Hainan, monga chigawo choyamba ku China kutsegula msika wa zipangizo zaulimi, chigawo choyamba kukhazikitsa njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chigawo choyamba kukhazikitsa kulemba zilembo za mankhwala ndi kulemba ma code a mankhwala ophera tizilombo, njira yatsopano yosinthira mfundo zoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, yakhala ikukhudzidwa nthawi zonse ndi makampani adziko lonse lapansi a zipangizo zaulimi, makamaka momwe makampani ambiri ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan amagwirira ntchito.
Pa 25 Marichi, 2024, kuti akhazikitse malamulo oyenera a Malamulo Okhudza Mpikisano Wachilungamo wa Doko Logulitsa Zaulere la Hainan ndi Malamulo Okhudza Kusamalira Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone, omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Okutobala, 2023, Boma la Anthu ku Hainan Province linaganiza zochotsa Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito Yogulitsa ndi Kugulitsa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone.
Izi zikutanthauzanso kuti kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan kapita patsogolo kwambiri, msika udzachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo mkhalidwe wa anthu 8 okha (pasanafike pa Okutobala 1, 2023, pali makampani 8 ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makampani 1,638 ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi makampani 298 oletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan Province) adzasweka mwalamulo. Yasanduka njira yatsopano yolamulira, kukhala kuchuluka kwatsopano: njira zochulukira, mitengo yochulukira, ntchito zochulukira.
"Malamulo atsopano" a 2023 akhazikitsidwa
Asanachotsedwe Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito Yogulitsa ndi Kugulitsa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone, Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone (omwe amatchedwanso "Malamulo") adakhazikitsidwa pa Okutobala 1, 2023.
"Sitikusiyanitsanso pakati pa ntchito zogulitsa ndi kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuchepetsa mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kusasankhanso mabizinesi ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogulitsa, kuchepetsa mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikukhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chilolezo cha dziko lonse choyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ..."
Izi zabweretsa nkhani yabwino kwambiri kwa anthu onse alimi, kotero chikalatachi chazindikirika ndikuyamikiridwa ndi ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito yophera tizilombo. Chifukwa izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yamsika yoposa mayuan 2 biliyoni pamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan idzachepa, ndipo izi zibweretsa kusintha kwakukulu ndi mwayi watsopano.
"Malamulo angapo" ochokera mu 2017 a 60 adasinthidwa kukhala 26, amatenga mawonekedwe a lamulo la "kudula pang'ono, mzimu wachangu", amatsatira malamulo okhudzana ndi mavuto, opanga, kunyamula, kusungira, kuyang'anira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakabuka mavuto akuluakulu, kusintha komwe kumayang'aniridwa.
Pakati pawo, chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri ndi kuthetsedwa kwa njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Chifukwa chake, kodi ndi zinthu ziti zazikulu ndi zazikulu za "malamulo atsopano" omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kwa pafupifupi theka la chaka, tidzakambirananso ndikuwunikanso, kuti opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo am'deralo pamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan athe kumvetsetsa bwino malamulo atsopano, kuwongolera bwino ndikusintha kapangidwe kawo ndi njira zamabizinesi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi watsopano panthawi yosintha.
Dongosolo la kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo lathetsedwa mwalamulo
"Zopereka Zingapo" zimakhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera mpikisano wachilungamo wa madoko ogulitsira kwaulere, kusintha njira yoyambirira yoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuwongolera machitidwe osaloledwa amalonda kuchokera komwe kumachokera, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti osewera pamsika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo akutenga nawo mbali moyenera pampikisano.
Choyamba ndi kuthetsa njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kusiyanitsa pakati pa ntchito zogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zogulitsa, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chifukwa chake, makampani ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo sakukhudzidwanso ndi ma bid, kuti achepetse ndalama zogwirira ntchito za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Chachiwiri ndi kukhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera yomwe imagwirizana ndi chilolezo cha bizinesi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo mdziko lonse, ndipo ogwira ntchito zophera tizilombo oyenerera akhoza kulembetsa mwachindunji ku madipatimenti oyenerera a zaulimi ndi akumidzi a maboma a anthu a mizinda, maboma ndi maboma odziyimira pawokha komwe ntchito zawo zili kuti akapeze ziphaso zamabizinesi a mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ndipotu, kuyambira mu 1997, Chigawo cha Hainan chinali choyamba mdziko muno kukhazikitsa njira yopezera chilolezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikutsegula msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo mu 2005, "Malamulo Osiyanasiyana Okhudza Kuyang'anira Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone" adaperekedwa, omwe adakhazikitsa kusinthaku m'njira ya malamulo.
