizo kapena thandizo luso, ndi EFSA adzapereka maganizo ake kapena zotsatira za ntchito yake pasanathe miyezi itatu kuchokera tsiku lolandira pempho.Ngati ziganiziridwa kuti chinthu chogwira ntchito sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa kapena kuti zina zomwe zafunsidwa sizinaperekedwe, Komiti idzapereka chigamulo chochotsa kapena kusintha kalembedwe ka ntchitoyo motsatira ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito.
1.1.3 kukonzanso Kulembetsa
Kupitiliza kulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku EU ndi kofanana ndi kuwunika kwanthawi ndi nthawi ku China.Mu 1991, EU idalengeza lamulo la 91/414/EEC, lomwe likunena kuti nthawi yolembetsedwa ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa sayenera kupitirira zaka 10, ndipo iyenera kulembetsanso kulembetsa ikatha, ndipo ikhoza kukonzedwanso ikakwaniritsa miyezo yolembetsa. .Mu 2009, European Union inakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano la mankhwala ophera tizilombo Law 1107/2009, m'malo mwa 91/414/EEC.Lamulo la 1107/2009 likunena kuti zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kukonzekera kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kuyitanitsa kukonzanso kalembera pambuyo pa kutha, ndipo nthawi yeniyeni yowonjezeretsa kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito kumadalira mtundu wake ndi zotsatira zake: nthawi yowonjezera ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. nthawi zambiri sichidutsa zaka 15;Kutalika kwa ofuna kulowa m'malo sikudutsa zaka 7;Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zofunika pakuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda omwe sakukwaniritsa zolembetsa zomwe zilipo, monga Class 1A kapena 1B carcinogens, Class 1A kapena 1B zinthu zapoizoni zoberekera, zosakaniza zokhala ndi zosokoneza za endocrine zomwe zingayambitse mavuto kwa anthu. ndi zamoyo zomwe sizinali zolemetsa, sizidzawonjezedwa kwa zaka zopitirira zisanu.
1.2 United States
1.2.1 kulembetsanso mitundu yakale
Mu 1988, lamulo la Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) linasinthidwa kuti lifunikire kufufuzanso zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalembedwa pamaso pa November 1, 1984.Mu Seputembala 2008, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lidamaliza kuwunikanso zosakaniza za 1,150 (zogawidwa m'mitu ya 613) kudzera mu Pulogalamu Yakale Yolemberanso Zosiyanasiyana, yomwe mitu 384 idavomerezedwa, kapena 63 peresenti.Panali mitu ya 229 yoletsa kulembetsa, kuwerengera 37 peresenti.
1.2.2 ndemanga yapadera
Pansi pa FIFRA ndi Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), kuunikanso kwapadera kungayambitsidwe ngati umboni ukuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakwaniritsa chimodzi mwa izi:
1) Zitha kuvulaza kwambiri anthu kapena ziweto.
2) Ikhoza kukhala carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, fetal poizoni, uchembere poizoni kapena aakulu anachedwa poizoni kwa anthu.
3) Mulingo wotsalira m'zamoyo zomwe sizinali zoyembekezeka m'chilengedwe ukhoza kukhala wofanana kapena kupitilira kuchuluka kwa poizoni wowopsa kapena wowopsa, kapena ukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pakubereka kwa zamoyo zomwe sizinali zofuna.
4) atha kukhala pachiwopsezo kukupitilizabe kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kapena zowopsa monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi Endangered Species Act.
5) Zitha kuwononga malo ofunikira a zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kapena zowopsa kapena kusintha kwina koyipa.
6) Pakhoza kukhala zoopsa kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe, ndipo ndikofunikira kudziwa ngati phindu la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo lingathetsere mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, zachuma komanso chilengedwe.
Kuwunikanso mwapadera nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuunika mozama za ngozi imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zingatheke, ndi cholinga chachikulu chochepetsera chiopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo poyang'ana zomwe zilipo kale, kupeza zatsopano ndi / kapena kuyesa zatsopano, kuwunika zoopsa zomwe zadziwika ndikuzindikira ngozi yoyenera. njira zochepetsera.Kuwunikanso kwapaderako kukamalizidwa, EPA ikhoza kuyambitsa ndondomeko yothetsa, kukana, kuyikanso, kapena kusintha kalembera wa chinthucho.Kuyambira m'ma 1970, EPA yawunikanso mwapadera mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira 100 ndikumaliza zambiri mwa ndemangazo.Pakali pano, kuunikanso kwapadera kwapadera kukuyembekezera: aldicarb, atrazine, propazine, simazine, ndi ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 kubwereza kalembera
Popeza kuti pulogalamu yakale yolembetsanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalizidwa ndipo kuunikanso kwapadera kwatenga zaka zambiri, EPA yaganiza zoyambitsanso kuunikanso ngati pulogalamu yolowa m'malo mwa kulembetsanso mitundu yakale komanso kuunikanso mwapadera.kuunikanso kwatsopano kwa EPA ndi kofanana ndi kuwunika kwanthawi ndi nthawi ku China, ndipo maziko ake ovomerezeka ndi Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), yomwe idapereka lingaliro la kuwunika kwa nthawi ndi nthawi kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwanthawi yoyamba mu 1996, ndikusintha FIFRA.EPA ikuyenera kuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi kamodzi pazaka 15 zilizonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa amakhalabe ogwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo panopa pamene milingo yowunika zoopsa ikusintha komanso kusintha kwa mfundo.
Mu 2007, FIFRA inapereka chisinthiko kuti ayambitsenso kuunikanso, kufuna kuti EPA imalize kuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo 726 olembetsedwa pasanafike pa 1 October 2007, pofika pa 31 October 2022. Monga gawo la chigamulo chowunikanso, EPA iyeneranso kukwaniritsa udindo wake pansi pa lamuloli. Endangered Species Act kuti atengepo njira zochepetsera ngozi zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.Komabe, chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19, kuchedwa kwa kutumiza deta kuchokera kwa omwe adafunsira komanso zovuta zowunikira, ntchitoyo sinamalizidwe pa nthawi yake.Mu 2023, EPA inapereka ndondomeko yatsopano yowunikiranso zaka 3, yomwe idzasintha tsiku lomaliza la kuwunikanso kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo 726 omwe adalembedwa pasanafike pa October 1, 2007, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo 63 omwe adalembedwa pambuyo pa tsikulo mpaka October 1, 2026. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti, mosasamala kanthu kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo adawunikidwanso, EPA idzachitapo kanthu koyenera ikadzatsimikizira kuti kukhudzidwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chachangu kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe chomwe chimafunikira chisamaliro chanthawi yomweyo.
2 Njira Zofananira
Monga kuwunika kwakale kwa EU, kulembetsanso mitundu yakale yaku United States ndi ntchito zapadera zowunikiranso zamalizidwa, pakali pano, EU makamaka kudzera pakuwonjezera kalembera, United States makamaka kudzera mu ntchito yowunikiranso kuti iwonetse chitetezo cha omwe adalembetsa. mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe kwenikweni ali ofanana ndi kuwunika kwanthawi ndi nthawi ku China.
