Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wakumidzi, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mopitirira muyeso kapena molakwika kungakhudze kwambiri mfundo zopewera matenda a malungo; Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa anthu akulima kum'mwera kwa Côte d'Ivoire kuti adziwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi am'deralo amagwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe izi zimagwirizanirana ndi momwe alimi amaonera malungo. Kumvetsetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungathandize kupanga mapulogalamu odziwitsa anthu za kuletsa udzudzu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa mabanja 1,399 m'midzi 10. Alimi adafunsidwa za maphunziro awo, njira zaulimi (monga kupanga mbewu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo), malingaliro awo pa malungo, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi udzudzu m'nyumba zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Mkhalidwe wa zachuma (SES) wa banja lililonse umayesedwa kutengera zinthu zina zomwe zakonzedweratu kale. Maubwenzi pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana amawerengedwa, kusonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Mulingo wa maphunziro a alimi umagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe alili pa zachuma (p < 0.0001). Mabanja ambiri (88.82%) amakhulupirira kuti udzudzu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo ndipo kudziwa za malungo kunali kogwirizana ndi mulingo wa maphunziro apamwamba (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10). Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'nyumba kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe anthu alili panyumba, mulingo wa maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zaulimi (p < 0.0001). Alimi apezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid m'nyumba ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombowa kuteteza mbewu.
Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa maphunziro kukadali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza chidziwitso cha alimi pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kupewa malungo. Tikupangira kuti kulumikizana bwino komwe kumayang'ana pa maphunziro, kuphatikizapo momwe anthu alili pazachuma, kupezeka, komanso mwayi wopeza mankhwala olamulidwa, kuganiziridwe pokonza njira zoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso njira zoyendetsera matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo m'madera am'deralo.
Ulimi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa zachuma m'maiko ambiri akumadzulo kwa Africa. Mu 2018 ndi 2019, Côte d'Ivoire inali dziko lotsogola padziko lonse lapansi popanga koko ndi mtedza wa cashew komanso kukhala lachitatu padziko lonse lapansi lopanga khofi ku Africa [1], ndipo ntchito zaulimi ndi zinthu zomwe zimawerengera 22% ya GDP [2]. Popeza ndi eni malo ambiri olima, alimi ang'onoang'ono m'madera akumidzi ndi omwe akuthandizira kwambiri chitukuko cha zachuma cha gawoli [3]. Dzikoli lili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwaulimi, ndi mahekitala 17 miliyoni a minda ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumalimbikitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa mbewu ndi kulima khofi, koko, mtedza wa cashew, rabara, thonje, zilazi, kanjedza, chinangwa, mpunga ndi ndiwo zamasamba [2]. Ulimi wozama umathandizira kufalikira kwa tizilombo, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poletsa tizilombo [4], makamaka pakati pa alimi akumidzi, kuteteza mbewu ndikuwonjezera zokolola [5], komanso kuwongolera udzudzu [6]. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo molakwika ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa kukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matenda, makamaka m'madera akulima komwe udzudzu ndi tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda tingakhale ndi mphamvu yosankha kuchokera ku mankhwala omwewo [7,8,9,10]. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungayambitse kuipitsa komwe kumakhudza njira zowongolera tizilombo komanso chilengedwe ndipo motero kumafuna chisamaliro [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi alimi kwaphunziridwa kale [5, 16]. Kuchuluka kwa maphunziro kwawonetsedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo [17, 18], ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi alimi nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndi zomwe akumana nazo kapena malangizo ochokera kwa ogulitsa [5, 19, 20]. Zovuta zachuma ndi chimodzi mwa zopinga zomwe zimalepheretsa kupeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa alimi kugula zinthu zosaloledwa kapena zakale, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa zinthu zovomerezeka [21, 22]. Zochitika zofananazi zikupezeka m'maiko ena akumadzulo kwa Africa, komwe ndalama zochepa zimakhala chifukwa chogulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo osayenera [23, 24].
