Pamene ICI idakhazikitsa paraquat pamsika mu 1962, munthu sakanaganiza kuti paraquat ikumana ndi vuto loyipa lotere mtsogolomo.Mankhwala abwino kwambiri osasankha herbicides osasankha bwino awa adalembedwa pamndandanda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wa mankhwala ophera udzu.Kutsika kunali kochititsa manyazi nthawi ina, koma ndi mtengo wopitilira wa Shuangcao chaka chino ndipo zikutheka kuti upitirire kukwera, ukulimbana ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma paraquat yotsika mtengo ikubweretsa mbandakucha wa chiyembekezo.
Zabwino kwambiri zosasankha kukhudza herbicide
Paraquat ndi bipyridine herbicide.Mankhwala a herbicide ndi mankhwala osasankha omwe adapangidwa ndi ICI m'ma 1950s.Ili ndi sipekitiramu yotakata ya herbicidal, kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, kukana kukokoloka kwa mvula, komanso kusasankha.Ndi makhalidwe ena abwino kwambiri.
Paraquat ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa udzu usanabzalidwe kapena ukamera m'minda ya zipatso, chimanga, nzimbe, soya ndi mbewu zina.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati desiccant panthawi yokolola komanso ngati defoliant.
Paraquat imapha nembanemba ya chloroplast ya namsongole makamaka pokhudzana ndi zigawo zobiriwira za namsongole, zomwe zimakhudza mapangidwe a chlorophyll mu namsongole, potero zimakhudza photosynthesis ya namsongole, ndipo potsiriza mwamsanga kuletsa kukula kwa namsongole.Paraquat imawononga kwambiri zobiriwira zamtundu wa monocot ndi dicot.Nthawi zambiri, namsongole amatha kusinthika pakatha maola awiri kapena atatu mutabzala.
Mkhalidwe ndi kutumiza kunja kwa paraquat
Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ka paraquat m'thupi la munthu komanso kuvulaza thanzi la munthu pakagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, paraquat imaletsedwa ndi mayiko opitilira 30 kuphatikiza European Union, China, Thailand, Switzerland ndi Brazil.
Malinga ndi zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi 360 Research Reports, kugulitsa kwa paraquat padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 kwatsika pafupifupi madola 100 miliyoni aku US.Malinga ndi lipoti la Syngenta la paraquat lomwe lidatulutsidwa mu 2021, Syngenta pano amagulitsa ma paraquat m'maiko 28.Pali makampani 377 padziko lonse lapansi omwe adalembetsa zopanga zama paraquat zogwira mtima.Syngenta ndi imodzi mwazogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi za paraquat.Kotala.
Mu 2018, China idatumiza matani 64,000 a paraquat ndi matani 56,000 mu 2019. Malo akuluakulu omwe amatumizidwa kunja kwa paraquat ya China mu 2019 ndi Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, United States, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, ndi zina zotero.
Ngakhale kuti paraquat yaletsedwa m'maiko olima kwambiri monga European Union, Brazil, ndi China, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zotumiza kunja kwatsika pang'ono m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, pazifukwa zapadera kuti mitengo ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate-ammonium ikupitilizabe. kukhala okwera chaka chino ndipo akuyenera kupitiriza kukwera , Paraquat, mtundu wamtundu womwe uli pafupi kwambiri, udzabweretsa mphamvu zatsopano.
Mitengo yapamwamba ya Shuangcao imalimbikitsa kufunika kwa dziko lonse lapansi kwa paraquat
Poyamba, pamene mtengo wa glyphosate unali 26,000 yuan/ton, paraquat inali 13,000 yuan/ton.Mtengo wapano wa glyphosate ukadali 80,000 yuan/ton, ndipo mtengo wa glufosinate uli pamwamba pa 350,000 yuan.M'mbuyomu, chiwongola dzanja chambiri padziko lonse lapansi cha paraquat chinali pafupifupi matani 260,000 (kutengera 42% yazinthu zenizeni), zomwe ndi pafupifupi matani 80,000.Msika waku China uli pafupifupi matani 15,000, Brazil matani 10,000, Thailand matani 10,000, ndi Indonesia, United States, ndi Thailand.Nigeria, India ndi mayiko ena.
Ndi kuletsedwa kwa mankhwala azikhalidwe monga China, Brazil, ndi Thailand, mongoyerekeza, malo opitilira 30,000 amsika amasulidwa.Komabe, chaka chino, ndi kuwonjezeka mofulumira kwa mitengo ya "Shuangcao" ndi Diquat, ndi msika wopanda anthu ku United States Ndi ufulu wa ntchito makina, kufunika mu US kapena North America msika chawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 20%, zomwe zalimbikitsa kufunikira kwa paraquat ndikuthandizira mtengo wake pamlingo wina.Pakalipano, chiŵerengero cha mtengo / ntchito ya paraquat ndi yopikisana kwambiri ngati ili pansi pa 40,000.mphamvu.