2.1 European Union
Kupitiliza kulembetsa ku EU kumagawidwa m'magawo awiri, choyamba ndikupitilira kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatha kukonzedwanso ngati zitsimikiziridwa kuti woimira mmodzi kapena angapo akugwiritsa ntchito chogwiritsira ntchito komanso chinthu chimodzi chokonzekera chomwe chili ndi chogwiritsira ntchito chikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zolembera.Komitiyi ingaphatikizepo zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa zofunikira ndi mapulogalamu ogwirira ntchito molingana ndi zotsatira zake pa thanzi la anthu ndi nyama komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, poganizira, momwe zingathere, kufunikira kwa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.Pulogalamuyi iyenera kukhala ndi izi: ndondomeko zotumizira ndi kuunika mafomu olembetsanso;Zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa, kuphatikiza njira zochepetsera kuyezetsa nyama, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera mwanzeru monga kuyesa kwa in vitro;Tsiku lomaliza la kutumiza deta;Malamulo atsopano otumizira deta;Nthawi zowunika ndi kupanga zisankho;Ndi kugawika kwa kuwunika kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku States membala.
2.1.1 Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito
Zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira zimalowa mumayendedwe okonzansonso zaka 3 isanathe nthawi yovomerezeka ya satifiketi yawo yolembetsa, ndipo ofunsira omwe akufuna kukonzanso kalembera (mwina wofunsira pa nthawi ya kuvomera koyamba kapena ofunsira ena) ayenera kutumiza ntchito yawo zaka 3. chikalata cholembetsa chisanathe.Kuwunika deta pa kupitiriza yogwira pophika kalembera ikuchitika limodzi ndi rapporteur membala wa dziko (RMS) ndi co-rapporteur membala wa dziko (Co-RMS), ndi kutenga nawo mbali EFSA ndi ena Member States.Mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo oyenerera, malangizo ndi ndondomeko, State Member aliyense amasankha State Member ndi zofunikira ndi luso (ogwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, etc.) monga Boma lotsogolera.Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, Boma lotsogolela ndi Boma Lotsogolela pakuwunikanso litha kukhala losiyana ndi Boma lomwe dzinalo linalembetsedwa koyamba.Pa 27 Marichi 2021, Regulation 2020/1740 ya European Commission idayamba kugwira ntchito, kufotokoza nkhani zenizeni zakukonzanso kulembetsa kwazinthu zophera tizilombo, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazogwiritsa ntchito zomwe nthawi yolembetsa ili pa 27 Marichi 2024 kapena pambuyo pake. zosakaniza zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito pa Marichi 27, 2024, Regulation 844/2012 ipitilirabe kugwira ntchito.Njira yeniyeni yokonzanso kalembera ku EU ndi motere.
2.1.1.1 Zidziwitso za Kufunsiratu musanagwiritse ntchito komanso Malingaliro
Asanayambe kufunsira kukonzanso kalembera, kampaniyo idzapereka kaye ku EFSA chidziwitso cha mayesero oyenerera omwe akufuna kuchita pothandizira kukonzanso kalembera, kuti EFSA ipereke upangiri wokwanira ndikukambirana ndi anthu. onetsetsani kuti mayesero oyenerera akuchitidwa panthawi yake komanso moyenera.Mabizinesi atha kufunsa upangiri ku EFSA nthawi iliyonse asanakonzenso ntchito yawo.EFSA idzadziwitsa Boma lotsogola ndi/kapena Co-Presiding State za zidziwitso zomwe zaperekedwa ndi kampaniyo ndikupanga malingaliro onse potengera kuwunika kwa zidziwitso zonse zokhudzana ndi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza zidziwitso zam'mbuyomu zolembetsa kapena kupitiliza chidziwitso cholembetsa.Ngati ofunsira angapo nthawi imodzi afuna upangiri pa kukonzanso kalembera kwa gawo lomwelo, EFSA iwalangiza kuti apereke ntchito yokonzanso limodzi.
2.1.1.2 Kugonjera ndi kuvomereza ntchito
Wopemphayo adzapereka ntchito yokonzanso pakompyuta mkati mwa zaka za 3 isanathe kutha kwa zolembera zolembera kudzera mu dongosolo lapakati loperekedwa ndi European Union, kudzera mu State State, Co-Presiding State, States Member States, EFSA ndi Commission. akhoza kudziwitsidwa.Boma lotsogola lidzadziwitsa wopemphayo, Co-Presiding State, Commission ndi EFSA, pasanathe mwezi umodzi wa kugonjera kwa pempho, tsiku lolandira ndi kuvomereza kwa pempho la kukonzanso.Ngati chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zikusowa muzinthu zomwe zatumizidwa, makamaka ngati mayeso athunthu sanaperekedwe monga momwe amafunikira, dziko lotsogola lidziwitsa wopemphayo za zomwe zikusowa mkati mwa mwezi umodzi kuyambira tsiku lolandila fomuyo, ndipo liyenera m'malo mkati mwa masiku 14, ngati zinthu zomwe zikusowa sizikuperekedwa kapena palibe zifukwa zomveka zomwe zimaperekedwa pakutha, ntchito yokonzanso sidzalandiridwa.Boma lotsogola lidzadziwitsa wopemphayo mwachangu, Boma Lotsogola, Komiti, Mayiko ena Amembala ndi EFSA zachigamulocho komanso zifukwa zake zosavomerezeka.Tsiku lomaliza lomaliza ntchito lisanakwane, Dziko Lotsogola lidzagwirizana pa ntchito zonse zowunikira komanso kugawa ntchito.
2.1.1.3 Kuwunika kwa data
Ngati pempho lopitilizidwa litavomerezedwa, Boma lotsogola lidzawunikiranso zambiri ndikufunsira ndemanga za anthu.EFSA, mkati mwa masiku a 60 kuchokera tsiku lofalitsidwa ndi ntchito yopitiliza, idzalola anthu kuti apereke ndemanga zolembedwa pazambiri zogwiritsira ntchito komanso kukhalapo kwa deta kapena zoyeserera zina.Boma lotsogola ndi Boma lotsogola ndiye limachita kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha, wofuna komanso wowonekera ngati chinthu chogwira ntchito chikukwaniritsabe zofunikira za kalembera, kutengera zomwe zapezedwa pano zasayansi ndi zikalata zoyendetsera ntchito, ndikuwunika zonse zomwe zidalandilidwa pakukonzanso, Zomwe zidaperekedwa kale zolembetsedwa ndi ziganizo zowunikira (kuphatikiza zowunika zam'mbuyomu) ndi ndemanga zolembedwa zomwe zidalandilidwa panthawi yokambirana ndi anthu.Zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa ndi ofunsira kupitirira kuchuluka kwa pempho, kapena pambuyo pa tsiku lomaliza loperekedwa, sizingaganizidwe.Boma lotsogola lidzapereka lipoti loyesa kukonzanso (dRAR) ku Commission ndi EFSA mkati mwa miyezi 13 kuchokera pakupereka pempho lokonzanso.Panthawiyi, boma lotsogolera likhoza kupempha zambiri kuchokera kwa wopemphayo ndikuyika malire a nthawi yowonjezera, akhozanso kufunsa EFSA kapena kupempha zambiri za sayansi ndi zamakono kuchokera ku mayiko ena, koma sizidzachititsa kuti nthawi yowunika ipitirire. yatchulidwa miyezi 13.Lipoti lowonjezera lowonjezera la kalembera liyenera kukhala ndi zinthu izi:
1) Malingaliro a kupitiriza kulembetsa, kuphatikizapo zofunikira ndi zoletsa.