Ku Côte d'Ivoire, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mbewu [25, 26], zomwe zimakhudza machitidwe a ulimi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amadwala malungo [27, 28, 29, 30]. Kafukufuku m'madera omwe malungo amapezeka kwambiri asonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro a malungo ndi zoopsa za matenda, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde otetezedwa ndi tizilombo (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Ngakhale kuti maphunzirowa akuchitika, khama lopanga mfundo zinazake zowongolera udzudzu likulepheretsedwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzudzu m'madera akumidzi komanso zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala ophera udzudzu agwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza zikhulupiriro za malungo ndi njira zowongolera udzudzu pakati pa mabanja alimi ku Abeauville, kum'mwera kwa Côte d'Ivoire.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika m'midzi 10 ku dipatimenti ya Abeauville kum'mwera kwa Côte d'Ivoire (Chithunzi 1). Chigawo cha Agbowell chili ndi anthu 292,109 m'dera la makilomita 3,850 ndipo ndi chigawo chokhala ndi anthu ambiri m'chigawo cha Anyebi-Tiasa [38]. Chili ndi nyengo yotentha yokhala ndi nyengo ziwiri zamvula (Epulo mpaka Julayi ndi Okutobala mpaka Novembala) [39, 40]. Ulimi ndiye ntchito yayikulu m'chigawochi ndipo umachitidwa ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi makampani akuluakulu azamalimi. Malo 10 awa akuphatikizapo Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 601N7 Abude) (330633.05E, 652372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,25, 650.3145, Love 61.35, 640. (351,545.32 E., 642.06 2.37 N), Ofa (350 924.31 E, 654 607.17 N), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 kumpoto kwa latitude) ndi Uji (363,990.74 kum'mawa kwa longitude, 648,587.44 kumpoto kwa latitude).
Kafukufukuyu anachitika pakati pa Ogasiti 2018 ndi Marichi 2019 ndi mabanja a alimi omwe adatenga nawo mbali. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu okhala mumudzi uliwonse chidatengedwa kuchokera ku dipatimenti yothandiza anthu ammudzi, ndipo anthu 1,500 adasankhidwa mwachisawawa pamndandandawu. Ophunzira omwe adasankhidwa anali pakati pa 6% ndi 16% ya anthu ammudzi. Mabanja omwe adaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyu anali mabanja a alimi omwe adavomereza kutenga nawo mbali. Kafukufuku woyambirira unachitika pakati pa alimi 20 kuti awone ngati mafunso ena ayenera kulembedwanso. Kenako mafunsowo adamalizidwa ndi osonkhanitsa deta ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso olipidwa m'mudzi uliwonse, ndipo mmodzi mwa iwo adasankhidwa kuchokera kumudzi womwewo. Kusankha kumeneku kunatsimikizira kuti mudzi uliwonse unali ndi wosonkhanitsa deta mmodzi yemwe amadziwa bwino chilengedwe ndipo amalankhula chilankhulo cha m'deralo. M'banja lililonse, kuyankhulana maso ndi maso kunachitika ndi mutu wa banja (bambo kapena mayi) kapena, ngati mutu wa banja palibe, munthu wina wamkulu wazaka zoposa 18. Mafunso anali ndi mafunso 36 ogaŵikana m'magawo atatu: (1) Mkhalidwe wa anthu komanso zachuma m'banja (2) Machitidwe a ulimi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (3) Chidziwitso cha malungo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poletsa udzudzu [onani Annex 1].
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi adatchula adalembedwa m'ma code ndi mayina amalonda ndipo adagawidwa m'magulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi magulu a mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito Ivory Coast Phytosanitary Index [41]. Mkhalidwe wa zachuma wa banja lililonse unayesedwa powerengera index ya katundu [42]. Katundu wa m'banja adasinthidwa kukhala ma dichotomous variables [43]. Ma negative factor ratings amagwirizanitsidwa ndi lower socioeconomic status (SES), pomwe ma positive factor ratings amagwirizanitsidwa ndi higher SES. Ma scores a chuma amafupikitsidwa kuti apange chigoli chonse cha banja lililonse [35]. Kutengera chigoli chonse, mabanja adagawidwa m'ma quintiles asanu a socioeconomic status, kuyambira osauka kwambiri mpaka olemera kwambiri [onani fayilo yowonjezera 4].
