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Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizirombo opangidwa ndi zomera kumatha kuwonetsa kusagwirizana kapena kusagwirizana ndi tizirombo.Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwachangu kwa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi udzudzu wa Aedes komanso kukana kwa udzudzu wa Aedes ku mankhwala ophera tizirombo, makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya terpene yotengera mafuta ofunikira a zomera adapangidwa ndikuyesedwa motsutsana ndi magawo a mphutsi ndi akulu a Aedes aegypti.Mafuta asanu ofunikira a zomera (EOs) adayesedwa poyamba kuti agwiritse ntchito larvicidal ndi akuluakulu, ndipo magulu awiri akuluakulu adadziwika mu EO iliyonse kutengera zotsatira za GC-MS.Mankhwala akuluakulu odziwika adagulidwa, omwe ndi diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol ndi udzudzu alpha-pinene.Kuphatikiza kwa Binary kwa mankhwalawa kudakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Mlingo wocheperako ndipo zotsatira zake zosagwirizana ndi zotsutsana zidayesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa.Zolemba zabwino kwambiri za larvicidal zimapezeka posakaniza limonene ndi diallyl disulfide, ndipo nyimbo zabwino kwambiri zachikulire zimapezeka posakaniza carvone ndi limonene.Mankhwala opangira malonda a larvicide Temphos ndi mankhwala akuluakulu a Malathion adayesedwa padera komanso m'magulu a binary ndi terpenoids.Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti kuphatikiza kwa temephos ndi diallyl disulfide ndi malathion ndi eudesmol kunali kothandiza kwambiri.Kuphatikiza kwamphamvu kumeneku kumakhala ndi kuthekera kogwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti.
Mafuta ofunikira a zomera (EOs) ndi ma metabolites achiwiri omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bioactive ndipo akukhala ofunika kwambiri m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Sikuti ndi okonda zachilengedwe komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso ndi osakaniza amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bioactive, zomwe zimachepetsanso mwayi wokhala ndi kukana mankhwala1.Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa GC-MS, ofufuza adasanthula zigawo zamafuta ofunikira amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikuzindikira mitundu yopitilira 3,000 kuchokera ku 17,500 zomera zonunkhiritsa2, zambiri zomwe zidayesedwa kuti zikhale ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo akuti zili ndi zotsatira zowononga3,4.Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti kawopsedwe wa gawo lalikulu la pawiriyo ndi wofanana kapena wokulirapo kuposa wa ethylene oxide wake wakuda.Koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amtundu uliwonse kungasiyenso mwayi wopanga kukana, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo5,6.Chifukwa chake, cholinga chapano ndikukonza zosakaniza za ethylene oxide-based compounds kuti zithandizire kupha tizilombo komanso kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kukana kwa tizirombo.Mankhwala omwe akugwira ntchito pawokha omwe amapezeka mu EOs angasonyeze zotsatira zogwirizana kapena zotsutsana ndi zosakaniza zomwe zikuwonetsera zochitika zonse za EO, mfundo yomwe yatsimikiziridwa bwino mu kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi ofufuza akale7,8.Pulogalamu yowongolera vekitala imaphatikizansopo EO ndi zigawo zake.The ntchito udzudzu wa zofunika mafuta wakhala kwambiri anaphunzira pa Culex ndi Anopheles udzudzu.Kafukufuku wambiri ayesa kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ogwira mtima pophatikiza mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala opangira malonda kuti awonjezere kawopsedwe ndikuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa9.Koma maphunziro azinthu zotere motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti amakhalabe osowa.Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi katemera kwathandiza kuthana ndi matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi ma vector.Koma kukhalapo kwa serotypes zosiyanasiyana za kachilomboka, zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndi udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti, zapangitsa kulephera kwa mapulogalamu a katemera.Choncho, matenda otere akachitika, mapulogalamu oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiwo njira yokhayo yopewera kufalikira kwa matendawa.Muzochitika zamakono, kulamulira kwa Aedes aegypti n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi vector yaikulu ya mavairasi osiyanasiyana ndi serotypes zawo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a dengue fever, Zika, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, etc. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti chiwerengero cha pafupifupi matenda onse ofalitsidwa ndi ma vector-Aedes akuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse ku Egypt ndipo akuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi.Chifukwa chake, munkhaniyi, pakufunika kufunikira kokhazikitsa njira zowongolera zachilengedwe komanso zowongolera anthu a Aedes aegypti.Omwe atha kukhala pankhaniyi ndi ma EO, ma kompositi awo, ndi kuphatikiza kwawo.Choncho, phunziroli anayesa kuzindikira bwino synergistic kaphatikizidwe wa kiyi chomera EO mankhwala kuchokera zomera zisanu ndi tizilombo katundu (ie, timbewu, basil woyera, Eucalyptus mawanga, Allium sulfure ndi melaleuca) motsutsana Aedes aegypti.