2) Malangizo okhudza ngati chogwiritsira ntchito chiyenera kuonedwa kuti ndi "chiwopsezo chochepa" chogwiritsira ntchito.
3) Malingaliro okhudza ngati chogwiritsira ntchito chiyenera kuganiziridwa ngati wofuna kusintha.
4) Malangizo pakukhazikitsa malire otsalira (MRL), kapena zifukwa zosaphatikizira MRL.
5) Malangizo pakugawa, kutsimikizira kapena kugawanso zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
6) Kutsimikiza kwa mayesero omwe ali mu deta yopitiliza kulembetsa omwe ali oyenera pakuwunika.
7) Malingaliro omwe mbali za lipoti ziyenera kufunsidwa ndi akatswiri.
8) Ngati kuli koyenera, Boma lotsogolela limodzi siligwirizana ndi mfundo za kuunika kwa Boma Lotsogola, kapena mfundo zomwe palibe mgwirizano pakati pa Mamembala omwe amapanga Gulu logwirizana la Mayiko Otsogolera.
9) Zotsatira za zokambirana ndi anthu ndi momwe zidzaganiziridwe.
Boma lotsogola liyenera kulankhulana mwachangu ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira Chemicals ndipo, posachedwa, lipereke malingaliro awo ku European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) panthawi yopereka lipoti loyesa kupitilirabe kuti lipeze gawo la EU Classification, Labels and Packaging Regulation for Zinthu ndi Zosakaniza.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphulika, poizoni woopsa, kuwonongeka kwa khungu / kuyabwa, kuvulala kwambiri kwa maso / kuyabwa, kupuma kapena kusagwirizana ndi khungu, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, toxicity ya ubereki, chiwopsezo cha chiwalo chapadera chochokera kumodzi komanso mobwerezabwereza, ndi magulu owopsa ofanana. ku chilengedwe cha m'madzi.Boma lozengedwa mlandu lidzanena mokwanira zifukwa zomwe chogwiritsira ntchito sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira za gulu limodzi kapena angapo a magulu owopsa, ndipo ECHA ikhoza kupereka ndemanga pamalingaliro a State State.
2.1.1.4 Ndemanga pa lipoti loyeserera kopitilira muyeso
EFSA iwunikanso ngati lipoti loyesa kopitilira muyeso lili ndi zonse zofunikira ndikuzifalitsa kwa wopemphayo ndi Mayiko ena omwe ali membala pasanathe miyezi 3 atalandira lipotilo.Atalandira lipoti loyesa kupitilirabe, wopemphayo atha, mkati mwa milungu iwiri, kupempha EFSA kuti isunge zinsinsi zina, ndipo EFSA idzapanga lipoti loyesa kupitilirabe poyera, kupatulapo chidziwitso chachinsinsi chovomerezeka, pamodzi ndi zomwe zasinthidwa. kupitiriza ntchito zambiri.EFSA idzalola anthu kuti apereke ndemanga zolembedwa mkati mwa masiku 60 kuyambira tsiku lofalitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yopitiliza kufufuza ndikutumiza, pamodzi ndi ndemanga zawo, ku boma lotsogolera, dziko lotsogolera kapena gulu la Member States. kutsogolera limodzi.
2.1.1.5 Kuwunika kwa anzawo ndi kutulutsa mayankho
EFSA imakonza akatswiri (akatswiri a dziko lotsogola ndi akatswiri a mayiko ena) kuti azichita ndemanga za anzawo, kukambirana za malingaliro a dziko lotsogola ndi nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri, kupanga ziganizo zoyambirira ndi kukambirana ndi anthu, ndipo potsirizira pake apereke ziganizo ndi zigamulo ku bungwe. European Commission kuti ivomerezedwe ndikumasulidwa.Ngati, pazifukwa zomwe wopemphayo sangakwanitse, kuyezetsa zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito sikunakwaniritsidwe tsiku lomaliza lisanathe, EU idzapereka chigamulo chowonjezera kutsimikizika kwazomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulembetsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kukonzanso kalembera kumatsirizika bwino. .
2.1.2 Kukonzekera
Yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa yoyenera, mkati mwa miyezi ya 3 kukonzanso kulembetsa kwa chinthucho, apereke pempho la kukonzanso kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ku State Member yomwe yapeza kulembetsa kwa mankhwala omwe amagwirizana nawo. .Ngati chofukizira kulembetsa ntchito kukonzanso kalembera wa mankhwala omwewo m'madera osiyanasiyana, mfundo zonse ntchito adzakhala analankhula onse Member States kuti atsogolere kuwombola mfundo pakati Member States.Pofuna kupewa mayeso obwerezabwereza, wopemphayo ayenera, asanachite mayeso kapena mayeso, ayang'ane ngati mabizinesi ena apeza zolembera zofananira zokonzekera, ndipo achitepo kanthu mwachilungamo komanso momveka bwino kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano wogawana. .
Pofuna kupanga njira yogwirizanirana komanso yogwira ntchito bwino, EU imagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lolembetsa chigawo chokonzekera, lomwe lagawidwa m'madera atatu: Kumpoto, pakati ndi Kumwera.Komiti Yoyang'anira Zonal (zonal SC) kapena Mayiko omwe akuyimilira adzafunsa onse omwe ali ndi ziphaso zolembetsa ngati angapemphe kukonzanso kalembera komanso dera lomwe, Imatsimikiziranso kuti rapporteur Member State (zonal RMS).Pofuna kukonzekera patsogolo, chigawo chotsogolera State chiyenera kusankhidwa pasadakhale kugonjera kwa pempho la kupitiriza mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zichitike EFSA isanatulutse ziganizo za ndemanga yogwira ntchito.Ndi udindo wa Boma lotsogola chigawo kutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ofunsira omwe apereka mafomu okonzanso, kudziwitsa omwe akufunsidwa za chigamulocho ndikumaliza kuwunika m'malo mwa maiko ena m'derali (kuwunika kopitilira muyeso kwa ntchito zina zamankhwala. Zogulitsa nthawi zina zimachitika ndi membala wa State popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kalembera wa zonal).The yogwira pophika review dziko chofunika kumaliza kuyerekeza yogwira pophika kupitiriza deta ndi mankhwala mankhwala kupitiriza deta.Dera lotsogola lachigawo lidzamaliza kuwunika kwa kupitiliza kwa kukonzekera mkati mwa miyezi 6 ndikuitumiza ku Mamembala a Membala ndi ofunsira kuti apereke ndemanga.Lililonse membala State adzamaliza chivomerezo kupitiriza ake ankapanga mankhwala mkati miyezi itatu.Ntchito yonse yokonzanso kalembedwe iyenera kumalizidwa mkati mwa miyezi 12 kuchokera kumapeto kwa kukonzanso kalembera.