Kuti mudziwe ngati kusinthaku kumasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili pa moyo wa anthu, mudzi, kapena kuchuluka kwa maphunziro a atsogoleri a mabanja, mayeso a chi-square kapena mayeso enieni a Fisher angagwiritsidwe ntchito, momwe kuli koyenera. Ma logistic regression model adayikidwa ndi ma algorithms otsatirawa: mulingo wa maphunziro, mkhalidwe wa zachuma (zonse zidasinthidwa kukhala ma parameter a dichotomous), mudzi (wophatikizidwa ngati ma parameter a magulu), mulingo wapamwamba wodziwa za malungo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo muulimi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba (zotuluka kudzera mu aerosol). kapena coil); mulingo wa maphunziro, mulingo wa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe ndi mudzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu adziwe kwambiri za malungo. Chitsanzo chosakanikirana cha logistic regression chidachitika pogwiritsa ntchito R package lme4 (Glmer function). Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika mu R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) ndi Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Mwa mafunso 1,500 omwe adachitidwa, 101 sanasankhidwe chifukwa mafunso sanamalizidwe. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabanja omwe adafunsidwa chinali ku Grande Maury (18.87%) ndipo chochepa kwambiri ku Ouanghi (2.29%). Mabanja 1,399 omwe adafunsidwa omwe adaphatikizidwa mu kusanthulako akuyimira anthu 9,023. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 1, 91.71% ya atsogoleri a mabanja ndi amuna ndipo 8.29% ndi akazi.
Pafupifupi 8.86% ya atsogoleri a mabanja adachokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo monga Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso ndi Ghana. Mafuko omwe akuimiridwa kwambiri ndi Abi (60.26%), Malinke (10.01%), Krobu (5.29%) ndi Baulai (4.72%). Monga momwe alimi amayembekezera, ulimi ndiye njira yokhayo yopezera ndalama kwa alimi ambiri (89.35%), ndipo koko amalimidwa kwambiri m'mabanja oyeserera; Ndiwo zamasamba, mbewu za chakudya, mpunga, rabara ndi plantain zimalimidwanso pamalo ochepa. Atsogoleri ena a mabanja ndi amalonda, ojambula ndi asodzi (Table 1). Chidule cha makhalidwe a mabanja malinga ndi mudzi chaperekedwa mu fayilo Yowonjezera [onani fayilo Yowonjezera 3].
Gulu la maphunziro silinali losiyana malinga ndi jenda (p = 0.4672). Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa anali ndi maphunziro a pulayimale (40.80%), kutsatiridwa ndi maphunziro a sekondale (33.41%) ndi kusaphunzira (17.97%). 4.64% okha ndi omwe adalowa ku yunivesite (Table 1). Mwa akazi 116 omwe adafunsidwa, opitilira 75% anali ndi maphunziro a pulayimale osachepera, ndipo ena onse sanapitepo kusukulu. Mulingo wamaphunziro wa alimi umasiyana kwambiri m'midzi (mayeso enieni a Fisher, p < 0.0001), ndipo mulingo wamaphunziro wa atsogoleri a mabanja umagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe alili pazachuma (mayeso enieni a Fisher, p < 0.0001). Ndipotu, miyeso yapamwamba kwambiri yazachuma makamaka imakhala ya alimi ophunzira kwambiri, ndipo mosiyana, miyeso yotsika kwambiri yazachuma imakhala ya alimi osaphunzira; Kutengera ndi chuma chonse, mabanja otsanzira amagawidwa m'mizere isanu yachuma: kuyambira yosauka kwambiri (Q1) mpaka yolemera kwambiri (Q5) [onani fayilo Yowonjezera 4].
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa ukwati wa atsogoleri a mabanja a magulu osiyanasiyana a chuma (p < 0.0001): 83.62% ndi a m'modzi mwa akazi okhaokha, 16.38% ndi a mitala (mpaka akazi atatu). Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa gulu la chuma ndi chiwerengero cha akazi.
