Pamene ICI idayambitsa paraquat pamsika mu 1962, munthu sakanaganizapo kuti paraquat idzakumana ndi mavuto aakulu komanso ovuta mtsogolo. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osasankhidwa bwino awa adalembedwa pamndandanda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo padziko lonse lapansi. Kutsika kumeneku kunali kochititsa manyazi kale, koma chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wa Shuangcao chaka chino ndipo mwina upitiliza kukwera, ukuvuta pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma paraquat yotsika mtengo ikubweretsa chiyembekezo.
Mankhwala abwino kwambiri ophera tizilombo osakanikirana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Paraquat ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa bipyridine. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amenewa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo osasankha omwe adapangidwa ndi ICI m'zaka za m'ma 1950. Ali ndi mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, amagwira ntchito mwachangu, amalimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka kwa mvula, komanso sasankha. Ndi makhalidwe ena abwino kwambiri.
Paraquat ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa udzu usanabzalidwe kapena udzu utamera m'minda ya zipatso, chimanga, nzimbe, soya ndi mbewu zina. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala oyeretsera udzu panthawi yokolola komanso ngati mankhwala ochotsera udzu.
Paraquat imapha nembanemba ya chloroplast ya udzu makamaka pokhudza mbali zobiriwira za udzu, zomwe zimakhudza kupangika kwa chlorophyll mu udzu, motero zimakhudza photosynthesis ya udzu, ndipo pamapeto pake imaletsa kukula kwa udzu mwachangu. Paraquat imawononga kwambiri minofu yobiriwira ya zomera za monocot ndi dicot. Kawirikawiri, udzu ukhoza kusintha mtundu mkati mwa maola awiri kapena atatu mutagwiritsa ntchito.
Mkhalidwe ndi momwe paraquat imagwirira ntchito kunja
Chifukwa cha poizoni wa paraquat pa thupi la munthu komanso kuvulaza thanzi la munthu pogwiritsira ntchito molakwika, paraquat yaletsedwa ndi mayiko oposa 30 kuphatikizapo European Union, China, Thailand, Switzerland ndi Brazil.
Malinga ndi deta yomwe yatulutsidwa ndi 360 Research Reports, malonda apadziko lonse a paraquat mu 2020 atsika kufika pa madola pafupifupi 100 miliyoni aku US. Malinga ndi lipoti la Syngenta pa paraquat lomwe latulutsidwa mu 2021, Syngenta pakadali pano ikugulitsa paraquat m'maiko 28. Pali makampani 377 padziko lonse lapansi omwe alembetsa mitundu yogwira ntchito ya paraquat. Syngenta ndi imodzi mwa malonda apadziko lonse a paraquat. Kotala.
Mu 2018, China idatumiza matani 64,000 a paraquat ndi matani 56,000 mu 2019. Malo akuluakulu otumizira paraquat ku China mu 2019 ndi Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, United States, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, ndi zina zotero.
Ngakhale kuti paraquat yaletsedwa m'maiko ofunikira opanga ulimi monga European Union, Brazil, ndi China, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotumizira kunja kwachepetsedwa pang'ono m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, chifukwa cha zinthu zapadera zomwe mitengo ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate-ammonium ikupitirirabe kukwera chaka chino ndipo mwina ipitiliza kukwera, Paraquat, mtundu womwe ukusowa kwambiri, udzabweretsa mphamvu zatsopano.
Mitengo yokwera ya Shuangcao imalimbikitsa kufunikira kwa paraquat padziko lonse lapansi
Kale, pamene mtengo wa glyphosate unali 26,000 yuan/tani, paraquat inali 13,000 yuan/tani. Mtengo wa glyphosate pakadali pano ukadali 80,000 yuan/tani, ndipo mtengo wa glufosinate uli pamwamba pa 350,000 yuan. Kale, kufunika kwakukulu kwa paraquat padziko lonse lapansi kunali pafupifupi matani 260,000 (kutengera 42% ya chinthu chenicheni), chomwe ndi pafupifupi matani 80,000. Msika waku China uli pafupifupi matani 15,000, Brazil matani 10,000, Thailand matani 10,000, ndi Indonesia, United States, ndi Thailand, Nigeria, India ndi mayiko ena.
Ndi kuletsa mankhwala achikhalidwe monga China, Brazil, ndi Thailand, malinga ndi chiphunzitso, malo ogulitsira oposa matani 30,000 amasulidwa. Komabe, chaka chino, ndi kukwera mwachangu kwa mitengo ya "Shuangcao" ndi Diquat, komanso msika wopanda anthu ku United States Ndi kumasuka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito makina, kufunikira pamsika wa US kapena North America kwawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 20%, zomwe zalimbikitsa kufunikira kwa paraquat ndikuthandizira mtengo wake pamlingo winawake. Pakadali pano, chiŵerengero cha mtengo/ntchito ya paraquat ndi chopikisana kwambiri ngati chili pansi pa mphamvu ya 40,000.