2.2 United States
Pakuwunikanso, US EPA ikuyenera kuwunika zoopsa, kudziwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa za FIFRA, ndikupereka chigamulo chowunikanso.EPA's regulatory regulatory Agency ili ndi magawo asanu ndi awiri, magawo anayi owongolera, ndi magawo atatu apadera.Registry and Reevaluation Service ndiye nthambi yoyang'anira, ndipo Registry ndiyomwe imayang'anira ntchito zatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo wamba;Bungwe la Reevaluation Service liri ndi udindo wowunikanso mankhwala odziwika bwino opha tizilombo.Nthambi ya Health Effects Branch, Environmental Behavior and Effects Branch ndi Biological and Economic Analysis Branch, omwe ndi mayunitsi apadera, ali ndi udindo wowunika zonse zofunikira pakulembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwunika pambuyo polembetsa, komanso kukwaniritsa zoopsa. kuwunika.
2.2.1 Magawo a mitu
Mutu wowunikidwanso uli ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zili ndi zosakanizazo.Pamene mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi toxicological zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zogwira ntchito zimagwirizana kwambiri, ndipo gawo kapena zonse zomwe zimafunikira pakuwunika zoopsa zitha kugawidwa, zitha kugawidwa pamutu womwewo;Mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi zinthu zingapo zogwira ntchito alinso ndi mutu wowunikidwanso pa chilichonse chomwe chimagwira.Zomwe zatsopano kapena chidziwitso chikapezeka, EPA ikhoza kusinthanso mutu wowunikanso.Ngati ipeza kuti zosakaniza zambiri pamutu sizili zofanana, EPA ikhoza kugawa mutuwo kukhala mitu iwiri kapena kuposerapo, kapena ikhoza kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa zomwe zikugwira ntchito pamutu wowunikanso.
2.2.2 Kupanga ndondomeko
Mutu uliwonse wowunikanso uli ndi tsiku loyambira, lomwe mwina ndi tsiku loyamba lolembetsa kapena tsiku lolembetsanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa koyamba pamutuwo (tsiku lolembetsanso likutanthauza tsiku lomwe chigamulo cholembetsanso kapena chigamulo chanthawi yochepa. anasainidwa), kawirikawiri kaya pambuyo pake.EPA nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsa ndondomeko yake yowunikiranso patsiku loyambira kapena kuwunikanso kwaposachedwa, koma imathanso kuwunikanso mitu ingapo yoyenera nthawi imodzi kuti igwire bwino ntchito.EPA idzayika fayilo yowunikiranso, kuphatikiza tsiku loyambira, patsamba lake ndikusunga ndondomeko yowunikiranso ya chaka chomwe idasindikizidwa komanso zaka ziwiri zotsatila.
2.2.3 Kuunikanso kumayamba
2.2.3.1 kutsegula docket
EPA imayamba kuwunikanso popanga zolemba zapagulu pamutu uliwonse wowunikanso mankhwala ndikupempha ndemanga.Komabe, ngati EPA iwona kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa FIFRA ndipo palibe kuwunikanso kwina, ikhoza kulumpha sitepe iyi ndikulengeza chigamulo chake chomaliza kudzera mu Federal Register.Fayilo iliyonse yamilandu ikhalabe yotseguka panthawi yonse yowunikiranso mpaka chigamulo chomaliza chapangidwa.Fayiloyo imaphatikizapo, koma sichimangokhala, zotsatirazi: kufotokozera mwachidule za momwe polojekiti ikuyendera;Mndandanda wa olembetsa omwe alipo ndi olembetsa, chidziwitso chilichonse cha Federal Register chokhudza kulembetsa komwe kukuyembekezeredwa, malire omwe alipo kapena otsalira;Zolemba zowunika zoopsa;Bukhu la kaundula wamakono;Chidule cha deta yangozi;Ndi zina zilizonse zofunikira kapena chidziwitso.Fayiloyi imaphatikizaponso ndondomeko yoyambirira ya ntchito yomwe imaphatikizapo zambiri zomwe EPA ili nazo pakalipano za mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akuyenera kuwongoleredwa ndi momwe adzagwiritsire ntchito, komanso kuwunika kwachiwopsezo, zosowa za deta, ndi ndondomeko yowunikira.
2.2.3.2 Ndemanga za anthu
EPA imasindikiza zidziwitso mu Federal Register kuti anthu afotokozenso za fayilo yowunikanso ndi dongosolo loyambira lantchito kwa nthawi yosachepera masiku 60.Panthawi imeneyi, okhudzidwa akhoza kufunsa mafunso, kupereka malingaliro kapena kupereka zofunikira.Kutumizidwa kwa chidziwitso choterocho kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikirazi.
1) Chidziwitso choyenera chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthawi yofotokozera, koma EPA idzaganiziranso, mwakufuna kwake, ngati itengera deta kapena zomwe zatumizidwa pambuyo pake.
2) Chidziwitso chiyenera kutumizidwa mu mawonekedwe owerengeka komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zilizonse zomwe sizili m'Chingerezi ziyenera kutsagana ndi kumasulira kwachingerezi, ndipo chidziwitso chilichonse choperekedwa mumtundu wamawu kapena makanema chiyenera kutsagana ndi cholembedwa.Zolemba zolembedwa zitha kutumizidwa papepala kapena pakompyuta.
3) Woperekayo ayenera kuzindikira bwino lomwe gwero la zomwe zatumizidwa kapena chidziwitso.
4) Wolemba mafayilo angapemphe kuti EPA iwunikenso zomwe zinakanidwa mu ndemanga yapitayi, koma ayenera kufotokoza zifukwa zowunikiranso.
Kutengera zomwe zalandilidwa pa nthawi ya ndemanga komanso kuwunika koyambirira, EPA imapanga ndikupereka ndondomeko yomaliza ya ntchito yomwe imaphatikizapo zofunikira za ndondomeko, ndemanga zomwe zalandilidwa, ndi chidule cha mayankho a EPA.
Ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo alibe zolembetsa zilizonse, kapena zinthu zonse zolembetsedwa zichotsedwa, EPA sidzawunikanso mankhwalawo.
2.2.3.3 Kutenga nawo mbali
Kuti muwonjezere kuwonekera komanso kuchitapo kanthu ndikuthana ndi kusatsimikizika komwe kungakhudze kuwunika kwachiwopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zisankho zowongolera zoopsa, monga kulemba zilembo zosadziwika bwino kapena kusowa kwa mayeso, EPA ikhoza kuchita misonkhano yoyang'ana ndi omwe akukhudzidwa nawo pamitu yomwe ikubwera kapena yowunikiranso.Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira koyambirira kungathandize EPA kuchepetsa kuwunika kwake kumadera omwe akufunika chisamaliro.Mwachitsanzo, asanayambe kuunikanso, EPA ikhoza kufunsana ndi yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa kapena wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chinthucho, ndipo pakuwunikanso, EPA ikhoza kufunsana ndi yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa, wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena zina zofunika. ogwira ntchito limodzi kuti apange dongosolo loyang'anira zoopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
2.2.4 Kuunikanso ndi kukhazikitsa
2.2.4.1 Onani zosintha zomwe zachitika kuyambira pakuwunika komaliza
EPA idzawunika kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo, ndondomeko, njira zowunikira zoopsa, kapena zofunikira za deta zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kubwereza kalembera komaliza, kudziwa tanthauzo la zosinthazo, ndikuwona ngati mankhwala omwe adawunikidwanso akukwaniritsabe zolembera za FIFRA.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, yang'anani zonse zatsopano zatsopano kapena chidziwitso kuti muwone ngati kuyesa kwatsopano kwa chiopsezo kapena kuyesa kwatsopano kwa chiopsezo / phindu kuli kofunikira.
