Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazaulimi wakumidzi, koma kuchulukitsitsa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito molakwika kungasokoneze ndondomeko zoletsa kufalitsa malungo;Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa pakati pa anthu alimi kumwera kwa Côte d'Ivoire kuti adziwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi akumaloko amagwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe izi zikugwirizanirana ndi malingaliro a alimi okhudza malungo.Kumvetsetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungathandize kupanga mapulogalamu odziwitsa anthu za kuletsa udzudzu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa mabanja 1,399 m'midzi khumi.Alimi anafunsidwa za maphunziro awo, ulimi (monga ulimi wa mbewu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo), malingaliro a malungo, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopewera udzudzu m'nyumba zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.Mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe cha anthu (SES) wa banja lililonse umawunikidwa potengera zinthu zina zomwe zidakonzedweratu.Maubwenzi owerengera pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana amawerengedwa, kuwonetsa zoopsa zazikulu.
Maphunziro a alimi amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chawo pazachuma (p <0.0001).Mabanja ambiri (88.82%) ankakhulupirira kuti udzudzu ndi umene umayambitsa malungo ndipo chidziwitso cha malungo chinali chogwirizana ndi maphunziro apamwamba (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10).Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'nyumba kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu am'banja, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo (p <0.0001).Alimi apezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuteteza mbewu.
Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa maphunziro ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa alimi kuzindikira za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuthana ndi malungo.Tikukulimbikitsani kuti kulumikizana bwino komwe kumatsata kupindula kwamaphunziro, kuphatikiza momwe zinthu ziliri pazachuma, kupezeka, ndi mwayi wopeza mankhwala olamulidwa ndi mankhwala aziganiziridwa popanga kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zoyendetsera matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma vector m'madera amderalo.
Ulimi ndiye gwero lalikulu lazachuma m'maiko ambiri aku West Africa.Mu 2018 ndi 2019, Côte d'Ivoire ndiye adatsogola padziko lonse lapansi kupanga koko ndi mtedza wa cashew komanso wachitatu pakupanga khofi wamkulu ku Africa [1], ndi ntchito zaulimi ndi zinthu zomwe zidapanga 22% yazinthu zonse zapakhomo (GDP) [2] .Monga eni minda yambiri yaulimi, alimi ang'onoang'ono kumidzi ndi omwe amathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwachuma kwa gawoli [3].Dzikoli lili ndi mwayi waukulu waulimi, wokhala ndi mahekitala 17 miliyoni a minda ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo zomwe zimakonda kubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana komanso kulima khofi, koko, mtedza, mphira, thonje, zilazi, kanjedza, chinangwa, mpunga ndi ndiwo zamasamba [2].Ulimi wokhazikika umathandizira kufalikira kwa tizirombo, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo [4], makamaka pakati pa alimi akumidzi, kuteteza mbewu ndikuwonjezera zokolola [5], ndi kuletsa udzudzu [6].Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka m'madera aulimi kumene udzudzu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingathe kusankhidwa kuchokera ku tizilombo tomwe [7,8,9,10].Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungayambitse kuipitsa komwe kumakhudza njira zoyendetsera ma vector ndi chilengedwe choncho zimafuna chisamaliro [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa alimi adaphunzira kale [5, 16].Mlingo wamaphunziro wawonetsedwa kuti ndiwofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mankhwala ophera tizilombo [17, 18], ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi alimi nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso champhamvu kapena malingaliro ochokera kwa ogulitsa [5, 19, 20].Mavuto azachuma ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa alimi kugula zinthu zosaloledwa kapena zosatha, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa zovomerezeka [21, 22].Zomwezo zimawonedwanso m'maiko ena akumadzulo kwa Africa, komwe ndalama zochepa zimakhala chifukwa chogula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osayenera ophera tizilombo [23, 24].