Ma EO onse osankhidwa adawonetsa zomwe zingachitike polimbana ndi Aedes aegypti ndi 24-h LC50 kuyambira 0.42 mpaka 163.65 ppm.Ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya larvicidal inalembedwa kwa peppermint (Mp) EO ndi LC50 mtengo wa 0.42 ppm pa 24 h, yotsatiridwa ndi adyo (As) ndi LC50 mtengo wa 16.19 ppm pa 24 h (Table 1).
Kupatulapo Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, ma EO ena onse anayi omwe adawonetsedwa adawonetsa zotsatira zowoneka bwino za allercidal, okhala ndi LC50 values kuyambira 23.37 mpaka 120.16 ppm munthawi ya maola 24.Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO inali yothandiza kwambiri kupha akuluakulu okhala ndi mtengo wa LC50 wa 23.37 ppm mkati mwa maola 24 akuwonekera, kutsatiridwa ndi Eucalyptus maculata (Em) yomwe inali ndi mtengo wa LC50 wa 101.91 ppm (Table 1).Kumbali ina, mtengo wa LC50 wa Os sunatsimikizidwe kuti chiwerengero chapamwamba cha imfa cha 53% chinalembedwa pa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri (Supplementary Figure 3).
Mitundu iwiri yayikulu mu EO iliyonse idadziwika ndikusankhidwa kutengera zotsatira za database ya NIST, GC chromatogram area percent, ndi zotsatira za MS spectra (Table 2).Kwa EO Monga, mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amadziwika kuti diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide;kwa EO Mp mankhwala akuluakulu odziwika anali carvone ndi limonene, kwa EO Em mankhwala akuluakulu odziwika anali eudesmol ndi eucalyptol;Kwa EO Os, mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amadziwika kuti anali eugenol ndi methyl eugenol, ndi EO Cl, mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amadziwika anali eugenol ndi α-pinene (Chithunzi 1, Supplementary Figures 5-8, Supplementary Table 1-5).
Zotsatira za mass spectrometry a main terpenoids amafuta ofunikira osankhidwa (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole R-eudamol;
Zosakaniza zisanu ndi zinayi (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) adadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala othandiza omwe ali zigawo zikuluzikulu za EO ndipo adayesedwa payekha ndi Aedes aegypti pa laputopu. magawo..Eudesmol wamagulu anali ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya larvicidal ndi LC50 mtengo wa 2.25 ppm pambuyo pa maola 24 akuwonekera.Mankhwala a diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide apezekanso kuti ali ndi zotsatira za larvicidal, ndi mlingo wochepa kwambiri wa 10-20 ppm.Zochita zolimbitsa thupi za larvicidal zidawonedwanso pamapangidwe a eugenol, limonene ndi eucalyptol okhala ndi LC50 values ya 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.ndi 181.33 ppm pambuyo pa maola 24, motsatana (Table 3).Komabe, palibe mphamvu yofunikira ya larvicidal ya methyl eugenol ndi carvone yomwe idapezeka ngakhale pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa chake milingo ya LC50 sinawerengedwe (Table 3).The synthetic larvicide Temephos anali ndi vuto lakupha la 0.43 ppm motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti pasanathe maola 24 akuwonekera (Table 3, Supplementary Table 6).
Mankhwala asanu ndi awiri (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene ndi carvone) adadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala akuluakulu a EO ogwira ntchito ndipo adayesedwa payekha ndi udzudzu wamkulu wa Aigupto Aedes.Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Probit regression, Eudesmol anapezeka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri ndi LC50 mtengo wa 1.82 ppm, wotsatiridwa ndi Eucalyptol ndi mtengo wa LC50 wa 17.60 ppm pa nthawi yowonetsera maola 24.Mankhwala asanu otsala omwe anayesedwa anali ovulaza kwambiri kwa akuluakulu omwe ali ndi LC50s kuyambira 140.79 mpaka 737.01 ppm (Table 3).The synthetic organophosphorus malathion inali yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa eudesmol komanso yokwera kuposa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, yokhala ndi mtengo wa LC50 wa 5.44 ppm pa nthawi yowonekera kwa maola 24 (Table 3, Supplementary Table 6).
Zosakaniza zisanu ndi ziwiri zamphamvu zotsogola ndi organophosphorus tamephosate zidasankhidwa kuti apange zophatikizira zamabina amitundu yawo ya LC50 mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1.Zophatikiza zonse za binary za 28 zidakonzedwa ndikuyesedwa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima polimbana ndi Aedes aegypti.Zophatikiza zisanu ndi zinayi zidapezeka kuti ndizogwirizana, zophatikiza 14 zinali zotsutsana, ndipo zophatikiza zisanu sizinali zopha.Pakati pa ma synergistic kuphatikiza, kuphatikiza kwa diallyl disulfide ndi temofol kunali kothandiza kwambiri, ndi kufa kwa 100% komwe kumawonedwa pambuyo pa maola 24 (Table 4).Mofananamo, kusakaniza kwa limonene ndi diallyl disulfide ndi eugenol yokhala ndi thymetphos kunawonetsa kuthekera kwabwino ndi kufa kwa mphutsi za 98.3% (Table 5).Zosakaniza 4 zotsalira, zomwe ndi eudesmol kuphatikiza eucalyptol, eudesmol kuphatikiza limonene, eucalyptol kuphatikiza alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene kuphatikiza temephos, zidawonetsanso mphamvu ya larvicidal, pomwe ziwopsezo zakufa zikupitilira 90%.Chiyembekezo cha kufa ndi pafupifupi 60-75%.(Gulu 4).Komabe, kuphatikiza kwa limonene ndi α-pinene kapena bulugamu kunawonetsa zotsutsana.Momwemonso, zosakaniza za Temephos ndi eugenol kapena eucalyptus kapena eudesmol kapena diallyl trisulfide zapezeka kuti zimakhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana.Momwemonso, kuphatikiza kwa diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide ndi kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala aliwonsewa ndi eudesmol kapena eugenol ndizotsutsana ndikuchita kwawo kwa larvicidal.Kutsutsana kwanenedwanso ndi kuphatikiza kwa eudesmol ndi eugenol kapena α-pinene.