2.2.4.2 Chitani kafukufuku watsopano ngati pakufunika
Ngati zatsimikiziridwa kuti kuunika kwatsopano ndi kofunikira ndipo deta yomwe ilipo ndi yokwanira, EPA idzachitanso mwachindunji kuwunika kwa chiopsezo kapena kuwunika kwa chiopsezo / phindu.Ngati zomwe zilipo kapena zambiri sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira zowunika, EPA ipereka chidziwitso choyimbira foni kwa yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa molingana ndi malamulo a FIFRA.Wokhala ndi satifiketi yolembetsa nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuyankha mkati mwa masiku 90 kuti agwirizane ndi EPA pazomwe zikuyenera kutumizidwa komanso nthawi yomaliza mapulaniwo.
2.2.4.3 Kuunikira kwa zotsatira za zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha
EPA ikaunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo pounikanso, ikuyenera kutsatira zomwe zili mu Endangered Species Act kuti tipewe kuvulaza zamoyo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kapena zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha komanso zotsatirapo zoyipa pamalo osankhidwa.Ngati kuli kofunikira, EPA idzakambirana ndi US Fish and Wildlife Service ndi National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Kutengapo mbali kwa anthu
Ngati kuwunika kwatsopano kwachiwopsezo kuchitidwa, EPA imasindikiza chidziwitso mu Federal Register yopereka kuwunika kwachiwopsezo kuti anthu aunikenso ndemanga, ndi nthawi yopereka ndemanga ya masiku osachepera 30 ndipo nthawi zambiri masiku 60.EPA idzayikanso lipoti lowunika zoopsa zomwe zasinthidwa mu Federal Register, kufotokozera zakusintha kulikonse pachikalata chomwe akufuna, komanso kuyankha ndemanga za anthu.Ngati kuunika kwachiwopsezo kowunikiridwa kukuwonetsa kuti pali zoopsa zomwe zingadetse nkhawa, nthawi yopereka ndemanga ya masiku osachepera 30 ingaperekedwe kuti anthu apereke malingaliro ena ochepetsa chiopsezo.Ngati kuwunika koyambirira kukuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito / kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kukhudzidwa kochepa kwa omwe akuchita nawo ntchito kapena anthu, chiwopsezo chochepa, komanso kuchitapo kanthu pang'onopang'ono kapena kuchepera komwe kumafunikira, EPA sitha kuyankhapo ndemanga pagulu pazowunikira zomwe zikuchitika, koma m'malo mwake perekani zolembedwazo kuti ziwunikenso anthu pamodzi ndi chigamulo chowunikanso.
2.2.5 chigamulo chobwereza kalembera
Lingaliro la kuunikanso ndi kutsimikiza kwa EPA ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa, ndiko kuti, amawunika zinthu monga chizindikiro cha chinthucho, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndi kuyika kwake kuti adziwe ngati mankhwalawo agwira ntchito yomwe akufuna popanda kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pamunthu. thanzi kapena chilengedwe.
2.2.5.1 chigamulo chowunikiranso kalembera kapena chigamulo chanthawi yochepa
Ngati EPA ipeza kuti kuwunika kwatsopano kwachiwopsezo sikofunikira, idzapereka chigamulo chowunikiranso pansi pa malamulo ("Chisankho Chokonzedwa");Pamene kuwunika kwina, monga kuwunika kwa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kapena kuwunika kwa endocrine, kungafunike, lingaliro lakanthawi kochepa litha kuperekedwa.Lingaliro lomwe laperekedwa lidzasindikizidwa kudzera mu Federal Register ndipo lipezeka kwa anthu kwa nthawi yopereka ndemanga ya masiku osachepera 60.Chisankho chomwe chaperekedwa chimakhala ndi zinthu izi:
1) Tchulani zomwe akufuna kutsata pa kalembera wa FIFRA, kuphatikizapo zomwe zapeza pa zokambirana za Endangered Species Act, ndikuwonetsa maziko a mfundozi.
2) Dziwani njira zochepetsera chiopsezo kapena njira zina zofunika ndikuzilungamitsa.
3) Onetsani ngati deta yowonjezera ikufunika;Ngati pakufunika, tchulani zofunikira za data ndikudziwitsa yemwe ali ndi khadi lolembetsa za kuyimba kwa data.
4) Tchulani zosintha zilizonse zomwe mukufuna kusintha.
5) Khazikitsani tsiku lomaliza kuti mumalize chilichonse chofunikira.
2.2.5.2 chigamulo chowunikanso kalembera kwakanthawi
Pambuyo poganizira ndemanga zonse pazisankho zanthawi yochepa, EPA ikhoza, mwakufuna kwake, kupereka chigamulo chokhalitsa kudzera mu Federal Register isanamalize kuwunikanso.Chigamulo champhindi chimaphatikizapo kufotokozera za kusintha kulikonse kwa chigamulo cham'mbuyo chomwe chinaperekedwa kale ndi kuyankha ndemanga zazikulu, ndipo chisankho chakanthawi chikhozanso: kufuna njira zatsopano zochepetsera chiopsezo kapena kukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera chiopsezo;Pemphani kutumizidwa kwa zilembo zomwe zasinthidwa;Fotokozani zomwe zikufunika kuti mutsirize kuwunika ndi ndandanda yotumizira (zidziwitso zakuyimba kwa data zitha kuperekedwa zisanachitike, nthawi yomweyo kapena chigamulo chowunikanso kwakanthawi chikaperekedwa).Ngati yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa alephera kugwirizana ndi zomwe zikufunika pakuwunikanso kwakanthawi, EPA ikhoza kuchitapo kanthu moyenera.
2.2.5.3 chigamulo chomaliza
EPA ipereka chigamulo chomaliza ikamaliza kuwunikanso konse, kuphatikiza, ngati kuli koyenera, kuunika ndi kufunsa zamoyo zomwe zalembedwa pa Federal Endangered and Threatened Wildlife List, komanso kuwunikanso mapulogalamu owunikira osokoneza endocrine.Ngati yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa alephera kugwirizana ndi zomwe zikufunika pakuwunikanso, EPA ikhoza kuchitapo kanthu moyenerera pansi pa FIFRA.
3 Lembani pempho lopitiliza
3.1 European Union
Kukonzanso kwa kalembera wa EU wa zosakaniza zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwunika kokwanira komwe kumaphatikiza deta yakale ndi yatsopano, ndipo ofunsira ayenera kupereka zonse zomwe zikufunika.
3.1.1 Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito
Ndime 6 ya Regulation 2020/1740 pakukonzanso kalembera imatchula zambiri zomwe zikuyenera kutumizidwa kuti akonzenso kalembera wazinthu, kuphatikiza:
1) Dzina ndi adilesi ya wopemphayo yemwe ali ndi udindo wopitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito ndikukwaniritsa zomwe zanenedwa ndi malamulowo.
2) Dzina ndi adilesi ya wofunsira nawo limodzi ndi dzina la gulu la opanga.
3) Njira yoyimira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chinthu chimodzi choteteza mbewu chomwe chili ndi chinthu chomwe chimalimidwa mochuluka mdera lililonse, komanso umboni woti malondawo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa zomwe zalembedwa mu Article 4 ya Regulation No. 1107/2009.