Mu Julayi 2010, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Anthu ya ku Hainan Provincial People's Congress inalengeza za "Malamulo Osiyanasiyana Okhudza Kusamalira Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone" omwe asinthidwa kumene, kukhazikitsa njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan Province. Mu Epulo 2011, boma la Hainan Provincial linapereka "Njira Zoyendetsera Zilolezo Zamalonda Zogulitsa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Province", zomwe zikunena kuti pofika chaka cha 2013, padzakhala makampani awiri kapena atatu okha ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'chigawo cha Hainan, iliyonse yokhala ndi ndalama zolembetsedwa zokwana mayuan oposa 100 miliyoni; Chigawochi chili ndi malo 18 ogawa mankhwala m'mizinda ndi m'maboma; Pali makampani pafupifupi 205 ogulitsa, makamaka 1 m'tawuni iliyonse, yokhala ndi ndalama zolembetsedwa zosachepera 1 miliyoni yuan, ndipo mizinda ndi maboma akhoza kusintha moyenera malinga ndi momwe ulimi ulili, kapangidwe ka minda ya boma komanso momwe magalimoto alili. Mu 2012, Hainan idapereka chilolezo choyamba chogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zikusonyeza kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakusintha kwa njira yoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan, ndipo zikutanthauza kuti opanga amatha kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan pokhapokha pogwirizana ndi ogulitsa ambiri omwe aitanidwa kuti apereke ma tender ndi boma.
"Zopereka Zingapo" zikukonza njira yoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuthetsa njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo, sikusiyanitsanso pakati pa ntchito zogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zogulitsa, kuchepetsa mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso sikusankhanso njira yoyendetsera makampani ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo popereka ma bid, kuti achepetse mtengo woyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera mabizinesi a dziko lonse yoyendetsera malayisensi a mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ogwira ntchito odziwa bwino ntchito zophera tizilombo akhoza kupempha mwachindunji ku boma la mzinda, boma, boma lodziyimira palokha lomwe limayang'anira ulimi ndi akuluakulu akumidzi kuti apeze chilolezo cha bizinesi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ogwira ntchito ku ofesi yoyenera ya Dipatimenti ya Ulimi ndi Zakumidzi ya Hainan anati: Izi zikutanthauza kuti mfundo zophera tizilombo ku Hainan zigwirizana ndi muyezo wa dziko lonse, palibe kusiyana pakati pa kugulitsa zinthu zambiri ndi kugulitsa zinthu zambiri, ndipo palibe chifukwa cholemba zilembo; Kuthetsedwa kwa njira yogulitsa zinthu zambiri zophera tizilombo kumatanthauza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi omasuka kulowa pachilumbachi, bola ngati mankhwalawo akutsatira malamulo ndipo njirayo ikutsatira malamulo, palibe chifukwa cholembera ndikuvomereza chilumbachi.
Pa 25 Marichi, Boma la Anthu la Hainan Province linaganiza zothetsa "Hainan Special Economic Zone Pesticide wholesale and retail licensing business licensing Measures" (Qiongfu [2017] No. 25), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtsogolomu, mabizinesi akumidzi akhoza kugwirizana mwalamulo ndi mabizinesi pachilumbachi motsatira malamulo, ndipo opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo adzakhala ndi mwayi waukulu.
Malinga ndi magwero a mafakitale, pambuyo poti njira yogulitsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo yathetsedwa, padzakhala mabizinesi ambiri olowa mu Hainan, mitengo yofanana ya zinthu idzachepetsedwa, ndipo zosankha zambiri zidzakhala zabwino kwa alimi a zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ku Hainan.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akulonjeza
Nkhani 4 ya Malamulo imati maboma a anthu omwe ali m'boma kapena kupitirira apo, mogwirizana ndi malamulo oyenera, apereka zolimbikitsa ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito bwino, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa zamoyo, zakuthupi ndi zina kuti apewe ndikuwongolera matenda ndi tizilombo. Limbikitsani opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mabungwe ofufuza za sayansi ya zaulimi, makoleji ndi mayunivesite aukadaulo, mabungwe apadera opereka chithandizo cha matenda ndi tizilombo, mabungwe aukadaulo ndi zaulimi ndi mabungwe ena azachikhalidwe kuti apereke maphunziro aukadaulo, chitsogozo ndi ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akulonjeza pamsika wa Hainan.
Pakadali pano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'zokolola zogulitsa zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo Hainan ndi chigawo chachikulu chomwe chili ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zambiri ku China.