Kuphatikiza apo, owerenga aku Southeast Asia nthawi zambiri amanena kuti m'madera monga Vietnam, Malaysia, ndi Brazil, udzu umakula mofulumira nthawi yamvula, ndipo paraquat imalimbana bwino ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Mitengo ya mankhwala ena ophera udzu a biocidal yakwera kwambiri. Alimi m'maderawa akadali ndi kufunikira kwakukulu. Makasitomala am'deralo adati kuthekera kopeza paraquat kuchokera ku njira zotuwa monga malonda akumalire kukukwera.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zopangira paraquat, pyridine, ndi za makampani opanga mankhwala a malasha. Mtengo wapano ndi wokhazikika pa 28,000 yuan/tani, zomwe ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kuchokera pa mtengo wotsika wa 21,000 yuan/tani, koma panthawiyo 21,000 yuan/tani inali yotsika kale kuposa mtengo wa 2.4 yuan/tani zikwi khumi. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mtengo wa pyridine wakwera, ukadali pamtengo wabwino, zomwe zipindulitsa kwambiri kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa paraquat padziko lonse lapansi. Opanga paraquat ambiri akunyumba akuyembekezekanso kupindula nawo.
Kuthekera kwa makampani akuluakulu opanga paraquat
Chaka chino, mphamvu yotulutsa paraquat (ndi 100%) ndi yochepa, ndipo China ndiye wopanga paraquat wamkulu. Zikumveka kuti makampani akunyumba monga Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, ndi Syngenta Nantong akupanga paraquat. Kale, paraquat ikakhala yabwino kwambiri, Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, ndi Xianlong anali ena mwa opanga paraquat. Zikumveka kuti makampaniwa sapanganso paraquat.
Red Sun ili ndi mafakitale atatu opanga paraquat. Pakati pawo, Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. ili ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 8,000-10,000. Ili ku Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. Chaka chatha, 42% ya zinthu zakuthupi zinali ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 2,500-3,000 pamwezi. Chaka chino, idasiya kupanga konse. . Fakitale ya Anhui Guoxing ili ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 20,000. Fakitale ya Shandong Kexin ili ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 2,000. Mphamvu zopanga za Red Sun zatulutsidwa pa 70%.
Jiangsu Nuoen ili ndi mphamvu yopangira matani 12,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni ndi matani pafupifupi 10,000, zomwe zimatulutsa pafupifupi 80% ya mphamvu yake; Shandong Luba ili ndi mphamvu yopangira matani 10,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni ndi matani pafupifupi 7,000, zomwe zimatulutsa pafupifupi 70% ya mphamvu yake yopangira; Hebei Baofeng amapanga paraquat ndi matani 5,000; Hebei Lingang ili ndi mphamvu yopangira matani 5,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni ndi matani pafupifupi 3,500; Syngenta Nantong ili ndi mphamvu yopangira matani 10,000 a paraquat, ndipo kupanga kwenikweni ndi matani pafupifupi 5,000.
Kuphatikiza apo, Syngenta ili ndi fakitale yopanga matani 9,000 ku fakitale ya Huddersfield ku United Kingdom komanso fakitale yopanga matani 1,000 ku Brazil. Zikumveka kuti chaka chino idakhudzidwanso ndi mliriwu pomwe kupanga kwake kudachepa kwambiri, zomwe zidachepetsa kupanga ndi 50% nthawi imodzi.
chidule
Paraquat ikadali ndi ubwino wosasinthika m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo yamakono ya glyphosate ndi glufosinate monga opikisana nawo ili pamlingo wapamwamba ndipo kupezeka kwake kuli kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza zambiri za kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa paraquat.
Masewera a Olimpiki a M'nyengo Yozizira ku Beijing adzachitika mu February chaka chamawa. Kuyambira Januwale 2022, mafakitale ambiri akuluakulu kumpoto kwa China akukumana ndi chiopsezo choyimitsa kupanga kwa masiku 45. Pakadali pano, n'zotheka kwambiri, koma pakadalibe kusatsimikizika. Kuyimitsa kupanga kudzawonjezera kusamvana pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa glyphosate ndi zinthu zina. Kupanga ndi kugulitsa paraquat kukuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi uwu kuti upeze chilimbikitso.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-24-2021