"Njira yogwiritsira ntchito" yomwe ili pamwambayi ikuphatikizapo njira yolembetsera ndi kuwunika popitiriza kulembetsa.Chimodzi mwazinthu zoteteza zomera zomwe zili ndi njira zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kukhala zopanda zosakaniza zina.Ngati chidziwitso choperekedwa ndi wopemphayo sichikukhudzana ndi madera onse okhudzidwa, kapena sichikula kwambiri m'deralo, chifukwa chake chiyenera kuperekedwa.
4) deta zofunika ndi zotsatira kuwunika chiopsezo, kuphatikizapo: i) kusonyeza kusintha malamulo ndi malamulo malamulo kuyambira chivomerezo cha yogwira pophika kulembetsa kapena kukonzanso kulembetsa posachedwapa;ii) kuwonetsa kusintha kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kuyambira kuvomerezedwa kwa kalembedwe kazinthu kapena kukonzanso zolembetsa zaposachedwa;iii) kusonyeza kusintha kwa ntchito yoimira;iv) zikuwonetsa kuti kulembetsa kukupitilizabe kusintha kuchokera pakulembetsa koyamba.
(5) zolemba zonse za mayesero aliwonse kapena lipoti la phunziro ndi chidziwitso chake monga gawo la chidziwitso choyambirira cholembera kapena chidziwitso chotsatira cholembera chotsatira malinga ndi zofunikira za chidziwitso chogwira ntchito.
6) zolemba zonse za mayesero aliwonse kapena lipoti la phunziro ndi chidziwitso chake monga gawo la deta yolembetsa yoyambirira kapena deta yolembetsa yotsatila, malinga ndi zofunikira za deta yokonzekera mankhwala.
7) Umboni wosonyeza kuti m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo panopa kuti muteteze tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
8) Kuti mutsirize mayeso aliwonse kapena kafukufuku wokhudza zamoyo zam'mimba, tchulani njira zomwe zatengedwa kuti mupewe kuyezetsa zamoyo zam'mimba.Chidziwitso chowonjezera cholembetsa sichikhala ndi lipoti lililonse loyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mwadala chinthucho kwa anthu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chomwe chili ndi zomwe zimagwira.
9) Kope la pempho la MRLS loperekedwa molingana ndi Article 7 ya Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Europe ndi Council.
10) Lingaliro la kugawika kapena kugawanso zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito molingana ndi Regulation 1272/2008.
11) Mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zingatsimikizire kukwanira kwa ntchito yopitiliza, ndikulemba zomwe zatumizidwa panthawiyi.
12) Mogwirizana ndi Article 8 (5) ya Regulation No. 1107/2009, chidule ndi zotsatira za zolemba zasayansi zowunikiridwa ndi anzawo.
13) Unikani zidziwitso zonse zomwe zaperekedwa molingana ndi momwe zilili panopa pa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kuphatikiza kuwunikanso zina mwazolemba zoyambira kapena zopitiliza zolembetsa.
14) Kulingalira ndi kuvomereza njira zilizonse zofunika komanso zoyenera zochepetsera chiopsezo.
15) Mogwirizana ndi Ndime 32b ya Regulation 178/2002, EFSA ikhoza kutumiza mayeso oyenerera asayansi kuti achitidwe ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lofufuza zasayansi ndikudziwitsanso zotsatira za mayesowo ku Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Europe, Commission ndi Mayiko Amembala.Ulamuliro woterewu ndi wotseguka komanso wowonekera, ndipo zonse zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso choyeserera ziyenera kuphatikizidwa muzofunsira zowonjezera zolembetsa.
Ngati deta yolembetsa yoyambirira ikukwaniritsabe zomwe zilipo pano komanso miyezo yowunikira, ikhoza kupitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera kulembetsaku, koma iyenera kutumizidwanso.Wopemphayo agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake zonse kuti apeze ndi kupereka zidziwitso zoyamba zolembetsa kapena zofunikira monga kupitiriza kulembetsa.Ngati wofunsira kukonzanso kalembera sali wofunsira kulembetsa koyambirira kwa chinthucho (ndiko kuti, wopemphayo alibe chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa koyamba), ndikofunikira kupeza ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito kulembetsa komwe kulipo. chidziwitso cha zomwe zimagwira ntchito kudzera mwa wofunsira kulembetsa koyamba kapena dipatimenti yoyang'anira dziko lowunika.Ngati wopempha kukonzanso kalembera akupereka umboni woti chidziwitsocho sichikupezeka, Boma lotsogola kapena EFSA lomwe lidachita zowunikiranso zam'mbuyomu ndi/kapena zotsatiridwanso zidzayesetsa kupereka izi.
Ngati zolembera zam'mbuyomu sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira pano, mayeso atsopano ndi malipoti atsopano ayenera kuchitidwa.Wopemphayo adziwe ndikulemba mayeso atsopano omwe akuyenera kuchitidwa ndi nthawi yake, kuphatikizapo mndandanda wa mayesero atsopano a zinyama zonse, poganizira ndemanga zomwe EFSA inapereka isanayambe kukonzanso.Lipoti latsopano la mayeso liyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino, kufotokoza chifukwa chake ndi kufunikira kwake.Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti pali poyera komanso poyera komanso kuchepetsa kubwerezabwereza kwa mayeso, mayeso atsopano ayenera kutumizidwa ku EFSA asanayambe, ndipo mayesero osalipidwa sangavomerezedwe.Wopemphayo atha kutumiza fomu yofunsira kutetezedwa kwa data ndikupereka mitundu yachinsinsi komanso yosakhala yachinsinsi ya datayi.
3.1.2 Kukonzekera
Kupitiliza kulembetsa mankhwala opangira mankhwala kumachokera kuzinthu zogwira ntchito zomwe zatsirizidwa.Mogwirizana ndi Ndime 43 (2) ya Regulation No. 1107/2009, zofunsira kupitiriza kukonzekera zikuphatikizapo:
1) Kope la satifiketi yolembetsa yokonzekera.
2) chidziwitso chatsopano chilichonse chomwe chikufunika kuyambira nthawi yofunsira chifukwa chakusintha kwazomwe zikufunika, malangizo ndi njira zawo (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa magawo omwe akugwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuwunika kolembetsa).
3) Zifukwa zotumizira deta yatsopano: zofunikira zatsopano, malangizo ndi ndondomeko sizinagwire ntchito panthawi yolembetsa mankhwala;Kapena kusintha mikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.
4) Kutsimikizira kuti katunduyo akukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsanso zolembera zazinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'malamulo (kuphatikiza zoletsa zoyenera).
5) Ngati mankhwalawa ayang'aniridwa, lipoti lazowunikira lidzaperekedwa.
6) Ngati kuli kofunikira, chidziwitso choyesa kuyerekezera chidzaperekedwa motsatira ndondomeko yoyenera.