Ku Côte d'Ivoire, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mbewu [25, 26], zomwe zimakhudza ntchito zaulimi ndi kuchuluka kwa malungo [27, 28, 29, 30].Kafukufuku m'madera omwe ali ndi malungo awonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro a malungo ndi matenda opatsirana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37].Ngakhale maphunzirowa, zoyesayesa zopanga ndondomeko zenizeni zoletsa udzudzu zikuwonongeka chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madera akumidzi komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Kafukufukuyu adasanthula zikhulupiriro za malungo komanso njira zopewera udzudzu pakati pa mabanja aulimi ku Abeauville, kum'mwera kwa Côte d'Ivoire.
Kafukufukuyu anachitidwa m’midzi 10 m’dipatimenti ya Abeauville kum’mwera kwa Côte d’Ivoire (Mkuyu 1).Chigawo cha Agbowell chili ndi anthu 292,109 m'dera la 3,850 masikweya kilomita ndipo ndiye chigawo chokhala ndi anthu ambiri m'chigawo cha Anyebi-Tiasa [38].Ili ndi nyengo yotentha yokhala ndi nyengo ziwiri zamvula (April mpaka July ndi October mpaka November) [39, 40].Ulimi ndiye ntchito yayikulu m'derali ndipo imachitika ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono komanso makampani akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale.Malo 10 awa akuphatikizapo Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 601N50353535) 372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70 N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,140.15 E, 634,256.47 N), Lovezzi 1 (351,545.32 E ., 642.06 2.35 N.61, E ), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 latitude kumpoto) ndi Uji (363,990.74 longitude kummawa, 648,587.44 latitude kumpoto).
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa Ogasiti 2018 ndi Marichi 2019 ndi mabanja a alimi.Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu okhala m’mudzi uliwonse chinapezedwa ku dipatimenti ya utumiki wa m’deralo, ndipo anthu 1,500 anasankhidwa mwachisawawa pamndandandawu.Ophunzira omwe adalembedwa adayimira pakati pa 6% ndi 16% ya anthu ammudzi.Mabanja omwe adaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyu anali mabanja a alimi omwe adavomera kutenga nawo gawo.Kafukufuku woyambirira adachitika pakati pa alimi 20 kuti awone ngati mafunso ena akufunika kulembedwanso.Mafunsowo adalembedwa ndi osonkhanitsa ophunzitsidwa komanso olipidwa m'mudzi uliwonse, ndipo m'modzi mwa iwo adatengedwa kuchokera kumudzi womwewo.Kusankha kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti mudzi uliwonse ukhale ndi wosonkhanitsa deta mmodzi yemwe amadziwa bwino za chilengedwe komanso amalankhula chinenero cha komweko.M’banja lililonse, kukambitsirana pamaso m’pamaso ndi mutu wa banja (bambo kapena amayi) kapena, ngati mutu wa banja palibe, munthu wina wamkulu wazaka 18 zakubadwa.Mafunsowo anali ndi mafunso 36 ogawidwa m’zigawo zitatu: (1) Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha chuma cha m’banja (2) Kachitidwe ka ulimi ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo (3) Kudziwa za malungo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzudzu [onani Annex 1] .
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchulidwa ndi alimi adalembedwa ndi mayina amalonda ndipo amagawidwa ndi zosakaniza ndi magulu amankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito Ivory Coast Phytosanitary Index [41].Mkhalidwe wachuma wa banja lililonse udawunikidwa powerengera kalozera wazinthu [42].Katundu wapakhomo adasinthidwa kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana [43].Miyezo yolakwika imalumikizidwa ndi kutsika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu (SES), pomwe mavoti abwino amalumikizidwa ndi ma SES apamwamba.Ziwerengero za chuma zimawerengedwa kuti zipereke chiwongola dzanja chonse pabanja lililonse [35].Malingana ndi chiwerengero chonse, mabanja adagawidwa m'magulu asanu a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyambira osauka kwambiri mpaka olemera kwambiri [onani Fayilo yowonjezera 4].