Ambiri mwa omwe adayankha (88.82%) ankakhulupirira kuti udzudzu ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa malungo. 1.65% yokha ndi yomwe idayankha kuti sakudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa malungo. Zina zomwe zadziwika ndikumwa madzi odetsedwa, kukhudzidwa ndi dzuwa, kudya zakudya zosakwanira komanso kutopa (Table 2). Pamlingo wa m'mudzi ku Grande Maury, mabanja ambiri amaona kumwa madzi odetsedwa ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo (kusiyana kwa ziwerengero pakati pa midzi, p < 0.0001). Zizindikiro ziwiri zazikulu za malungo ndi kutentha thupi kwambiri (78.38%) ndi chikasu cha maso (72.07%). Alimi adatchulanso kusanza, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi komanso khungu lofiirira (onani Table 2 pansipa).
Pakati pa njira zopewera malungo, omwe adayankha adatchula kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe; komabe, akadwala, mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso achikhalidwe a malungo amaonedwa ngati njira zabwino (80.01%), ndipo zomwe amakonda zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kugwirizana kwakukulu (p < 0.0001). ): Alimi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha zachuma amakonda ndipo amatha kugula mankhwala achikhalidwe, alimi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chachuma chochepa amakonda mankhwala azitsamba; Pafupifupi theka la mabanja amawononga ndalama zopitilira 30,000 XOF pachaka pa chithandizo cha malungo (chosagwirizana ndi SES; p < 0.0001). Kutengera ndi zomwe adazinenera okha, mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chachuma chochepa kwambiri anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito XOF 30,000 (pafupifupi US$50) zambiri pa chithandizo cha malungo kuposa mabanja omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha zachuma. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa omwe adayankha adakhulupirira kuti ana (49.11%) ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha malungo kuposa akuluakulu (6.55%) (Table 2), ndipo lingaliro ili ndilofala kwambiri pakati pa mabanja omwe ali m'gulu la anthu osauka kwambiri (p < 0.01).
Pa kulumidwa ndi udzudzu, ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali (85.20%) adanena kuti adagwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo, omwe adawalandira kwambiri panthawi yogawa dziko lonse mu 2017. Akuluakulu ndi ana adanenedwa kuti amagona pansi pa maukonde ophera tizilombo m'mabanja 90.99%. Kuchuluka kwa maukonde ophera tizilombo m'mabanja kunali kopitilira 70% m'midzi yonse kupatula mudzi wa Gessigye, komwe 40% yokha ya mabanja adanenanso kuti amagwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo. Chiwerengero chapakati cha maukonde ophera tizilombo omwe ali m'banjamo chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa banja (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.41, p < 0.0001). Zotsatira zathu zidawonetsanso kuti mabanja omwe ali ndi ana osakwana chaka chimodzi anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo kunyumba poyerekeza ndi mabanja omwe alibe ana kapena omwe ali ndi ana okulirapo (odds ratio (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI : 1.25–3.47).
Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde ophera tizilombo, alimi adafunsidwanso za njira zina zopewera udzudzu m'nyumba zawo komanso pa zinthu zaulimi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo towononga mbewu. 36.24% yokha ya omwe adatenga nawo mbali adatchulapo kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo (kugwirizana kwakukulu komanso kwabwino ndi SES p < 0.0001). Zosakaniza za mankhwala zomwe zanenedwa zinali zochokera kumakampani asanu ndi anayi ogulitsa ndipo zidaperekedwa makamaka kumisika yakomweko ndi ogulitsa ena monga fumigating coils (16.10%) ndi sprays ya tizilombo (83.90%). Luso la alimi kutchula mayina a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adapopera m'nyumba zawo linakula ndi maphunziro awo (12.43%; p < 0.05). Zinthu zaulimi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba zidagulidwa m'zitini ndikusungunuka mu sprayers asanagwiritse ntchito, ndipo gawo lalikulu kwambiri nthawi zambiri limaperekedwa ku mbewu (78.84%) (Table 2). Mudzi wa Amangbeu uli ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha alimi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba zawo (0.93%) ndi mbewu (16.67%).