3.1.2.1 Kufananiza kwa data pazinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito
Pofunsira kupitiliza kulembetsa kwa mankhwala opangira mankhwala, wopemphayo, malinga ndi kuwunika kwa zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, apereke chidziwitso chatsopano cha chinthu chilichonse chomwe chikuyenera kusinthidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zofunikira ndi miyezo, kusintha ndikuwongolera deta yofananira ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndikuwunika zoopsa motsatira malangizo atsopano ndi mfundo zomaliza kuti zitsimikizire kuti chiwopsezocho chikadali chovomerezeka.Kufananitsa deta yogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi udindo wa dziko lomwe likuyang'anira kuyang'anira zomwe zalembedwa.Wopemphayo angapereke chidziwitso chofunikira chogwiritsira ntchito kwa dziko losankhidwa mwa kupereka chilengezo chakuti zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito zili mu nthawi yopanda chitetezo, umboni wa ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho, chilengezo chakuti kukonzekera sikuloledwa kupereka. yogwira pophika zambiri, kapena poganiza kubwereza mayeso.Kuvomerezedwa kwa chidziwitso cha ntchito kuti apitilize kulembetsa zokonzekera kungathe kudalira mankhwala omwewo omwe akukumana ndi muyezo watsopano, ndipo pamene khalidwe la mankhwala omwewo akusintha (kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zonyansa), wopemphayo angapereke zifukwa zomveka. kuti mankhwala oyambirira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akhoza kuonedwa ngati ofanana.
3.1.2.2 Kusintha kwa machitidwe abwino a ulimi (GAP)
Wopemphayo ayenera kupereka mndandanda wa zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo mawu osonyeza kuti sipanakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwa GAP m'deralo kuyambira nthawi yolembetsa, ndi mndandanda wazinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fomu ya GAP mumpangidwe woperekedwa. .Zosintha zazikulu zokha za GAP zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa gawo loyeserera (zotsatira zatsopano, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malangizo atsopano, zikhalidwe kapena zoletsa pamalamulo okonzanso kalembera) ndizovomerezeka, malinga ngati wopemphayo apereka zonse zofunikira zothandizira.M'malo mwake, palibe kusintha kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a mlingo komwe kungachitike popitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito
3.1.2.3 Zambiri zakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala
Kuti zitheke, wopemphayo ayenera kudziwa ndi kulungamitsa kutumizidwa kwa data yatsopano yoyeserera.Ngati kusintha kwa GAP kumayambitsidwa ndi mtengo watsopano wa mapeto, malangizo atsopano, deta yoyesera yogwira ntchito ya GAP yatsopano iyenera kutumizidwa, apo ayi, deta yokhayo yotsutsa iyenera kutumizidwa kuti ipitirize ntchito.
3.2 United States
Zofunikira za data za US EPA pakuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo zikugwirizana ndi kulembetsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kusintha kalembera, ndi kulembetsanso, ndipo palibe malamulo osiyana.Zopempha zowunikira zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi zofunikira zowunikanso zoopsa pakuwunikanso, mayankho omwe alandilidwa panthawi yokambirana ndi anthu, ndi zina zotero, zidzasindikizidwa ngati ndondomeko yomaliza ya ntchito ndi chidziwitso choyimba deta.
4 Nkhani Zina
4.1 Ntchito Yogwirizana
4.1.1 European Union
Mogwirizana ndi Ndime 5, Chaputala 3 cha Regulation 2020/1740, ngati olembetsa opitilira m'modzi afunsira kukonzanso kulembetsa kwazomwezi, onse ofunsira azichita zonse zomveka kuti apereke zambiri limodzi.Mgwirizano womwe wasankhidwa ndi wopemphayo utha kupanga nawo ntchitoyo m'malo mwa wopemphayo, ndipo onse omwe angapemphedwe atha kulumikizidwa ndi lingaliro kuti apereke nawo limodzi chidziwitso.
Olembera atha kuperekanso zidziwitso zonse padera, koma afotokoze zifukwa zomwe zili muzambirizo.Komabe, molingana ndi Article 62 ya Regulation 1107/2009, kuyezetsa mobwerezabwereza kwa zinyama zokhala ndi vertebrate sikuvomerezeka, kotero kuti omwe angakhale ofunsira ndi omwe ali ndi chidziwitso choyenera ayenera kuyesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti zotsatira za mayesero a vertebrate ndi maphunziro omwe akukhudzidwa akugawidwa.Pakukonzanso kalembera wazinthu zomwe zikukhudza anthu ambiri omwe adzalembetse fomu, zonse ziyenera kuwunikiridwa palimodzi, ndipo ziganizo ndi malipoti ziyenera kupangidwa pambuyo posanthula mwatsatanetsatane.
4.1.2 United States
EPA imalimbikitsa kuti olembetsa agawane deta yowunikanso, koma palibe chofunikira.Malinga ndi chidziwitso choyimba foni, yemwe ali ndi chiphaso cholembetsa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kusankha ngati apereka data limodzi ndi ena omwe akufuna, kuchita maphunziro osiyana, kapena kusiya kulembetsa.Ngati mayesero osiyana ndi ofunsira osiyanasiyana abweretsa mfundo ziwiri zosiyana, EPA idzagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yomaliza.
4.2 Ubale pakati pa kulembetsanso kalembera ndi kalembera watsopano
4.2.1 European Union
Asanayambe kukonzanso zolembera zogwira ntchito, ndiye kuti, dziko la Member lisanalandire kukonzanso kwa ntchito yolembetsa yolembera, wopemphayo angapitirize kupereka fomu yolembera mankhwala oyenera ku State Member (chigawo) ;Pambuyo pa kuyambika kwa kukonzanso kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito, wopemphayo sangathenso kutumiza pempho la kulembetsa kukonzekera kofananirako ku State Member, ndipo ayenera kuyembekezera kuperekedwa kwa chigamulo pa kukonzanso kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito asanazipereke mu. molingana ndi zofunikira zatsopano.
4.2.2 United States
Ngati kulembetsa kwina (mwachitsanzo, kukonzekera kwatsopano kwa mlingo) sikuyambitsa kuwunika kwatsopano kwa chiopsezo, EPA ikhoza kuvomereza kulembetsa kowonjezera panthawi yowunikanso;Komabe, ngati kulembetsa kwatsopano (monga kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwatsopano) kungayambitse kuwunika kwatsopano kwachiwopsezo, EPA ingaphatikizepo malondawo pakuwunikanso kuwopsa kwachiwopsezo kapena kuwunika kowopsa kwa chinthucho ndikugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira pakuwunikanso.Kusinthasintha kwa EPA ndi chifukwa chakuti magawo atatu apadera a Health Effects Branch, Environmental Behavior and Effects Branch, ndi Biological and Economic Analysis Branch amathandizira ntchito ya Registry ndi Reevaluation Branch, ndipo amatha kuwona zonse. deta ya registry ndi kuwunikanso nthawi imodzi.Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuunikanso kwapanga chisankho chosintha chizindikirocho, koma sichinaperekedwe, ngati kampani itumiza pempho la kusintha kwa zilembo, registry idzakonza malinga ndi chisankho chowunikanso.Njira yosinthika iyi imalola EPA kuphatikizira bwino zothandizira ndikuthandizira makampani kulembetsa kale.
4.3 Chitetezo cha Data
4.3.1 European Union
Nthawi yotetezedwa ya data yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito ndi data yokonzekera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso kalembera ndi miyezi 30, kuyambira tsiku lomwe zokonzekera zofananira zimalembetsedwa koyamba kuti zikonzedwenso mu State Member, tsiku lenileni limasiyana pang'ono kuchokera ku State Member kupita ku ina.