Malinga ndi lipoti la Statistics Bulletin of Hainan Province's National Economic and Social Development mu 2023, pofika mu 2022, malo okolola ndiwo zamasamba (kuphatikizapo mavwende a ndiwo zamasamba) ku Hainan Province adzakhala 4.017 miliyoni mu, ndipo zokolola zidzakhala matani 6.0543 miliyoni; Malo okolola zipatso anali 3.2630 miliyoni mu, ndipo zokolola zinali matani 5.6347 miliyoni.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuvulaza kwa tizilombo tosatha, monga thrips, nsabwe za m'masamba, tizilombo ta mamba ndi ntchentche zoyera, kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka, ndipo vuto la kulamulira ndi lalikulu. Pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwonjezera luso la ulimi wobiriwira, Hainan yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la "kupewa ndi kulamulira kobiriwira". Kudzera mu kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwira ntchito bwino komanso mopanda poizoni, Hainan yaphatikiza njira zopewera ndi kulamulira ukadaulo wa matenda ndi tizilombo, ukadaulo woteteza matenda kuchokera ku zomera, ukadaulo wowongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso ukadaulo wowongolera tizilombo wothandiza komanso wochepa poizoni. Itha kukulitsa nthawi yopewera ndi kulamulira ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuti ikwaniritse cholinga chochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukonza ubwino wa mbewu.
Mwachitsanzo, polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a cowpea resistance thrips, dipatimenti ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ya Hainan imalimbikitsa alimi kuti agwiritse ntchito madzi a Metaria anisopliae ochulukirapo ka 1000 kuphatikiza mchere wa Metaria wokwana 5.7% wochuluka ka 2000, kuwonjezera pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya ova, ya akuluakulu ndi ya dzira nthawi imodzi, kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu ya mankhwalawo ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.
Zingathe kunenedweratu kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ali ndi mwayi waukulu wotsatsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pamsika wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ku Hainan.
Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa kudzayang'aniridwa mosamala kwambiri
Chifukwa cha mavuto a m'madera osiyanasiyana, malamulo oletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan nthawi zonse akhala okhwima kuposa omwe ali kumtunda. Pa Marichi 4, 2021, Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi ya Hainan Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs inatulutsa "Mndandanda wa Zoletsa Kupanga, Kuyendera, Kusunga, Kugulitsa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ku Hainan Special Economic Zone" (yosinthidwa mu 2021). Chilengezocho chinalemba mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa 73, asanu ndi awiri ochulukirapo kuposa mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa omwe adapangidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zakumidzi. Pakati pawo, kugulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fenvalerate, butyryl hydrazine (bijo), chlorpyrifos, triazophos, flufenamide ndizoletsedwa kwathunthu.
Nkhani 3 ya Malamulo ikunena kuti kupanga, kunyamula, kusunga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi zosakaniza zoopsa kwambiri komanso zoopsa kwambiri ndizoletsedwa ku Hainan Special Economic Zone. Kumene kuli kofunikira kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi zosakaniza zoopsa kwambiri kapena zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha zosowa zapadera, chilolezo chiyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera ku dipatimenti yoyenera ya ulimi ndi nkhani zakumidzi ya boma la anthu a m'chigawo; komwe chilolezo chiyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera ku dipatimenti yoyenera ya ulimi ndi nkhani zakumidzi ya The State Council malinga ndi lamulo, malamulo ake ayenera kutsatiridwa. Dipatimenti yoyenera ya ulimi ndi nkhani zakumidzi ya boma la anthu a m'chigawo iyenera kufalitsa kwa anthu onse ndikusindikiza ndikugawa mndandanda wa mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi momwe ntchito yopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo imalimbikitsidwira, kuletsedwa komanso kuletsedwa ndi Boma ndi madera apadera azachuma, ndikuyika pamalo opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi maofesi a Komiti ya Anthu a m'mudzi (okhala). Izi zikutanthauza kuti, m'gawo lino la mndandanda woletsedwa wogwiritsidwa ntchito, udakali pansi pa Hainan Special Zone.
Palibe ufulu wokwanira, njira yogulira mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa intaneti ndi yabwino kwambiri
Kuthetsedwa kwa njira yogulitsira ndi kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumatanthauza kuti kugulitsa ndi kuyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachilumbachi ndi kwaulere, koma ufulu si ufulu wokwanira.