Kuti muwone ngati kusintha kumasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, mudzi, kapena maphunziro a atsogoleri a mabanja, kuyesa kwa chi-square kapena mayeso enieni a Fisher angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ngati kuli koyenera.Njira zosinthira zinthu zidali ndi mitundu yolosera izi: mulingo wamaphunziro, chikhalidwe chachuma (zonse zidasinthidwa kukhala zosinthika), mudzi (wophatikizidwa ngati zosintha zamagulu), chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza malungo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo paulimi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'nyumba (zotulutsa). pa aerosol).kapena coil);mlingo wa maphunziro, chikhalidwe cha chuma ndi mudzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu adziwe bwino za malungo.Mtundu wosakanikirana wosakanikirana unachitika pogwiritsa ntchito phukusi la R lme4 (ntchito ya Glmer).Kusanthula kwachiwerengero kunachitika mu R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) ndi Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Pamafunso a 1,500 omwe adachitika, 101 adachotsedwa kusanthula chifukwa mafunsowo sanamalizidwe.Ambiri mwa mabanja omwe adafunsidwa anali ku Grande Maury (18.87%) komanso otsika kwambiri ku Ouanghi (2.29%).Mabanja 1,399 omwe adafunsidwa omwe akuphatikizidwa pakuwunikaku akuyimira anthu 9,023.Monga taonera mu Table 1, 91.71% ya mitu ya mabanja ndi amuna ndipo 8.29% ndi akazi.
Pafupifupi 8.86% ya atsogoleri a mabanja adachokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo monga Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso ndi Ghana.Mafuko omwe akuimiridwa kwambiri ndi Abi (60.26%), Malinke (10.01%), Krobu (5.29%) ndi Baulai (4.72%).Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku zitsanzo za alimi, ulimi ndi njira yokhayo yopezera alimi ambiri (89.35%), koko amalimidwa kawirikawiri m'mabanja a zitsanzo;Masamba, mbewu zachakudya, mpunga, mphira ndi plantain zimabzalidwanso kudera laling'ono.Mitu yotsala ya mabanja ndi amalonda, ojambula zithunzi ndi asodzi (Table 1).Chidule cha mikhalidwe ya banja ndi mudzi chikuwonetsedwa mu Fayilo Yowonjezera [onani Fayilo yowonjezera 3].
Gulu la maphunziro silinasiyane ndi jenda (p = 0.4672).Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa anali ndi maphunziro a pulayimale (40.80%), kutsatiridwa ndi maphunziro a sekondale (33.41%) ndi osaphunzira (17.97%).Ndi 4.64% yokha yomwe idalowa ku yunivesite (Table 1).Mwa amayi 116 omwe anafunsidwa, oposa 75% anali ndi maphunziro a pulaimale, ndipo ena onse anali asanapiteko kusukulu.Maphunziro a alimi amasiyana kwambiri m'midzi yonse (mayeso enieni a Fisher, p <0.0001), ndipo maphunziro a atsogoleri a mabanja amagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chawo chachuma (mayeso enieni a Fisher, p <0.0001).M'malo mwake, ma quintile apamwamba kwambiri pazachuma nthawi zambiri amakhala alimi ophunzira kwambiri, pomwenso, omwe ali otsika kwambiri pazachuma ndi alimi osaphunzira;Kutengera ndi chuma chonse, mabanja achitsanzo amagawidwa m'magulu asanu achuma: kuchokera kwa osauka kwambiri (Q1) mpaka olemera kwambiri (Q5) [onani fayilo yowonjezera 4].
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu muukwati wa atsogoleri a mabanja a magulu osiyanasiyana a chuma (p <0.0001): 83.62% ali ndi mwamuna mmodzi, 16.38% ali ndi mitala (mpaka 3 okwatirana).Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa gulu lachuma ndi kuchuluka kwa okwatirana.
Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa (88.82%) amakhulupirira kuti udzudzu ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa malungo.Ndi 1.65% yokha yomwe idayankha kuti sakudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa malungo.Zina zomwe zazindikirika ndi monga kumwa madzi akuda, kutenthedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, zakudya zopanda thanzi komanso kutopa (Table 2).Pamudzi wa Grande Maury, mabanja ambiri amaona kuti kumwa madzi auve ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo (kusiyana kwa chiwerengero pakati pa midzi, p <0.0001).Zizindikiro ziwiri zazikulu za malungo ndi kutentha kwa thupi (78.38%) ndi maso kukhala achikasu (72.07%).Alimi anatchulanso kusanza, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi ndi kuzizira (onani Table 2 pansipa).
Mwa njira zopewera malungo, omwe adawafunsa adatchulapo za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azikhalidwe;komabe, akadwala, chithandizo chamankhwala chamankhwala komanso chachikhalidwe cha malungo chimawonedwa ngati chotheka (80.01%), ndi zokonda zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.Kulumikizana kwakukulu (p <0.0001).): Alimi omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba pazachuma komanso angakwanitse kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala, alimi omwe sali otsika kwambiri pazachuma amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba;Pafupifupi theka la mabanja amawononga pafupifupi 30,000 XOF pachaka pamankhwala a malungo (osagwirizana ndi SES; p <0.0001).Kutengera kuyerekeza kwamitengo yachindunji, mabanja omwe ali otsika kwambiri pazachuma anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito XOF 30,000 (pafupifupi US$50) pochiza malungo kuposa mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma.Kuonjezera apo, ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti ana (49.11%) ndi omwe amadwala malungo kuposa akuluakulu (6.55%) (Table 2), ndipo lingaliro ili ndilofala kwambiri m'mabanja omwe ali osauka kwambiri (p <0.01) .
Pakulumidwa ndi udzudzu, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo (85.20%) adanenanso kuti adagwiritsa ntchito maukonde okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe adalandira kwambiri panthawi yogawa dziko lonse la 2017.Akuluakulu ndi ana akuti amagona pansi pa maukonde ophera udzudzu m'mabanja 90.99%.Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo m'nyumba kunali kupitirira 70% m'midzi yonse kupatula mudzi wa Gessigye, kumene mabanja 40 okha pa 100 aliwonse adanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo.Avereji ya maukonde okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi nyumba anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa nyumba (Pearson's coefficient r = 0.41, p <0.0001).Zotsatira zathu zinawonetsanso kuti mabanja omwe ali ndi ana osakwana chaka chimodzi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo kunyumba poyerekeza ndi mabanja opanda ana kapena ana akuluakulu (odd ratio (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI : 1.25-3.47 ).
Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, alimi anafunsidwanso za njira zina zopewera udzudzu m’nyumba zawo komanso zaulimi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo towononga mbewu.36.24% yokha ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo adatchula kupopera mankhwala m'nyumba zawo (kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso koyenera ndi SES p <0.0001).Zosakaniza zamankhwala zomwe zidanenedwa zidachokera kumitundu isanu ndi inayi yamalonda ndipo zidaperekedwa makamaka kumisika yakumaloko komanso ogulitsa ena monga ma coil ofukiza (16.10%) ndi opopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo (83.90%).Kutha kwa alimi kutchula mayina a mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo kudakwera ndi maphunziro awo (12.43%; p <0.05).Zogulitsa za agrochemical zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zidagulidwa poyambilira m'mabokosi ndikusungunulidwa muzopopera zisanagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo gawo lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limapangidwira mbewu (78.84%) (Table 2).Mudzi wa Amangbeu uli ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha alimi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo (0.93%) ndi mbewu (16.67%).
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo (zopopera kapena zopota) zomwe zimanenedwa panyumba iliyonse zinali 3, ndipo SES inali yogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Fisher's exact test p <0.0001, komabe nthawi zina mankhwalawa adapezeka kuti ali ndi zofanana);zosakaniza zogwira pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana amalonda.Gulu 2 likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa momwe alimi amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mlungu uliwonse malinga ndi momwe alili pachuma.