4.3.2 United States
Zomwe zangoperekedwa kumene zowunikiranso zili ndi nthawi yoteteza deta ya zaka 15 kuyambira tsiku lomwe watumiza, ndipo wopemphayo akanena za zomwe zaperekedwa ndi bizinesi ina, nthawi zambiri zimayenera kutsimikizira kuti chipukuta misozi chaperekedwa kwa eni data kapena chilolezo chapezedwa.Ngati bizinesi yolembetsa yamankhwala yogwira ntchito itsimikiza kuti yapereka zomwe zikufunika kuti ziwunikidwenso, mankhwala okonzekera omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe akugwira nawo ntchito apeza chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zalembedwazo, kotero amatha kusunga kulembetsa mwachindunji molingana ndi kuunikanso kutha kwa mankhwala omwe akugwira ntchito, popanda kuwonjezera zina, komabe akuyenera kutenga njira zowongolera zoopsa monga kusintha lebulo ngati pakufunika.
5. Mwachidule ndi chiyembekezo
Ponseponse, EU ndi US ali ndi cholinga chofanana pakuwunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa: kuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu zowunika zoopsa zikukula ndikusintha ndondomeko, mankhwala onse opha tizilombo olembetsedwa atha kupitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito motetezeka ndipo saika chiwopsezo chachikulu paumoyo wamunthu. ndi chilengedwe.Komabe, pali kusiyana kwina muzochitika zenizeni.Choyamba, zikuwonekera mu mgwirizano pakati pa kuwunika kwaukadaulo ndi kupanga zisankho za kasamalidwe.Zowonjezera zolembetsera za EU zimaphatikiza zonse zowunika zaukadaulo komanso zisankho zomaliza zoyang'anira;Kuwunikanso ku United States kumangopanga ziganizo zaukadaulo monga kusintha zilembo ndi kutumiza zatsopano, ndipo yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa amayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti achitepo kanthu mogwirizana ndi zomwe wamaliza ndi kupanga zofananira kuti akwaniritse zisankho za kasamalidwe.Chachiwiri, njira zogwirira ntchito ndizosiyana.Kuwonjezedwa kwa kalembera ku EU kugawidwa m'magawo awiri.Gawo loyamba ndikukulitsa kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito pamlingo wa EU.Pambuyo powonjezera kulembetsa kwazinthu zogwira ntchito, kuwonjezereka kwa kulembetsa kwa mankhwala opangira mankhwala kumachitika m'mayiko omwe akugwirizana nawo.Kuwunikanso kwa zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zopangidwa ku United States kumachitika nthawi imodzi.
Chivomerezo cholembetsa ndikuwunikidwanso pambuyo polembetsa ndi mbali ziwiri zofunika kutsimikizira chitetezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Mu Meyi 1997, dziko la China lidalengeza za "Regulations on Pesticide Management", ndipo patatha zaka zopitilira 20 zachitukuko, dongosolo lathunthu lolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yowunikira yakhazikitsidwa.Pakalipano, dziko la China lalembetsa mitundu yoposa 700 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala opangira mankhwala oposa 40,000, oposa theka la iwo alembedwa kwa zaka zoposa 20.Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwanthawi yayitali, mokulira komanso kokulirapo kudzadzetsa kukana kwachilengedwe kwa chandamale, kuchulukirachulukira kwa chilengedwe, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa chiwopsezo cha chitetezo cha anthu ndi nyama.Kuwunikanso pambuyo pa kulembetsa ndi njira yothandiza yochepetsera chiopsezo cha nthawi yayitali cha kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuzindikira kasamalidwe ka moyo wonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo ndizowonjezera zopindulitsa pa kalembera ndi kuvomereza dongosolo.Komabe, ntchito yaku China yowunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo idayamba mochedwa, ndipo “Measures for the Management of Pesticide Registration” yomwe idalengezedwa mu 2017 idawonetsa koyamba kuti mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo yomwe idalembetsedwa kwazaka zopitilira 15 iyenera kukonzedwa kuti izinyamula. kuwunika kwanthawi ndi nthawi molingana ndi momwe zinthu ziliri pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kusintha kwa mfundo zamakampani.NY/ T2948-2016 "Technical Specification for Reevaluation Reevaluation" yomwe idaperekedwa mu 2016 imapereka mfundo zoyambira ndi njira zowunikanso zowunikiranso mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa, ndikutanthauzira mawu ofunikira, koma kutsatiridwa kwake kuli ndi malire ngati mulingo wovomerezeka.Mogwirizana ndi ntchito yothandiza yosamalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China, kufufuza ndi kusanthula kachitidwe kowunikanso kachitidwe ka EU ndi United States kungatipatse malingaliro ndi chidziwitso chotsatirachi.
Choyamba, perekani sewero lathunthu kuudindo waukulu wa omwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa pakuwunikanso kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo olembetsedwa.Njira yayikulu yowunikanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku EU ndi United States ndikuti dipatimenti yoyang'anira kalembera imapanga dongosolo lantchito, imayika mitundu yowunikiranso ndi nkhawa za malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo yemwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapereka zomwe zikufunika mkati mwa nthawi yodziwika.China ikhoza kutengapo phunziro kuchokera ku momwe zinthu zilili, kusintha maganizo a dipatimenti yoyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti achite mayesero otsimikizira ndikumaliza ntchito yonse yowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kufotokozeranso udindo waukulu wa mwiniwake wa chiphaso cholembera mankhwala poyesa kuwunikanso ndikuwonetsetsa. chitetezo chazinthu, ndikuwongolera njira zowunikiranso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku China.
Chachiwiri ndikukhazikitsa njira yowunikiranso chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Malamulo okhudza kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi malamulo ake ochirikizira amafotokoza momveka bwino njira yotetezera mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala ku China komanso zovomerezeka pazambiri zolembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma kuwunikanso chitetezo cha data ndi chilolezo chololeza deta sizodziwika bwino.Choncho, omwe ali ndi ziphaso zolembera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti atenge nawo mbali pa ntchito yowunikiranso, ndipo njira yotetezera deta yowunikiranso iyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino, kuti eni ake a data oyambirira athe kupereka deta kwa ena omwe amafunsira chipukuta misozi, kuchepetsa mayesero obwerezabwereza, ndi kuchepetsa zolemetsa zamabizinesi.
Chachitatu ndikumanga kachitidwe kowunikira pambuyo polembetsa kuwunika kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuunikanso ndi kupitiliza kulembetsa.Mu 2022, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi udatulutsa kumene "Malangizo Oyang'anira Kuwunika ndi Kuwunika Kuopsa kwa Pesticide (Draft for Comment)", zomwe zikuwonetsa kutsimikiza kwa China kuyika ndikuyendetsa mosamalitsa kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo pambuyo polembetsa.M'tsogolomu, tiyeneranso kuganiza bwino, kuchita kafukufuku wambiri, ndi kuphunzira kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri, ndikukhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikusintha ndondomeko yoyendetsera chitetezo pambuyo polembetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akugwirizana ndi zochitika za dziko la China kupyolera mu kuwunika, kuwunikanso ndi kulembetsa chiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuti tichepetse zoopsa zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zingabwere chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikuteteza bwino ulimi, thanzi la anthu komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-27-2024