Nkhani 8 ya "Zopereka Zingapo" ikupititsa patsogolo njira yoyendetsera mankhwala kuti igwirizane ndi mkhalidwe watsopano, mawonekedwe atsopano ndi zofunikira zatsopano pankhani yoyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Choyamba, kukhazikitsa buku lamagetsi, opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhazikitsa buku lamagetsi kudzera pa nsanja yoyang'anira zambiri za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mbiri yonse yowona komanso yolondola ya zambiri zogulira ndi kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuti atsimikizire kuti komwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuchokera komanso komwe akupita kungapezeke. Chachiwiri ndikukhazikitsa ndikuwongolera njira yogulira ndi kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa intaneti, ndikuwunikira momveka bwino kuti kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa intaneti kuyenera kutsatira malamulo oyenera oyendetsera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chachitatu ndikulongosola bwino dipatimenti yowunikira malonda ophera tizilombo, ponena kuti kutsatsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuyenera kuwunikidwanso ndi akuluakulu a zaulimi ndi akumidzi a boma, boma ndi chigawo chodziyimira pawokha asanatulutsidwe, ndipo sikudzatulutsidwa popanda kuunikidwanso.
Malonda apaintaneti ophera tizilombo atsegula njira yatsopano
"Zopereka Zina" zisanatulutsidwe, mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo omwe amalowa ku Hainan sangagulitsidwe ndi ogulitsa ambiri, ndipo malonda a pa intaneti ophera tizilombo sangatchulidwe.
Komabe, Nkhani 10 ya "Zopereka Zingapo" ikunena kuti omwe akuchita bizinesi yokhudza mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzera pa intaneti ndi maukonde ena opezera chidziwitso ayenera kupeza zilolezo zamabizinesi ophera tizilombo motsatira lamulo, ndikupitiliza kufalitsa zilolezo zamabizinesi awo, zilolezo zamabizinesi ophera tizilombo ndi zina zenizeni zokhudzana ndi ntchito zamabizinesi pamalo owonekera patsamba loyamba la tsamba lawo kapena patsamba lalikulu la bizinesi yawo. Iyenera kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi.
Izi zikutanthauzanso kuti malonda apaintaneti ophera tizilombo, omwe anali oletsedwa mwamphamvu, atsegula vutoli ndipo akhoza kulowa mumsika wa Hainan pambuyo pa Okutobala 1, 2023. Komabe, ziyeneranso kudziwika kuti "Zopereka Zingapo" zimafuna kuti mayunitsi ndi anthu omwe amagula mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzera pa intaneti ayenera kupereka chidziwitso cholondola komanso chogwira mtima chogula. Koma sizikukhudza, chifukwa pakadali pano, mbali zonse ziwiri za malonda a nsanja yoyenera ya malonda apaintaneti ndi kulembetsa kapena kulembetsa dzina lenileni.
Ogulitsa zaulimi ayenera kugwira ntchito yabwino pakusintha ukadaulo
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Zopereka Zina" pa Okutobala 1, 2023, zikutanthauza kuti msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan wakhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chilolezo cha bizinesi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kutanthauza msika wogwirizana. Kuphatikiza ndi kuchotsedwa kwalamulo kwa "Hainan Special Economic Zone Pesticide wholesale and retail business licensing Management Measures", zikutanthauza kuti pansi pa msika waukulu wogwirizana, mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan udzatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi msika.
Mosakayikira, kenako, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa kusintha, kusintha kwa msika wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Hainan kudzapitirira kufulumira ndikugwera mu kuchuluka kwa mkati: njira zochulukira, mitengo yochulukira, ntchito zochulukira.
Akatswiri a zamakampani anati pambuyo poti njira yodziyimira payokha ya "anthu 8" yasweka, chiwerengero cha ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi masitolo ogulitsa ku Hainan chidzawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, magwero ogulira adzasintha kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wogulira udzachepa moyenerera; Chiwerengero cha zinthu ndi zofunikira za malonda chidzawonjezekanso kwambiri, ndipo malo osankhika kwa ogulitsa ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, ogulitsa, ndi alimi kuti agule mankhwala ophera tizilombo adzawonjezeka, ndipo mtengo wa mankhwala kwa alimi udzachepa moyenerera. Mpikisano wa othandizira ukukulirakulira, akukumana ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kusintha; Njira zogulitsira zaulimi zidzakhala zazifupi, opanga amatha kufikira mwachindunji alimi kupitirira wogulitsa; Zachidziwikire, mpikisano wamsika udzapitirira, nkhondo yamitengo idzakhala yolimba kwambiri. Makamaka kwa ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa ku Hainan, mpikisano waukulu uyenera kusintha kuchoka pa zinthu zopangira kupita ku njira yautumiki waukadaulo, kuchoka pakugulitsa zinthu m'sitolo kupita pakugulitsa ukadaulo ndi ntchito m'munda, ndipo ndi njira yosapeŵeka kusintha kukhala wopereka chithandizo chaukadaulo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-22-2024