Mwa zosakaniza zonse 28 zomwe zidayesedwa kuti zikhale ndi acidic achikulire, zophatikizira 7 zinali zogwirizana, 6 zinalibe mphamvu, ndipo 15 zinali zotsutsana.Zosakaniza za eudesmol ndi eucalyptus ndi limonene ndi carvone zinapezeka kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri kusiyana ndi zosakaniza zina za synergistic, ndi chiwerengero cha imfa pa maola 24 a 76% ndi 100%, motsatira (Table 5).Malathion yawonedwa kuti ikuwonetsa mphamvu yolumikizana ndi zosakaniza zonse kupatula limonene ndi diallyl trisulfide.Kumbali ina, kutsutsana kwapezeka pakati pa diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide ndi kuphatikiza kwa iwo ndi bulugamu, kapena eucalyptol, kapena carvone, kapena limonene.Mofananamo, kuphatikiza kwa α-pinene ndi eudesmol kapena limonene, eucalyptol ndi carvone kapena limonene, ndi limonene yokhala ndi eudesmol kapena malathion kunawonetsa zotsatira zotsutsana ndi larvicidal.Pazophatikizira zisanu ndi chimodzi zotsalazo, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kufa komwe kumayembekezeredwa komanso kuwonedwa (Table 5).
Kutengera ndi zotsatira za synergistic ndi Mlingo wocheperako, poizoni wawo wa larvicidal motsutsana ndi udzudzu wambiri wa Aedes aegypti pamapeto pake adasankhidwa ndikuyesedwanso.Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti imfa ya mphutsi yomwe inawonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito maphatikizidwe a binary eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene ndi diallyl disulfide-timephos inali 100%, pamene imfa ya mphutsi inali 76.48%, 72.16% ndi 63.4%, motero (Table 6)..Kuphatikiza kwa limonene ndi eudesmol kunali kocheperako, ndipo 88% ya kufa kwa mphutsi kumawonedwa pa nthawi ya 24-hour exposure (Table 6).Mwachidule, maphatikizidwe anayi osankhidwa a binary adawonetsanso zotsatira za synergistic larvicidal motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waukulu (Table 6).
Kuphatikizika kutatu kwa synergistic kunasankhidwa kwa aassay achikulire kuti athe kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu akuluakulu a Aedes aegypti.Kuti tisankhe zosakaniza kuti tiyese pamagulu akuluakulu a tizilombo, tidayang'ana koyamba pamitundu iwiri yabwino kwambiri ya synergistic terpene, yomwe ndi carvone kuphatikiza limonene ndi eucalyptol kuphatikiza eudesmol.Kachiwiri, kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri kunasankhidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa organophosphate malathion ndi terpenoids.Tikukhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza kwa malathion ndi eudesmol ndiye kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri pakuyesa pazigawo zazikuluzikulu za tizilombo chifukwa cha kufa kwambiri komanso kutsika kwambiri kwa LC50 pazosakaniza.Malathion amawonetsa synergism kuphatikiza α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone ndi eudesmol.Koma ngati tiyang'ana pamakhalidwe a LC50, Eudesmol ali ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri (2.25 ppm).Zowerengera za LC50 za malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol ndi carvone zinali 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 ndi 140.79 ppm.motsatira.Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa malathion ndi eudesmol ndiko kuphatikizika koyenera malinga ndi mlingo.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti kuphatikizika kwa carvone plus limonene ndi eudesmol plus malathion kunali ndi 100% yowona kufa poyerekeza ndi kufa komwe kumayembekezeredwa kwa 61% mpaka 65%.Kuphatikiza kwina, eudesmol kuphatikiza eucalyptol, kunawonetsa kufa kwa 78.66% pambuyo pa maola 24 akuwonekera, poyerekeza ndi chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa 60%.Zophatikizira zonse zitatu zosankhidwa zidawonetsa zotsatira zofananira ngakhale zitagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waukulu motsutsana ndi wamkulu Aedes aegypti (Table 6).
