Mpweya woyera, madzi ndi nthaka yathanzi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizana m'madera anayi akuluakulu a Dziko Lapansi kuti zisunge moyo. Komabe, zotsalira za poizoni wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimapezeka paliponse m'chilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nthaka, m'madzi (zonse zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi) komanso mumlengalenga wozungulira pamlingo wopitilira miyezo ya US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombozi zimadutsa mu hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation ndi biodegradation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zisinthe zomwe zimakhala zofala ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, 90% ya aku America ali ndi biomarker imodzi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi lawo (zonse zophatikizana ndi metabolite). Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi kumatha kukhudza thanzi la anthu, makamaka panthawi ya moyo wovuta monga ubwana, unyamata, mimba ndi ukalamba. Mabuku asayansi akuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri pa thanzi (monga kusokonezeka kwa endocrine, khansa, mavuto obereka/kubereka, poizoni wa mitsempha, kutayika kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero) pa chilengedwe (kuphatikiza nyama zakuthengo, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi thanzi la anthu). Chifukwa chake, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma PD awo kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa thanzi, kuphatikizapo zotsatira pa dongosolo la endocrine.
Katswiri wa EU pa zinthu zosokoneza endocrine (mochedwa) Dr. Theo Colborne adagawa zosakaniza zoposa 50 zophera tizilombo m'magulu a zinthu zosokoneza endocrine (ED), kuphatikizapo mankhwala omwe amapezeka m'nyumba monga sopo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mapulasitiki ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusokonezeka kwa endocrine kumachitika kwambiri m'mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo monga atrazine ndi 2,4-D, fipronil, ndi ma dioxins opangidwa ndi manufacturing (TCDD). Mankhwalawa amatha kulowa m'thupi, kusokoneza mahomoni ndikuyambitsa mavuto aakulu pakukula, matenda, ndi kubereka. Dongosolo la endocrine limapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa (thyroid, gonads, adrenals, ndi pituitary) ndi mahomoni omwe amapanga (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, ndi adrenaline). Tizilombo timeneti ndi mahomoni ofanana nawo amalamulira chitukuko, kukula, kubereka, ndi khalidwe la nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu. Matenda a endocrine ndi vuto losalekeza komanso lomwe likukula lomwe limakhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zake, ochirikiza amanena kuti mfundoyi iyenera kuyika malamulo okhwima pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikulimbitsa kafukufuku pa zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kafukufukuyu ndi mmodzi mwa ambiri omwe amazindikira kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oopsa kapena ogwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa mankhwala omwe amawayambitsa. Padziko lonse lapansi, pyriproxyfen (Pyr) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa udzudzu ndipo ndiye mankhwala okhawo ovomerezedwa ndi World Health Organization (WHO) oletsa udzudzu m'zidebe zamadzi akumwa. Komabe, pafupifupi mitundu yonse isanu ndi iwiri ya TP Pyrs ili ndi ntchito yochepetsa estrogen m'magazi, impso, ndi chiwindi. Malathion ndi mankhwala otchuka ophera tizilombo omwe amaletsa ntchito ya acetylcholinesterase (AChE) m'mitsempha yamanjenje. Kuletsa AChE kumabweretsa kusonkhanitsa acetylcholine, mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti ubongo ndi minofu zizigwira ntchito bwino. Kusonkhanitsa mankhwala kumeneku kungayambitse zotsatira zoopsa monga kugwedezeka mwachangu kwa minofu ina, kufooka kwa kupuma, kugwedezeka, komanso nthawi zina, komabe, kuletsa acetylcholinesterase sikofunikira kwenikweni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malathion ifalikire. Izi ndi zoopsa kwambiri ku zinyama zakuthengo ndi thanzi la anthu. Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ma TP awiri a malathion ali ndi zotsatira zosokoneza endocrine pa kufotokozera majini, kutulutsa mahomoni, ndi kagayidwe ka glucocorticoid (chakudya, mapuloteni, mafuta). Kuwonongeka mwachangu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa fenoxaprop-ethyl kunapangitsa kuti pakhale ma TP awiri oopsa kwambiri omwe adawonjezera kufotokozera majini ndi 5.8-12 ndipo adakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya estrogen. Pomaliza, TF yayikulu ya benalaxil imakhalabe m'chilengedwe kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa mankhwala oyambira, ndi estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, ndipo imawonjezera kufotokozera majini katatu. Mankhwala anayi ophera tizilombo mu kafukufukuyu sanali okhawo omwe anali odetsa nkhawa; ena ambiri amapanganso zinthu zowononga poizoni. Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo oletsedwa, mankhwala akale ndi atsopano ophera tizilombo, ndi mankhwala ena amatulutsa phosphorous yonse ya poizoni yomwe imaipitsa anthu ndi zachilengedwe.