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo (opopera kapena ozungulira) omwe adanenedwa pa banja lililonse chinali 3, ndipo SES inali yogwirizana bwino ndi chiwerengero cha mankhwala omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito (mayeso enieni a Fisher p < 0.0001, komabe nthawi zina mankhwalawa adapezeka kuti ali ndi zofanana); zosakaniza zogwira ntchito pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana amalonda. Gome 2 likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo sabata iliyonse pakati pa alimi malinga ndi momwe alili pazachuma.
Ma pyrethroids ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe amaimiridwa kwambiri m'nyumba (48.74%) ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zaulimi (54.74%). Zopangidwa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo kapena kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Kuphatikiza kofala kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo apakhomo ndi ma carbamates, organophosphates ndi pyrethroids, pomwe ma neonicotinoids ndi ma pyrethroids ndi ofala pakati pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zaulimi (Zowonjezera 5). Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mabanja osiyanasiyana a mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi, onse omwe ali m'gulu la Gulu Lachiwiri (ngozi yapakati) kapena Gulu Lachitatu (ngozi yaying'ono) malinga ndi gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo a World Health Organization [44]. Nthawi ina, zidapezeka kuti dzikolo likugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa deltamethrin, omwe cholinga chake ndi ulimi.
Ponena za zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, propoxur ndi deltamethrin ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba komanso m'munda, motsatana. Fayilo yowonjezera 5 ili ndi zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za mankhwala omwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito kunyumba komanso pa mbewu zawo.
Alimi anatchula njira zina zopewera udzudzu, kuphatikizapo mafani a masamba (pêpê m'chinenero cha Abbey cha m'deralo), kutentha masamba, kuyeretsa malowo, kuchotsa madzi oima, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othamangitsa udzudzu, kapena kungogwiritsa ntchito mapepala kuti achotse udzudzu.
Zinthu zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha alimi pa malungo ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba (kusanthula kwa kayendedwe ka zinthu).
Deta yasonyeza mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba ndi zinthu zisanu zodziwira matenda: mulingo wamaphunziro, SES, kudziwa udzudzu ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo, kugwiritsa ntchito ITN, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa ma OR osiyanasiyana pa mtundu uliwonse wodziwira matenda. Atayikidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mudzi, zinthu zonse zodziwira matenda zinasonyeza mgwirizano wabwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mabanja (kupatula kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa malungo, zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Chithunzi 3). Pakati pa zinthu zabwinozi, chosangalatsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo muulimi. Alimi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa mbewu anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunyumba ndi 188% (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26). Komabe, mabanja omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza kufalikira kwa malungo anali ndi mwayi wochepa wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba. Anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba anali ndi mwayi wodziwa kuti udzudzu ndiwo womwe umayambitsa malungo (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), koma panalibe mgwirizano wa ziwerengero ndi SES yapamwamba (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.93, 2.46).
Malinga ndi mkulu wa banja, kuchuluka kwa udzudzu kumawonjezeka nthawi yamvula ndipo usiku ndi nthawi yomwe udzudzu umaluma kwambiri (85.79%). Alimi atafunsidwa za momwe amaonera momwe kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakhudzira udzudzu womwe uli ndi malungo, 86.59% adatsimikiza kuti udzudzu ukuoneka kuti ukulimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okwanira chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwawo kumaonedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kusagwira ntchito bwino kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino. Makamaka, izi zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro otsika (p < 0.01), ngakhale poyang'anira SES (p < 0.0001). 12.41% yokha ya omwe adayankha adawona kukana kwa udzudzu ngati chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zingayambitse kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunyumba ndi momwe udzudzu umaonera mankhwala ophera tizilombo (p < 0.0001): malipoti okhudza kukana kwa udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo anali makamaka chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunyumba ndi alimi 3-4 pa sabata (90.34%). Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito analinso ogwirizana ndi momwe alimi amaonera mankhwala ophera tizilombo (p < 0.0001).
Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri momwe alimi amaonera malungo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa makhalidwe abwino komanso chidziwitso chokhudza malungo. Ngakhale kuti atsogoleri ambiri a mabanja amapita kusukulu ya pulayimale, monga kwina kulikonse, chiwerengero cha alimi osaphunzira ndi chachikulu [35, 45]. Chochitikachi chingafotokozedwe ndi mfundo yakuti ngakhale alimi ambiri atayamba kulandira maphunziro, ambiri a iwo ayenera kusiya sukulu kuti athandize mabanja awo kudzera mu ntchito zaulimi [26]. M'malo mwake, chochitikachi chikuwonetsa kuti ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro ndi wofunikira kwambiri pofotokoza ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi luso lochitapo kanthu pa chidziwitso.
M'madera ambiri omwe malungo amapezeka kwambiri, ophunzira amadziwa bwino zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zizindikiro za malungo [33,46,47,48,49]. Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti ana amatha kudwala malungo [31, 34]. Kuzindikira kumeneku kungakhale kogwirizana ndi momwe ana amavutikira komanso kuopsa kwa zizindikiro za malungo [50, 51].
Ophunzirawo adanena kuti adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana $30,000, osaphatikizapo mayendedwe ndi zinthu zina.
Kuyerekeza kwa momwe alimi alili pa zachuma kukuwonetsa kuti alimi omwe ali ndi chuma chochepa kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuposa alimi olemera kwambiri. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti mabanja omwe ali ndi chuma chochepa kwambiri amaona kuti ndalama zomwe amawononga zimakhala zapamwamba (chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwakukulu pazachuma zonse zapakhomo) kapena chifukwa cha phindu lochokera ku ntchito za boma ndi zachinsinsi (monga momwe zilili ndi mabanja olemera kwambiri). ): Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, ndalama zothandizira matenda a malungo (poyerekeza ndi ndalama zonse) zitha kukhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa ndalama zomwe mabanja omwe sapindula ndi inshuwaransi amawononga [52]. Ndipotu, zinanenedwa kuti mabanja olemera kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala amankhwala poyerekeza ndi mabanja osauka kwambiri.
Ngakhale alimi ambiri amaona kuti udzudzu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo, ochepa okha ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (popopera ndi kupopera) m'nyumba zawo, mofanana ndi zomwe zapezeka ku Cameroon ndi Equatorial Guinea [48, 53]. Kusadera nkhawa ndi udzudzu poyerekeza ndi tizilombo towononga mbewu kumachitika chifukwa cha phindu la mbewu. Pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama, njira zotsika mtengo monga kutentha masamba kunyumba kapena kungothamangitsa udzudzu ndi manja ndizo zomwe zimakondedwa. Kuopsa komwe kumawonedwa kungakhalenso chifukwa: fungo la mankhwala ena ndi kusasangalala pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito kumapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ena kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito [54]. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mabanja (85.20% ya mabanja omwe akuti akugwiritsa ntchito) kumathandizanso kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo asagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi udzudzu. Kupezeka kwa maukonde ophera tizilombo m'nyumba kumalumikizidwanso kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa ana osakwana chaka chimodzi, mwina chifukwa cha chithandizo cha chipatala cha amayi apakati omwe amalandira maukonde ophera tizilombo panthawi yofunsira kwa amayi apakati [6].
Mankhwala otchedwa Pyrethroids ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ukonde wothira mankhwala [55] ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi poletsa tizilombo ndi udzudzu, zomwe zikubweretsa nkhawa za kuchuluka kwa kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo [55, 56, 57,58,59]. Izi zitha kufotokoza kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amawona.
Kukwera kwachuma sikunagwirizane ndi kudziwa bwino za malungo ndi udzudzu ngati chifukwa chake. Mosiyana ndi zomwe Ouattara ndi anzake adapeza mu 2011, anthu olemera nthawi zambiri amatha kuzindikira bwino zomwe zimayambitsa malungo chifukwa amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza chidziwitso mosavuta kudzera pa wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi [35]. Kusanthula kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa maphunziro apamwamba kumawonetsa kumvetsetsa bwino za malungo. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti maphunziro akadali gawo lofunikira pa chidziwitso cha alimi chokhudza malungo. Chifukwa chomwe mkhalidwe wachuma ulibe zotsatira zambiri ndikuti midzi nthawi zambiri imagawana wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi. Komabe, mkhalidwe wachuma uyenera kuganiziridwa pogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso chokhudza njira zopewera malungo m'nyumba.