Mu kafukufukuyu, ma EO osankhidwa a mbewu monga Mp, As, Os, Em ndi Cl adawonetsa zotsatira zowopsa pamagawo amphutsi ndi akulu a Aedes aegypti.Mp EO inali ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya larvicidal ndi LC50 mtengo wa 0.42 ppm, kutsatiridwa ndi As, Os ndi Em EOs ndi LC50 mtengo wocheperapo 50 ppm pambuyo pa 24 h.Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wa udzudzu ndi ntchentche zina zowononga10,11,12,13,14.Ngakhale mphamvu ya larvicidal ya Cl ndi yotsika kusiyana ndi mafuta ena ofunikira, ndi LC50 mtengo wa 163.65 ppm pambuyo pa maola 24, kuthekera kwake kwachikulire ndipamwamba kwambiri ndi LC50 mtengo wa 23.37 ppm pambuyo pa maola 24.Mp, As ndi Em EOs adawonetsanso kuthekera kwabwino kwa ma allercidal okhala ndi LC50 values in range of 100–120 ppm at 24 h of exposure, koma anali ocheperako kuposa mphamvu yawo ya larvicidal.Kumbali inayi, EO Os adawonetsa kuperewera kwa mankhwala allercidal ngakhale pamankhwala apamwamba kwambiri.Choncho, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti kawopsedwe wa ethylene okusayidi zomera zingasiyane malinga ndi siteji chitukuko cha udzudzu15.Zimatengeranso kuchuluka kwa ma EOs kulowa m'thupi la tizilombo, kugwirizana kwawo ndi michere yomwe tikulimbana nayo, komanso kutulutsa mphamvu kwa udzudzu pagawo lililonse lachitukuko16.Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti chigawo chachikulu cha chigawochi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pazochitika zamoyo za ethylene oxide, chifukwa zimapanga zambiri zamagulu3,12,17,18.Chifukwa chake, tidawona mitundu iwiri yayikulu mu EO iliyonse.Malingana ndi zotsatira za GC-MS, diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide zinadziwika kuti ndizo zikuluzikulu za EO As, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malipoti apitalo19,20,21.Ngakhale kuti malipoti am'mbuyomu amasonyeza kuti menthol ndi imodzi mwa mankhwala ake akuluakulu, carvone ndi limonene zinadziwikanso kuti ndizo zikuluzikulu za Mp EO22,23.Mbiri ya Os EO inasonyeza kuti eugenol ndi methyl eugenol ndizo mankhwala akuluakulu, omwe ali ofanana ndi zomwe anapeza ofufuza oyambirira16,24.Eucalyptol ndi eucalyptol zanenedwa kuti ndizo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapezeka mu mafuta a masamba a Em, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe akatswiri ena apeza25,26 koma mosiyana ndi zomwe Olalade et al.27 anapeza.Kulamulira kwa cineole ndi α-pinene kunawonedwa mu mafuta ofunikira a melaleuca, omwe ali ofanana ndi maphunziro apitalo28,29.Kusiyana kwapadera pakupanga ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ofunikira omwe amachotsedwa ku zomera zomwezo m'malo osiyanasiyana adanenedwa ndipo adawonedwanso mu kafukufukuyu, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe mbewu zimakulira, nthawi yokolola, siteji yakukula, kapena zaka za zomera.maonekedwe a chemotypes, etc.22,30,31,32.Mankhwala ofunikira omwe adadziwika adagulidwa ndikuyesedwa chifukwa cha zotsatira za larvicidal ndi zotsatira za udzudzu wamkulu wa Aedes aegypti.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti ntchito ya larvicidal ya diallyl disulfide inali yofanana ndi ya EO As.Koma ntchito ya diallyl trisulfide ndi yapamwamba kuposa EO As.Zotsatirazi ndi zofanana ndi zomwe Kimbaris et al.33 pa Culex philippines.Komabe, mankhwala awiriwa sanasonyeze ntchito yabwino ya autocidal motsutsana ndi udzudzu womwe umafuna, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira za Plata-Rueda et al 34 pa Tenebrio molitor.Os EO imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi gawo la mphutsi la Aedes aegypti, koma osati motsutsana ndi gawo la akulu.Zatsimikiziridwa kuti ntchito ya larvicidal yamagulu akuluakulu amunthu ndi yotsika kuposa ya Os EO yakuda.Izi zikutanthawuza gawo lazinthu zina ndi kuyanjana kwawo mu crude ethylene oxide.Methyl eugenol yekha ali ndi ntchito yosasamala, pamene eugenol yekha ali ndi ntchito yochepetsetsa ya larvicidal.Izi zikutsimikizira, mbali imodzi, 35,36, ndipo kumbali ina, ikutsutsana ndi zomwe ofufuza oyambirira37,38.Kusiyana kwamagulu ogwira ntchito a eugenol ndi methyleugenol kungayambitse poizoni wosiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo tomwe tikufuna39.Limonene anapezeka kuti ali ndi larvicidal zochita zolimbitsa thupi, pamene zotsatira za carvone zinali zochepa.Mofananamo, kawopsedwe kakang'ono ka limonene kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso poizoni wa carvone amathandizira zotsatira za maphunziro ena am'mbuyomu40 koma amatsutsana ndi ena41.Kukhalapo kwa zomangira ziwiri pazigawo zonse za intracyclic ndi exocyclic kungapangitse ubwino wa mankhwalawa monga larvicides3,41, pamene carvone, yomwe ndi ketone yokhala ndi ma alpha