Mankhwala oletsa DDT ndi metabolite yake yayikulu ya DDE amakhalabe m'chilengedwe kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo poti achotsedwa ntchito, ndipo bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lapeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amaposa milingo yovomerezeka. Ngakhale DDT ndi DDE zimasungunuka m'mafuta amthupi ndikukhala momwemo kwa zaka zambiri, DDE imakhalabe m'thupi nthawi yayitali. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Centers for Disease Control (CDC) adapeza kuti DDE idayambitsa matenda m'matupi a 99 peresenti ya omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Monga zinthu zosokoneza endocrine, kupezeka ku DDT kumawonjezera zoopsa zokhudzana ndi matenda a shuga, kusamba msanga, kuchepa kwa umuna, endometriosis, zolakwika zobadwa nazo, autism, kusowa kwa vitamini D, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti DDE ndi yoopsa kwambiri kuposa chinthu chachikulu chake. Metabolite iyi imatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo paumoyo wa mibadwo yambiri, kuyambitsa kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda a shuga, ndipo imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa khansa ya m'mawere m'mibadwo yambiri. Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo a mibadwo yakale, kuphatikizapo organophosphates monga malathion, amapangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala omwewo monga mankhwala a mitsempha ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (Agent Orange), omwe amakhudza kwambiri dongosolo lamanjenje. Triclosan, mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amaletsedwa m'zakudya zambiri, amakhalabe m'chilengedwe ndipo amapanga zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa monga chloroform ndi 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Mankhwala a "m'badwo wotsatira", kuphatikizapo glyphosate ndi neonicotinoids, amagwira ntchito mwachangu ndikusweka mwachangu, kotero kuti sangadziunjikane kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kochepa kwa mankhwala awa ndi oopsa kwambiri kuposa mankhwala akale ndipo kumafuna makilogalamu angapo ochepa kulemera. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka za mankhwala awa zingayambitse zotsatira zoyipa zofanana kapena zoopsa kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti herbicide glyphosate imasinthidwa kukhala metabolite ya AMPA yomwe imasintha mawonekedwe a majini. Kuphatikiza apo, ma metabolites atsopano a ionic monga denitroimidacloprid ndi decyanothiacloprid ndi oopsa kwambiri nthawi 300 ndi ~200 kwa nyama zoyamwitsa kuposa imidacloprid kholo, motsatana.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma TF awo amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa poizoni woopsa komanso woopsa womwe umabweretsa zotsatirapo za nthawi yayitali pa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo akale ndi amakono amagwira ntchito ngati zinthu zina zoipitsa chilengedwe, ndipo anthu amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthuzi nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri mankhwala oipitsawa amagwira ntchito limodzi kapena mogwirizana kuti apange zotsatirapo zoopsa kwambiri. Kugwirizana ndi vuto lofala kwambiri m'zosakaniza za mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo kumatha kuchepetsa zotsatirapo za poizoni pa thanzi la anthu, nyama ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu kumachepetsa kwambiri zotsatirapo zoyipa za zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, metabolites ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa chilengedwe.
Kumvetsetsa momwe matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amasokoneza dongosolo la endocrine komanso zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka m'thupi zimakhudzira thanzi la mibadwo yamakono ndi yamtsogolo ndikofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sichikudziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo kuchedwa kwa nthawi pakati pa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala, zotsatira za thanzi, ndi deta ya matenda.
Njira imodzi yochepetsera mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa anthu ndi chilengedwe ndi kugula, kulima ndi kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti posintha kudya zakudya zachilengedwe zokha, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mkodzo kumatsika kwambiri. Ulimi wachilengedwe uli ndi ubwino wambiri pa thanzi komanso chilengedwe pochepetsa kufunika kwa njira zolima zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri. Zotsatirapo zoyipa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zitha kuchepetsedwa potengera njira zobwezeretsa zachilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera poizoni kwambiri. Popeza njira zina zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mabanja ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale alimi angagwiritse ntchito njirazi kuti apange malo otetezeka komanso abwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-06-2023