Kuwongolera buluu ndi ma bluegrass weevils apachaka ndi zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu

   Kafukufukuyu adawunika zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za ABW zitatumankhwala ophera tizilombomapulogalamu a pachaka a bluegrass control ndi fairway turfgrass quality, onse okha komanso osakaniza osiyanapaclobutrazolmapulogalamu ndi zokwawa bentgrass kulamulira. Tidalingalira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti tiwongolere ABW pakapita nthawi kungachepetse kuphimba kwapachaka kwa bluegrass mu creeping bentgrass fairways ndikuti kugwiritsa ntchito paclobutrazol pamwezi kumathandizira kuwongolera.
Patapita nthawi, mayesero awiri a m'munda anachitidwa ndikubwerezedwa. Kuyesa 1 kunali kuyesa kwazaka ziwiri komwe kunachitika kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2019 pamasamba awiri okhala ndi mbiri ya ABW. Kafukufukuyu adawunika mapulogalamu atatu ophera tizilombo, kasamalidwe ka bentgrass, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwezi uliwonse kwa paclobutrazol (Trimmit 2SC, Syngenta) pa 0.25 lb yogwira pophika pa akala (16 fl oz product per acre; 280 g ai per hectare) kuchokera ku mbewu pachaka bluegrass. . Gwirani mwezi wa Okutobala pakuwongolera kwapachaka kwa bluegrass.
Kafukufuku adachitika mu 2017 ndi 2018 pa bwalo la gofu loyerekeza ku Loggershot 2 Farm (North Brunswick, NJ) yokhala ndi chivundikiro chapachaka cha bluegrass cha 85% poyambira kuyesa. Kuyeseraku kudabwerezedwa mu 2018 ndi 2019 pamasewera a gofu ku Forest Hills Course Club (Bloomfield Hills, NJ), pomwe chivundikirocho chidawunikidwa pa 15% yokwawa bentgrass ndi 10% tirigu wosatha wakuda (Lolium perenne L.). Poyesera, 75% anali Poa annua.
Kuthira mbewu kunali kubzala zokwawa bentgrass 007 pa mlingo wa 1 pounds ya mbeu yoyera yamoyo pa 1,000 masikweya mapazi (50 kilogalamu pa hekitala) patatha sabata imodzi chiyambireni pulogalamu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo (onani ndondomeko ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo pansipa). Chithandizo chinabwerezedwa kanayi ndikukonzedwa ngati 2 × 3 × 2 factorial mu chipika chathunthu chokhala ndi magawo ogawanika. Kumera ngati chiŵerengero chonse cha malo, pulogalamu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga subplot, paclobutrazol monga subplot, 3 x 6 ft (0.9 mx 1.8 m).
Pulogalamu yopewera imeneyi yapangidwa kuti iteteze kuwonongeka kwa bluegrass komwe kumachitika chaka chilichonse panyengo. Amakhala ndi systemic insecticide cyantraniliprole (Ference, Syngenta) yomwe imayikidwa pa mlingo wa pafupifupi 200 GDD50 (80 GDD10) kumapeto kwa maluwa a dogwood (Cornus florida L.) kuwongolera mphutsi zoyamba za masika ABW musanagwiritse ntchito indoxacarb (Provaunt) . inagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi 350 GDD50 (160 GDD10) pamene mtundu wosakanizidwa wa Catawbiense Michx unali m'maluwa kuti ulamulire mphutsi zamtundu uliwonse wa masika, ndipo Spinosad (Conserve, Dow AgroSciences) inagwiritsidwa ntchito kulamulira mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba m'chilimwe.
Mapulogalamu a Threshold amayimitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athetse ABW mpaka mtundu wa turf m'malo osatetezedwa ufika pachimake.
Kuti mudziwe momwe mitundu ya turfgrass imapangidwira, ma gridi awiri a 36 x 36 in (91 x 91 cm) okhala ndi malo 100 odutsana motalikana adayikidwa pagawo lililonse. Dziwani mitundu yomwe ilipo pa mphambano iliyonse pakati pa Juni ndi Okutobala. Chivundikiro cha bluegrass chapachaka chinkawunikidwa mwezi uliwonse panyengo yakukula kwapachaka pa sikelo kuchokera pa 0% (palibe chophimba) kufika pa 100% (chikuto chathunthu). Ubwino wa udzu wa udzu umawunikidwa pamlingo wa 1 mpaka 9, ndipo 6 amaonedwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka. Kuti muwone momwe pulogalamu ya ABW yophera tizilombo imathandizira, kuchulukana kwa mphutsi kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mchere wa mchere kumayambiriro kwa June akuluakulu atsopano asanayambe.
Deta yonse idayesedwa pakusinthika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya GLMMIX mu SAS (v9.4, SAS Institute) yokhala ndi zotsatira zosasintha. Kuyesera koyamba kunawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kugawanika-chiwembu, ndipo kuyesa kwachiwiri kunawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito 2 × 4 factorial split-plot design. Pakafunika, kuyesa kwa Fisher's Protected LSD kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa njira (p=0.05). Masamba adawunikidwa padera chifukwa kulumikizana ndi masamba kunachitika pamasiku osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe amasamba osiyanasiyana.
ABW ikhoza kuchepetsa mwakachetechete chivundikiro cha bluegrass mu zokwawa bentgrass, koma ngati kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa bluegrass pachaka kuloledwa. Pakuyesa uku, mtundu wa turf wonse udangochepetsedwa kwakanthawi ndi kuwonongeka kwa ABW mpaka magawo omwe ena ochita gofu amawaona ngati osavomerezeka. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti ambiri (60-80%) a turfgrass ndi pachaka bluegrass. Kuwonongeka kwa zokwawa bentgrass ABW sikunawonekere pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera pakhomo. Tikukayikira kuti kuti pulogalamu yophera tizilombo ya ABW izitha kuwongolera bwino bluegrass pachaka popanda pulogalamu ya PGR, tikukayikira kuti kufalikira koyambirira kwa bluegrass pachaka kuyenera kukhala kochepa kuti ABW awononge kwambiri chaka chilichonse ku bluegrass popanda kukhudza khalidwe la udzu. Ngati kuwonongeka kwakung'ono kumaloledwa musanayambe kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti kulamulira kwapachaka kwa bluegrass kwa nthawi yaitali kudzakhala kosafunika.
Njira zophera tizilombo ndizothandiza komanso zogwira mtima zikaphatikizidwa ndi mapulogalamu oyang'anira kukula kwa mbewu. Tinagwiritsa ntchito paclobutrazol mu phunziro ili, koma fluoropyrimidine ikhoza kupanga zotsatira zofanana. Ngati ndondomeko ya ABW yochokera pakhomo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda ndondomeko ya PGR, kuponderezedwa kwa bluegrass pachaka sikungakhale kofanana kapena kofunikira chifukwa bluegrass yapachaka imatha kuchira msanga kumapeto kwa masika. Njira yabwino ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mwezi uliwonse paclobutrazol m'chaka pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa mutu wa mbeu, lolani ABW awononge mpaka sangathenso kulekerera (oyang'anira kapena ena), ndiyeno gwiritsani ntchito larvicides pa mlingo waukulu wa label kuti muwongolere ABW. . Dongosolo lomwe limaphatikiza njira ziwirizi limapereka kuwongolera kwapachaka kwa bluegrass kuposa njira iliyonse yokha ndipo imapereka mabwalo apamwamba kwa onse kupatula sabata imodzi kapena iwiri ya nyengo yolima.