Pyrethroids ndi banja lamankhwala loyimiridwa kwambiri m'nyumba (48.74%) ndi zopopera zaulimi (54.74%) zophera tizilombo.Mankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena kuphatikiza mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo.Kuphatikizika kofala kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndi carbamates, organophosphates ndi pyrethroids, pamene neonicotinoids ndi pyrethroids ndizofala pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo (Zowonjezera 5).Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mabanja osiyanasiyana a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amawagwiritsa ntchito, omwe onse amagawidwa ngati Gulu II (ngozi yocheperako) kapena Gulu lachitatu (ngozi yaying'ono) malinga ndi gulu la World Health Organisation la mankhwala ophera tizilombo [44].Panthawi ina, zidapezeka kuti dzikolo likugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a deltamethrin, omwe cholinga chake ndi ulimi.
Pazinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito, propoxur ndi deltamethrin ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba komanso m'munda, motsatana.Fayilo yowonjezera 5 ili ndi zambiri za mankhwala omwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito kunyumba ndi mbewu zawo.
Alimi anatchula njira zina zopewera udzudzu, monga zokometsera masamba (pêpê m’chinenero cha Abbey), kuwotcha masamba, kuyeretsa malo, kuchotsa madzi oima, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othamangitsira udzudzu, kapena kungogwiritsa ntchito mapepala pothamangitsa udzudzu.
Zomwe alimi amadziwa za malungo komanso kupopera mankhwala m'nyumba (logistic regression analysis).
Deta inasonyeza mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndi zolosera zisanu: mlingo wa maphunziro, SES, chidziwitso cha udzudzu monga chomwe chimayambitsa malungo, kugwiritsa ntchito ITN, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa ma OR osiyanasiyana pamtundu uliwonse wolosera.Pokhala m'magulu amudzi, owonetseratu onse adawonetsa mgwirizano wabwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera tizilombo m'nyumba (kupatulapo chidziwitso cha zomwe zimayambitsa malungo, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa mosagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Chithunzi 3).Pakati pa zoneneratu zabwino izi, chosangalatsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo paulimi.Alimi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa mbewu anali 188% mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kunyumba (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26).Komabe, mabanja omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka chokhudza kufala kwa malungo sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba.Anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba amatha kudziwa kuti udzudzu ndi umene umayambitsa malungo (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), koma panalibe mgwirizano wowerengera ndi SES yapamwamba (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 0.93, 2.46).
Malinga ndi mkulu wa banja, udzudzu umachuluka nthawi ya mvula ndipo usiku ndi nthawi imene udzudzu umaluma (85.79%).Alimi atafunsidwa za momwe amaonera momwe kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakhudzira udzudzu wofalitsa malungo, 86.59% adatsimikiza kuti udzudzu ukuwoneka kuti ukuyamba kukana mankhwala.Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okwanira chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo kumatengedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kusagwira ntchito kapena kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa zinthu, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zina zomwe zimatsimikizira.Makamaka, omalizawo adalumikizidwa ndi maphunziro otsika (p <0.01), ngakhale pakuwongolera kwa SES (p <0.0001).12.41% yokha ya omwe adafunsidwa adawona kukana udzudzu ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zingayambitse kukana mankhwala.
Panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunyumba ndi lingaliro la kukana udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo (p <0.0001): malipoti a kukana udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo makamaka amachokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunyumba ndi alimi nthawi 3-4 a sabata (90.34%) .Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunagwirizananso bwino ndi momwe alimi amaonera za kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo (p <0.0001).
Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri zomwe alimi amawona pa nkhani ya malungo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizofunika kwambiri pamakhalidwe ndi chidziwitso cha malungo.Ngakhale atsogoleri ambiri apabanja amapita kusukulu ya pulaimale, monganso kwina, kuchuluka kwa alimi osaphunzira ndikofunika [35, 45].Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti ngakhale alimi ambiri atayamba maphunziro, ambiri a iwo amasiya sukulu kuti athe kusamalira mabanja awo pogwiritsa ntchito ulimi [26].M'malo mwake, chodabwitsa ichi chikuwonetsa kuti ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro ndi wofunika kwambiri pofotokozera mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuthekera kochitapo kanthu pazidziwitso.