Udindo wapamwamba pazachuma komanso maphunziro apamwamba zinali zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumba (kupopera kapena kupopera). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kuthekera kwa alimi kuzindikira udzudzu ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha malungo kunakhudza kwambiri chitsanzochi. Cholosera ichi chinali chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamene chinaikidwa m'magulu onse a anthu, koma chinali chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamene chinaikidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mudzi. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kufunika kwa mphamvu ya kudya anthu pa khalidwe la anthu komanso kufunika kophatikiza zotsatira zosayembekezereka mu kusanthula. Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa koyamba kuti alimi omwe ali ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ulimi ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma coils ophera tizilombo ngati njira zamkati zowongolera malungo.
Pobwereza kafukufuku wakale wokhudza momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma zimakhudzira malingaliro a alimi pankhani ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], mabanja olemera adanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumasintha kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Oyankha adakhulupirira kuti kupopera mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yopewera kukana kwa udzudzu, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nkhawa zomwe zafotokozedwa kwina [64]. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zapakhomo zomwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito zimakhala ndi mankhwala ofanana pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana amalonda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti alimi ayenera kuika patsogolo chidziwitso chaukadaulo cha mankhwalawo ndi zosakaniza zake. Chisamaliro chiyeneranso kuperekedwa ku chidziwitso cha ogulitsa, chifukwa ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu zomwe ogula mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsa ntchito [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'madera akumidzi, mfundo ndi njira zothanirana ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukonza njira zolumikizirana, poganizira za maphunziro ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, komanso kupereka mankhwala ophera tizilombo otetezeka. Anthu adzagula kutengera mtengo (ndalama zomwe angakwanitse) ndi mtundu wa mankhwalawo. Ubwino ukapezeka pamtengo wotsika, kufunikira kwa kusintha kwa khalidwe pogula zinthu zabwino kukuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri. Phunzitsani alimi za kusintha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athetse unyolo wotsutsana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikumveketsa bwino kuti kusintha sikutanthauza kusintha kwa mtundu wa mankhwala; (popeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ili ndi mankhwala omwewo), koma kusiyana kwa zosakaniza zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Maphunziro awa akhozanso kuthandizidwa ndi kulemba bwino zilembo za mankhwala kudzera m'mawu osavuta komanso omveka bwino.
Popeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alimi akumidzi ku Abbotville Province, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa chidziwitso cha alimi ndi malingaliro awo pankhani yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'chilengedwe kukuwoneka kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mapulogalamu odziwitsa anthu bwino. Kafukufuku wathu akutsimikizira kuti maphunziro akadali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kudziwa za malungo. Mkhalidwe wachuma m'banja unawonedwanso ngati chida chofunikira kuganizira. Kuwonjezera pa mkhalidwe wachuma komanso kuchuluka kwa maphunziro a mutu wa panyumba, zinthu zina monga kudziwa za malungo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poletsa tizilombo, komanso malingaliro okhudza kukana udzudzu ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimakhudza malingaliro a alimi pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Njira zodalira mayankho monga mafunso zimakumbukiridwa komanso kukonda anthu. N'zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe a m'banja poyesa momwe zinthu zilili pa moyo wa anthu, ngakhale kuti njira zimenezi zingakhale zogwirizana ndi nthawi ndi malo omwe zidapangidwira ndipo sizingasonyeze mofanana zenizeni za zinthu zinazake zamtengo wapatali pachikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufananiza pakati pa maphunzirowa kukhale kovuta. Zoonadi, pakhoza kukhala kusintha kwakukulu pa umwini wa zinthu za index m'banja zomwe sizingathandize kuchepetsa umphawi.
Alimi ena sakumbukira mayina a mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kotero kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito kungachepetsedwe kapena kupitirira muyeso. Kafukufuku wathu sanaganizire za momwe alimi amaonera kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso momwe amaonera zotsatira za zochita zawo pa thanzi lawo komanso chilengedwe. Ogulitsa nawonso sanaphatikizidwe mu kafukufukuyu. Mfundo zonsezi zitha kufufuzidwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-28-2024