ndi beta carbons osasunthika, ikhoza kusonyeza kuthekera kwakukulu kwa poizoni kwa akuluakulu42.Komabe, mawonekedwe a limonene ndi carvone ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa EO Mp yonse (Table 1, Table 3).Pakati pa ma terpenoids omwe adayesedwa, eudesmol adapezeka kuti ali ndi ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya larvicidal ndi yachikulire yokhala ndi mtengo wa LC50 pansi pa 2.5 ppm, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale gulu lodalirika lowongolera udzudzu wa Aedes.Kuchita kwake kuli bwino kuposa kwa EO Em yonse, ngakhale kuti izi sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe Cheng et al.40 apeza.Eudesmol ndi sesquiterpene yokhala ndi mayunitsi awiri a isoprene omwe sakhala osasunthika kwambiri kuposa ma monoterpenes okosijeni monga bulugamu ndipo motero ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Eucalyptol mwiniwake ali ndi wamkulu kuposa ntchito ya larvicidal, ndipo zotsatira za maphunziro oyambirira amathandizira ndikutsutsa izi37,43,44.Ntchito yokhayo ndiyofanana ndi ya EO Cl yonse.Wina bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, ali ndi zotsatira zochepa za munthu wamkulu pa Aedes aegypti kusiyana ndi zotsatira za larvicidal, zomwe ndizosiyana ndi zotsatira za EO Cl yathunthu.Ntchito yonse ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ya terpenoids imakhudzidwa ndi lipophilicity, volatility, carbon branching, malo owonetsera, malo, magulu ogwira ntchito ndi malo awo45,46.Mankhwalawa amatha kuchitapo kanthu powononga ma cell accumulations, kutsekereza ntchito zopuma, kusokoneza kufalikira kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha, ndi zina zotero. Utala48.Zochitika zazikulu za synthetic organophosphorus malathion zidanenedwa pa 5.44 ppm.Ngakhale ma organophosphates awiriwa awonetsa kuyankhidwa koyenera motsutsana ndi mitundu ya labotale ya Aedes aegypti, kukana udzudzu kuzinthuzi kwanenedwa m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi49.Komabe, palibe malipoti ngati amenewa okhudza kukula kwa kukana mankhwala azitsamba omwe apezeka50.Chifukwa chake, ma botanicals amawonedwa ngati njira zina m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mumapulogalamu owongolera ma vector.
Mphamvu ya larvicidal idayesedwa pamitundu 28 ya binary (1: 1) yokonzedwa kuchokera ku ma terpenoids amphamvu ndi ma terpenoids okhala ndi thymetphos, ndipo kuphatikiza 9 kunapezeka kuti ndi kogwirizana, 14 kutsutsa ndi 5 kutsutsa.Palibe zotsatira.Kumbali ina, mu bioassay ya potency akuluakulu, kuphatikiza kwa 7 kunapezeka kuti kunali kogwirizana, kuphatikizika kwa 15 kunali kotsutsana, ndipo kuphatikizika kwa 6 kunanenedwa kuti kunalibe mphamvu.Chifukwa chomwe maphatikizidwe ena amatulutsa mphamvu yolumikizana ingakhale chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amalumikizana nthawi imodzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana zofunika, kapena kulepheretsa motsatizana kwa ma enzymes ofunikira a njira inayake yachilengedwe51.Kuphatikizika kwa limonene ndi diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kapena eugenol kunapezeka kuti kumagwirizanitsa ntchito zazing'ono ndi zazikulu (Table 6), pamene kuphatikiza kwake ndi eucalyptus kapena α-pinene kunapezeka kuti ali ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi mphutsi.Pafupipafupi, limonene ikuwoneka ngati synergist yabwino, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu a methyl, kulowa bwino mu stratum corneum, ndi njira yosiyana yochitira52,53.Zanenedwa kale kuti limonene ingayambitse poizoni polowera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kukhudzana ndi poizoni), kukhudza dongosolo la m'mimba (antifeedant), kapena kukhudza dongosolo la kupuma (ntchito ya fumigation), 54 pamene phenylpropanoids monga eugenol ingakhudze ma enzyme 55. Choncho, kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu kungapangitse zotsatira zakupha za kusakaniza.Eucalyptol inapezeka kuti imagwirizana ndi diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus kapena α-pinene, koma kuphatikiza kwina ndi mankhwala ena kunali kosagwirizana ndi larvicidal kapena antagonistic.Kafukufuku woyambirira adawonetsa kuti eucalyptol ili ndi ntchito yoletsa pa acetylcholinesterase (AChE), komanso octaamine ndi GABA receptors56.Popeza cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, etc. akhoza kukhala ndi njira yofanana ndi ntchito yawo ya neurotoxic, 57 potero kuchepetsa zotsatira zawo zophatikizana mwa kulepheretsana.Momwemonso, kuphatikiza kwa Temephos ndi diallyl disulfide, α-pinene ndi limonene kunapezeka kuti ndi synergistic, kuthandizira malipoti am'mbuyomu a synergistic effect pakati pa mankhwala azitsamba ndi synthetic organophosphates58.