M'madera ambiri omwe ali ndi malungo, ophunzira amadziwa zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zizindikiro za malungo [33,46,47,48,49].Ambiri amavomereza kuti ana amatha kutenga malungo [31, 34].Kuzindikira kumeneku kungakhale kokhudzana ndi kutengeka kwa ana komanso kuopsa kwa zizindikiro za malungo [50, 51].
Otenga nawo mbali adanenanso kuti awononga ndalama zokwana $30,000, osaphatikiza zoyendera ndi zina.
Kuyerekeza momwe alimi alili pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha alimi akuwonetsa kuti alimi omwe ali otsika kwambiri pazachuma amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa alimi olemera kwambiri.Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa kwambiri pazachuma amaona kuti ndalama ndizokwera kwambiri (chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwachuma chonse) kapena chifukwa cha ubwino wokhudzana ndi ntchito za boma ndi zabizinesi (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mabanja olemera kwambiri).): Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa inshuwaransi yaumoyo, ndalama zothandizira malungo (zogwirizana ndi ndalama zonse) zingakhale zotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi ndalama za mabanja omwe sapindula ndi inshuwalansi [52].Ndipotu, zinanenedwa kuti mabanja olemera kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chithandizo chamankhwala poyerekeza ndi mabanja osauka kwambiri.
Ngakhale alimi ambiri amaona kuti udzudzu ndi umene umayambitsa malungo, ndi ochepa okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (kupyolera mu kupopera mankhwala ndi fumigation) m'nyumba zawo, mofanana ndi zomwe anapeza ku Cameroon ndi Equatorial Guinea [48, 53].Kusadetsa nkhawa kwa udzudzu poyerekeza ndi tizilombo towononga mbewu ndi chifukwa cha mtengo wachuma wa mbewu.Kuti achepetse ndalama, njira zotsika mtengo monga kuwotcha masamba kunyumba kapena kungothamangitsa udzudzu ndi manja ndizo zimakonda.Kuwopsa komwe kumadziwikiranso kungakhalenso chifukwa: kununkhira kwa mankhwala ena komanso kusapeza bwino mukagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ena kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito [54].Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mabanja (85.20% ya mabanja omwe akuti amawagwiritsa ntchito) kumathandiziranso kuchepa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku udzudzu.Kukhalapo kwa maukonde okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo mnyumbamo kumalumikizidwanso kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa ana osakwana chaka chimodzi, mwina chifukwa cha chithandizo chachipatala cha amayi oyembekezera omwe amalandila ukonde wokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo panthawi yokambirana [6].
Pyrethroids ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maukonde ophera tizilombo [55] ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi kuti athetse tizirombo ndi udzudzu, kudzutsa nkhawa za kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa tizilombo [55, 56, 57,58,59].Izi zitha kufotokozera kuchepa kwa chidwi cha udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amawona.
Chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha chikhalidwe cha anthu sichinagwirizane ndi chidziwitso chabwino cha malungo ndi udzudzu monga chifukwa chake.Mosiyana ndi zomwe Ouattara ndi anzawo adapeza m'chaka cha 2011, anthu olemera amatha kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa malungo chifukwa amatha kudziwa zambiri kudzera pawailesi yakanema ndi wailesi [35].Kusanthula kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa maphunziro apamwamba kumaneneratu kumvetsetsa bwino za malungo.Izi zikutsimikizira kuti maphunziro akadali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakudziwa kwa alimi za malungo.Chifukwa chomwe chikhalidwe chachuma sichimakhudza kwambiri chifukwa midzi nthawi zambiri imagawana wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi.Komabe, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chiyenera kuganiziridwa pogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso cha njira zopewera malungo apanyumba.