Kuwonjezera apo, oŵerenga a kum’mwera chakum’maŵa kwa Asia nthaŵi zambiri ananena kuti m’madera monga Vietnam, Malaysia, ndi Brazil, udzu umakula mofulumira m’nyengo yamvula, ndipo paraquat imalimbana bwino ndi kukokoloka kwa mvula.Mitengo yamankhwala ena opha udzu yakwera kwambiri.Alimi m'maderawa akadali Pali zofuna zokhwima.Makasitomala am'deralo adanena kuti mwayi wopeza paraquat kuchokera kunjira zotuwa monga malonda amalire ukuwonjezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, zopangira za paraquat, pyridine, ndi zamakampani opanga malasha akumunsi.Mtengo wapano ndi wokhazikika pa 28,000 yuan/ton, chomwe chiridi chiwonjezeko chachikulu kuchokera ku 21,000 yuan/tani kale, koma panthawiyo 21,000 yuan/tani inali yotsika kale kuposa mtengo wa 2.4 yuan zikwi khumi pa tani. .Choncho, ngakhale mtengo wa pyridine wakwera, udakali pamtengo wokwanira, womwe udzapindule kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kufunika kwa dziko lonse lapansi kwa paraquat.Ambiri opanga ma paraquat apakhomo akuyembekezeka kupindula nawo.
Mphamvu zamabizinesi akuluakulu opanga ma paraquat
Chaka chino, kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu zopangira paraquat (ndi 100%) ndizochepa, ndipo China ndiye amene amapanga paraquat.Zikumveka kuti makampani apakhomo monga Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, ndi Syngenta Nantong akupanga paraquat.M'mbuyomu, paraquat ikakhala yabwino kwambiri, Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, ndi Xianlong anali m'gulu la opanga ma paraquat.Zikumveka kuti makampaniwa sapanganso paraquat.
Red Sun ili ndi zomera zitatu zopangira paraquat.Pakati pawo, Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. ili ndi mphamvu yopanga matani 8,000-10,000.Ili ku Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park.Chaka chatha, 42% yazinthu zakuthupi zinali ndi zotulutsa mwezi uliwonse za matani 2,500-3,000.Chaka chino, idasiya kupanga..Chomera cha Anhui Guoxing chili ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 20,000.Chomera cha Shandong Kexin chili ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 2,000.Mphamvu yopanga ya Red Sun imatulutsidwa pa 70%.
Jiangsu Nuoen ali ndi mphamvu yopanga matani 12,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni kuli pafupifupi matani 10,000, omwe amatulutsa pafupifupi 80% ya mphamvu zake;Shandong Luba ali ndi mphamvu yopanga matani 10,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwake kwenikweni kuli pafupifupi matani 7,000, omwe amamasula pafupifupi 70% ya mphamvu zake zopangira;Hebei Baofeng amapanga paraquat ndi matani 5,000;Hebei Lingang ali ndi mphamvu yopanga matani 5,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni kuli pafupifupi matani 3,500;Syngenta Nantong ali ndi mphamvu yopanga matani 10,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni ndi pafupifupi matani 5,000.
Kuonjezera apo, Syngenta ili ndi malo opangira matani 9,000 ku chomera cha Huddersfield ku United Kingdom ndi malo okwana matani 1,000 ku Brazil.Zikumveka kuti chaka chino chinakhudzidwanso ndi mliriwu pakuchepetsa kwambiri kupanga, kuchepetsa kupanga ndi 50% nthawi imodzi.
mwachidule
Paraquat akadali ndi zabwino zosasinthika m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Kuonjezera apo, mitengo yamakono ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate monga opikisana nawo ali pamtunda wapamwamba ndipo zoperekazo zimakhala zolimba, zomwe zimapereka malingaliro ambiri pakuwonjezeka kwa kufunika kwa paraquat.
Masewera a Olimpiki a Zima ku Beijing achitika mu February chaka chamawa.Kuyambira Januware 2022, mafakitale akulu ambiri kumpoto kwa China akukumana ndi chiopsezo choyimitsa kupanga kwa masiku 45.Pakali pano, n'zotheka kwambiri, koma pali kusatsimikizika kwina.Kuyimitsidwa kwa kupanga kukuyenera kukulitsa kusamvana pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa glyphosate ndi zinthu zina.Kupanga kwa Paraquat ndi malonda akuyembekezeka kutenga mwayi uwu kuti akwezedwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-24-2021