Kuphatikiza kwa eudesmol ndi eucalyptol kunapezeka kuti kumakhala ndi mphamvu yogwirizana pamagulu a larval ndi akuluakulu a Aedes aegypti, mwinamwake chifukwa cha machitidwe awo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mankhwala awo osiyanasiyana.Eudesmol (a sesquiterpene) ingakhudze dongosolo la kupuma 59 ndi eucalyptol (a monoterpene) ingakhudze acetylcholinesterase 60.Kuwonetsedwa kophatikizana kwa zosakaniza kumasamba awiri kapena kupitilira apo kungapangitse kupha kophatikizana.M'mayeso akuluakulu a bioassays, malathion adapezeka kuti amagwirizana ndi carvone kapena eucalyptol kapena eucalyptol kapena diallyl disulfide kapena α-pinene, kusonyeza kuti ndi synergistic ndi kuwonjezera limonene ndi di.Otsatira abwino a synergistic allercide pagulu lonse la terpene compounds, kupatula allyl trisulfide.Thangam ndi Kathiresan61 adanenanso zotsatira zofananira za synergistic effect ya malathion yokhala ndi zitsamba zamasamba.Izi synergistic kuyankha mwina chifukwa ophatikizana poizoni zotsatira za malathion ndi phytochemicals pa tizilombo detoxifying michere.Organophosphates monga malathion nthawi zambiri amachita poletsa cytochrome P450 esterases ndi monooxygenases62,63,64.Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza malathion ndi njira zochitira izi ndi ma terpenes ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu zitha kukulitsa kupha kwa udzudzu.
Kumbali ina, kutsutsana kumasonyeza kuti mankhwala omwe asankhidwa sagwira ntchito mosakanikirana kusiyana ndi gulu lirilonse lokha.Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana m'magulu ena akhoza kukhala kuti gulu limodzi limasintha khalidwe la gulu lina posintha mlingo wa kuyamwa, kugawa, kagayidwe, kapena kutuluka.Ofufuza oyambirira adawona kuti izi ndizo zomwe zimayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa mankhwala osakaniza.Mamolekyu Njira yotheka 65. Mofananamo, zomwe zingayambitse kusagwirizana zingakhale zogwirizana ndi njira zofanana zogwirira ntchito, mpikisano wamagulu opangira ma receptor omwewo kapena malo omwe mukufuna.Nthawi zina, kuletsa kopanda mpikisano kwa puloteni yomwe mukufuna kungathenso kuchitika.Mu phunziro ili, mankhwala awiri a organosulfur, diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide, adawonetsa zotsatira zotsutsana, mwina chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malo omwewo.Momwemonso, mankhwala awiriwa a sulfure amasonyeza zotsatira zotsutsana ndipo analibe mphamvu pamene akuphatikizidwa ndi eudesmol ndi α-pinene.Eudesmol ndi alpha-pinene ndi cyclic mu chilengedwe, pamene diallyl disulfide ndi diallyl trisulfide ali aliphatic mu chilengedwe.Kutengera kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kuphatikiza kwazinthuzi kuyenera kuonjezera zochitika zakupha chifukwa malo omwe amawatsata nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana34,47, koma moyesera tidapeza kutsutsana, komwe kungakhale chifukwa cha gawo la mankhwalawa mu zamoyo zina zosadziwika mu vivo.machitidwe chifukwa cha kuyanjana.Mofananamo, kuphatikiza kwa cineole ndi α-pinene kunapanga mayankho otsutsa, ngakhale ofufuza adanena kale kuti magulu awiriwa ali ndi zolinga zosiyana siyana47,60.Popeza mankhwala onsewa ndi ma cyclic monoterpenes, pakhoza kukhala malo ena omwe amawatsata omwe angapikisane kuti amange ndikuwongolera kawopsedwe wamagulu ophatikiza omwe aphunziridwa.
Kutengera mikhalidwe ya LC50 ndikuwonetsetsa kufa, mitundu iwiri yabwino kwambiri ya synergistic terpene idasankhidwa, yomwe ndi ma carvone + limonene ndi eucalyptol + eudesmol, komanso synthetic organophosphorus malathion yokhala ndi terpenes.Kuphatikizika koyenera kwa malathion + Eudesmol kumayesedwa mu bioassay yopha tizilombo wamkulu.Yang'anani magulu akuluakulu a tizilombo kuti mutsimikizire ngati kuphatikiza kothandiza kumeneku kungagwire ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu ambiri pa malo owonekera kwambiri.Zophatikizira zonsezi zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya synergistic motsutsana ndi tizilombo tambirimbiri.Zotsatira zofananazi zinapezedwa pakuphatikiza koyenera kwa larvicidal kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi mphutsi zambiri za Aedes aegypti.Choncho, tinganene kuti mgwirizano wothandiza wa larvicidal ndi wachikulire wophatikizana ndi zomera za EO ndizomwe zimatsutsana ndi mankhwala omwe alipo ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa anthu a Aedes aegypti.Momwemonso, kuphatikiza kothandiza kwa mankhwala opangira ma larvicides kapena achikulire okhala ndi terpenes angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuchepetsa Mlingo wa thymetphos kapena malathion woperekedwa ku udzudzu.Kuphatikizika kwamphamvu kumeneku kungapereke njira zothetsera maphunziro amtsogolo okhudza kusinthika kwa kukana mankhwala mu udzudzu wa Aedes.