Makhalidwe apamwamba pazachuma komanso maphunziro apamwamba adalumikizidwa bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba (kupopera kapena kupopera).Chodabwitsa n'chakuti kuthekera kwa alimi kuzindikira udzudzu monga chomwe chimayambitsa malungo chinasokoneza chitsanzocho.Cholozera ichi chinali chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamene agawidwa pakati pa anthu onse, koma chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamene agawidwa m'midzi.Chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa chikoka cha kudya anthu pa khalidwe laumunthu komanso kufunikira kophatikiza zotsatira zachisawawa pakuwunika.Kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti alimi odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo paulimi ndi omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera mankhwala ndi makola ngati njira zamkati zochepetsera malungo.
Kubwereza maphunziro apitalo okhudza chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu pa maganizo a alimi pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], mabanja olemera adanena kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Ofunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopewera kukana kwa udzudzu, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi nkhawa zomwe zafotokozedwa kwina [64].Choncho, zinthu zapakhomo zomwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito zimakhala ndi mankhwala ofanana pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana amalonda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti alimi ayenera kuika patsogolo chidziwitso cha luso la mankhwala ndi zosakaniza zake.Chidwi chiyeneranso kuperekedwa ku chidziwitso cha ogulitsa, chifukwa ndi amodzi mwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ogula mankhwala ophera tizilombo [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Kuti mukhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madera akumidzi, ndondomeko ndi njira zothandizira ziyenera kuyang'ana pa kukonza njira zoyankhulirana, poganizira za maphunziro ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, komanso kupereka mankhwala otetezeka.Anthu amagula kutengera mtengo (momwe angakwanitse) komanso mtundu wake.Ubwino ukapezeka pamtengo wotsika mtengo, kufunikira kwa kusintha kwamakhalidwe pogula zinthu zabwino kukuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri.Phunzitsani alimi za m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athyole unyolo wa kukana mankhwala, kuwonetsetsa kuti kulowetsa m'malo sikutanthauza kusintha kwa malonda;(popeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala ndi gawo limodzi), koma kusiyana kwa zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito.Maphunzirowa atha kuthandizidwanso polemba zilembo zabwino zazinthu kudzera muzoyimira zosavuta, zomveka bwino.
Popeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alimi akumidzi m'chigawo cha Abbotville, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa chidziwitso cha alimi ndi momwe amaonera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo otetezedwa kukuwoneka ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mapulogalamu odziwitsa anthu.Kafukufuku wathu akutsimikizira kuti maphunziro akadali chinthu chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso chidziwitso chokhudza malungo.Mkhalidwe wabanja pazachuma unkawonedwanso ngati chida chofunikira kuchiganizira.Kuwonjezera pa mmene zinthu zilili pa moyo wa anthu komanso maphunziro a mutu wa banja, zinthu zina monga kudziwa za malungo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo polimbana ndi tizirombo, komanso maganizo oti udzudzu umalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zimakhudza mmene alimi amaonera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Njira zodalira oyankha monga mafunso zimatengera kukumbukiridwa komanso kukondera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.Ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apakhomo kuti awone momwe zinthu ziliri pazachuma, ngakhale kuti njirazi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi nthawi komanso malo omwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndipo sizingawonetsere zenizeni zenizeni zamasiku ano zazinthu zamtengo wapatali, kupangitsa kufananiza pakati pa maphunziro kukhala kovuta. .Zowonadi, pangakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwa umwini wapanyumba wa zigawo za index zomwe sizidzatsogolera kuchepetsa umphawi wakuthupi.
Alimi ena sakumbukira mayina a mankhwala ophera tizilombo, motero kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amagwiritsira ntchito kungakhale kocheperako kapena kuonedwa mopambanitsa.Kafukufuku wathu sanaganizire momwe alimi amaonera kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso momwe amaonera zotsatira za zochita zawo paumoyo wawo komanso chilengedwe.Ogulitsa nawonso sanaphatikizidwe mu phunziroli.Mfundo zonsezi zikhoza kufufuzidwa mu maphunziro amtsogolo.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-28-2024