Mazira a Aedes aegypti adatengedwa kuchokera ku Regional Medical Research Center, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research ndipo amasungidwa kutentha (28 ± 1 ° C) ndi chinyezi (85 ± 5%) mu Dipatimenti ya Zoology, Gauhati University pansi pa zinthu zotsatirazi: Arivoli anafotokozedwa et al.Itatha kuswa, mphutsi zimadyetsedwa chakudya cha mphutsi (ufa wa biscuit wa galu ndi yisiti mu chiŵerengero cha 3:1) ndipo akuluakulu amadyetsedwa 10% ya shuga.Kuyambira pa tsiku la 3 pambuyo pa kutuluka, udzudzu waukazi wachikulire unkaloledwa kuyamwa magazi a makoswe a albino.Zilowerereni pepala losefera m'madzi mu galasi ndikuyiyika mu khola loyikira mazira.
Zomera zosankhidwa monga masamba a eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil woyera (Lamiaceae), timbewu tonunkhira (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) ndi mababu a allium (Amaryllidaceae).Adasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku Guwahati ndikuzindikiridwa ndi dipatimenti ya Botany, Yunivesite ya Gauhati.Zomera zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa (500 g) zidapangidwa ndi hydrodistillation pogwiritsa ntchito zida za Clevenger kwa maola 6.EO yotengedwa inasonkhanitsidwa mu mbale zagalasi zoyera ndikusungidwa pa 4 ° C kuti apitirize kuphunzira.
Kawopsedwe ka Larvicidal adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthidwa pang'ono za World Health Organisation 67.Gwiritsani ntchito DMSO ngati emulsifier.Chigawo chilichonse cha EO chinayesedwa poyamba pa 100 ndi 1000 ppm, kuwonetsa mphutsi 20 pamtundu uliwonse.Kutengera zotsatira, kuchuluka kwa ndende kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kufa kunalembedwa kuyambira ola limodzi mpaka 6 (pa ola limodzi), komanso maola 24, maora 48 ndi maola 72 mutalandira chithandizo.Ma sublethal concentrations (LC50) adatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pa 24, 48 ndi 72 maola akuwonekera.Kuyika kulikonse kunayesedwa katatu pamodzi ndi kulamulira kolakwika (madzi okha) ndi kulamulira koyenera (madzi opangidwa ndi DMSO).Ngati pupa imachitika ndipo mphutsi zopitirira 10% za gulu lolamulira zimafa, kuyesako kumabwerezedwa.Ngati chiwopsezo cha kufa mu gulu lolamulira chili pakati pa 5-10%, gwiritsani ntchito njira yowongolera ya Abbott 68.
Njira yofotokozedwa ndi Ramar et al.69 idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa bioassay wamkulu motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti pogwiritsa ntchito acetone ngati zosungunulira.EO iliyonse idayesedwa koyambirira ndi udzudzu wamkulu wa Aedes aegypti pamagulu a 100 ndi 1000 ppm.Ikani 2 ml ya yankho lililonse lomwe lakonzedwa ku nambala ya Whatman.Pepala limodzi losefera (kukula kwa 12 x 15 cm2) ndikusiya acetone asunthike kwa mphindi 10.Sefa pepala lopangidwa ndi 2 ml yokha ya acetone idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwongolero.Acetone ikasanduka nthunzi, pepala lopangidwa ndi sefa ndi pepala lowongolera limayikidwa mu chubu chozama (masentimita 10).Udzudzu wosapatsa magazi wa masiku khumi a 3 mpaka 4 unasamutsidwa ku magawo atatu a ndende iliyonse.Malingana ndi zotsatira za mayesero oyambirira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta osankhidwa inayesedwa.Kufa kunalembedwa pa ola la 1, maola 2, maola 3, maola 4, maola 5, maola 6, maola 24, maola 48 ndi maola 72 mutatha kutulutsidwa kwa udzudzu.Kuwerengera LC50 zanthawi zowonekera maola 24, maola 48 ndi maola 72.Ngati chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa malo owongolera chikupitilira 20%, bwerezani mayeso onse.Momwemonso, ngati chiwopsezo cha kufa mu gulu lowongolera ndi chachikulu kuposa 5%, sinthani zotsatira za zitsanzo zothandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito formula68 ya Abbott.
Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) ndi mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) adachitidwa kuti asanthule mafuta ofunikira osankhidwa.GC inali ndi chowunikira cha FID ndi khola la capillary (HP5-MS).Mpweya wonyamulira unali helium, kuthamanga kwake kunali 1 ml / min.Pulogalamu ya GC imayika Allium sativum kukhala 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M ndi Ocimum Sainttum ku 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, kwa timbewu tonunkhira 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, bulugamu 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, ndi wofiira Kwa zigawo chikwi ndi iwo. 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Zosakaniza zazikulu za EO iliyonse zidadziwika kutengera kuchuluka kwa dera lowerengedwa kuchokera ku GC chromatogram ndi zotsatira za misa spectrometry (zotchulidwa ku NIST 70 standard database).
Mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu mu EO iliyonse idasankhidwa kutengera zotsatira za GC-MS ndikugulidwa kuchokera ku Sigma-Aldrich pa 98-99% chiyero kuti afufuzenso zamoyo zina.Mankhwalawa adayesedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito larvicidal ndi akuluakulu motsutsana ndi Aedes aegypti monga tafotokozera pamwambapa.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) ndi malathion wamkulu wa mankhwala (Sigma Aldrich) adawunikidwa kuti afanizire mphamvu zawo ndi mankhwala osankhidwa a EO, potsatira ndondomeko yomweyo.
Zosakaniza za Binary za mankhwala osankhidwa a terpene ndi mankhwala a terpene kuphatikiza ma organophosphates amalonda (tilephos ndi malathion) adakonzedwa posakaniza mlingo wa LC50 wa pawiri aliyense mu chiŵerengero cha 1:1.Zosakaniza zokonzedwazo zidayesedwa pamagulu a mphutsi ndi akuluakulu a Aedes aegypti monga tafotokozera pamwambapa.Kuyesa kwa bioassay kulikonse kunkachitika katatu pazophatikiza zilizonse komanso patatu pamitundu yomwe ilipo pakuphatikiza kulikonse.Imfa ya tizilombo towononga idalembedwa patatha maola 24.Werengetsani kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa posakanizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi.
kumene E = kuyembekezera kufa kwa udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti potsatira kaphatikizidwe ka binary, mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana (A + B).
Zotsatira za kusakaniza kulikonse kwa binary zidalembedwa kuti ndizogwirizana, zotsutsana, kapena zopanda zotsatira kutengera mtengo wa χ2 wowerengedwa ndi njira yofotokozedwa ndi Pavla52.Werengerani mtengo wa χ2 pamphatikizo uliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito fomula ili pansipa.
Zotsatira za kaphatikizidwe zimatanthauzidwa ngati synergistic pamene mtengo wowerengeka wa χ2 unali waukulu kuposa mtengo watebulo wa madigiri ogwirizana a ufulu (95% nthawi yodalirika) ndipo ngati imfa yowonedwayo inapezedwa kupyola imfa yomwe ikuyembekezeka.Mofananamo, ngati mtengo wa χ2 wowerengeka wa kuphatikiza kulikonse ukuposa mtengo wa tebulo ndi madigiri ena a ufulu, koma imfa yowonedwa ndi yochepa kusiyana ndi imfa yomwe ikuyembekezeka, chithandizocho chimaonedwa kuti ndi chotsutsana.Ndipo ngati mu kuphatikiza kulikonse mtengo wowerengeka wa χ2 uli wocheperapo kusiyana ndi mtengo wa tebulo mu magawo ogwirizana a ufulu, kuphatikiza kumaonedwa kuti kulibe mphamvu.
Mitundu itatu kapena inayi yomwe ingathe kugwirizanitsa (mphutsi 100 ndi 50 zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) zinasankhidwa kuti ziyesedwe ndi tizilombo tochuluka.Adults) pitilizani monga tafotokozera pamwambapa.Pamodzi ndi zosakaniza, mankhwala omwe amapezeka muzosakaniza zosankhidwa adayesedwanso pa chiwerengero chofanana cha mphutsi za Aedes aegypti ndi akuluakulu.Chiŵerengero chophatikizika ndi gawo limodzi la LC50 mlingo wa gulu limodzi la osankhidwa ndi gawo la LC50 la gawo lina.Mu bioassay ya anthu akuluakulu, mankhwala osankhidwa adasungunuka mu acetone yosungunulira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito posefa pepala lokulungidwa mu chidebe chapulasitiki cha cylindrical 1300 cm3.Acetone idasungunuka kwa mphindi 10 ndipo akuluakulu adamasulidwa.Mofananamo, mu larvicidal bioassay, Mlingo wa mankhwala a LC50 omwe adasankhidwa poyamba adasungunuka m'mavoliyumu ofanana a DMSO kenaka amasakanizidwa ndi madzi okwanira 1 litre osungidwa muzitsulo zapulasitiki za 1300 cc, ndipo mphutsi zinatulutsidwa.
Kusanthula kwachidziwitso cha 71 chojambulidwa chakufa kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS (mtundu wa 16) ndi pulogalamu ya Minitab kuti awerengere mitengo ya LC50.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-01-2024