Mpweya woyera, madzi ndi nthaka yathanzi ndizofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizana m'madera anayi a Dziko Lapansi kuti zikhale ndi moyo.Komabe, zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zapoizoni zili ponseponse m’chilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m’nthaka, m’madzi (zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi) komanso mpweya wozungulira womwe umaposa miyezo ya US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombozi zimakhala ndi hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation ndi biodegradation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosinthika zomwe zimakhala zofala ngati mankhwala awo a makolo.Mwachitsanzo, 90% ya aku America ali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'matupi awo (zonse za makolo ndi metabolite).Kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi kumatha kukhudza thanzi la munthu, makamaka panthawi yomwe ali pachiwopsezo cha moyo monga ubwana, unyamata, mimba ndi ukalamba.Zolemba zasayansi zikuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo kwa nthawi yayitali (monga kusokonezeka kwa endocrine, khansa, uchembere/kubereka, kusokonezeka kwa ubongo, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, ndi zina zambiri) pa chilengedwe (kuphatikiza nyama zakuthengo, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso thanzi la anthu) .Chifukwa chake, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma PD awo kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pa thanzi, kuphatikizapo zotsatira pa dongosolo la endocrine.
Katswiri wa EU wokhudza endocrine disruptors (mochedwa) Dr. Theo Colborne adayikapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo oposa 50 monga endocrine disruptors (ED), kuphatikizapo mankhwala omwe ali m'nyumba monga zotsukira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mapulasitiki ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusokonezeka kwa endocrine kumayambitsa mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo monga herbicides atrazine ndi 2,4-D, pet insecticide fipronil, ndi ma dioxins opangidwa ndi kupanga (TCDD).Mankhwalawa amatha kulowa m'thupi, kusokoneza mahomoni ndi kuyambitsa chitukuko choipa, matenda, ndi mavuto obereka.Dongosolo la endocrine limapangidwa ndi glands (chithokomiro, gonads, adrenals, ndi pituitary) ndi mahomoni omwe amapanga (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, ndi adrenaline).Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti ndi timadzi tambiri timene timakhala tambirimbiri tomwe timapanga timadzi tambiri timene timayendera kakulidwe, kakulidwe, kuberekana, ndi khalidwe la nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu.Matenda a Endocrine ndi vuto losalekeza komanso lomwe limakula lomwe limakhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi.Chotsatira chake, olimbikitsa amanena kuti ndondomekoyi iyenera kutsata malamulo okhwima okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kulimbikitsa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kafukufukuyu ndi amodzi mwa ambiri omwe amazindikira kuti mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi apoizoni kapena othandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi makolo awo.Padziko lonse lapansi, pyriproxyfen (Pyr) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa udzudzu ndipo ndi mankhwala okhawo omwe amavomerezedwa ndi World Health Organisation (WHO) poletsa udzudzu m'mitsuko yamadzi akumwa.Komabe, pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri a TP Pyrs ali ndi ntchito yowononga estrogen m'magazi, impso, ndi chiwindi.Malathion ndi mankhwala otchuka omwe amalepheretsa ntchito ya acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mu minofu yamanjenje.Kuletsa kwa AChE kumabweretsa kudzikundikira kwa acetylcholine, mankhwala a neurotransmitter omwe amagwira ntchito muubongo ndi minofu.Kuchulukana kwamankhwala kumeneku kungayambitse zotsatira zoyipa monga kugwedezeka kofulumira kwa minofu ina, kupuma ziwalo, kugwedezeka, komanso nthawi zina, komabe, kuletsa kwa acetylcholinesterase sikunatchulidwe, zomwe zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa malathion.Izi ndizowopseza kwambiri nyama zakutchire komanso thanzi la anthu.Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ma TP awiri a malathion ali ndi zotsatira zosokoneza za endocrine pa gene expression, hormone secretion, ndi glucocorticoid (carbohydrate, protein, fat) metabolism.Kuwonongeka kofulumira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo fenoxaprop-ethyl kunapangitsa kuti pakhale ma TP awiri oopsa kwambiri omwe amawonjezera ma gene 5.8-12-fold ndipo adakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya estrogen.Pomaliza, TF yayikulu ya benalaxil imapitilirabe m'chilengedwe nthawi yayitali kuposa gulu la makolo, ndi estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, ndipo imakulitsa mawonekedwe a jini 3-fold.Mankhwala anayi ophera tizilombo mu kafukufukuyu sanali mankhwala okhawo omwe anali ndi nkhawa;ena ambiri amapanganso zinthu zowononga poizoni.Mankhwala ambiri oletsedwa, mankhwala akale ndi atsopano, ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala amatulutsa phosphorous wokwanira wapoizoni amene amaipitsa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Mankhwala oletsedwa a DDT ndi metabolite yake yayikulu ya DDE imakhalabe m'chilengedwe patatha zaka zambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwatha, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) likuwona kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amapitilira milingo yovomerezeka.Ngakhale kuti DDT ndi DDE zimasungunuka m'mafuta a thupi ndikukhala pamenepo kwa zaka zambiri, DDE imakhalabe m'thupi nthawi yaitali.Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Centers for Disease Control (CDC) adapeza kuti DDE idayambitsa matupi a 99 peresenti ya omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu.Mofanana ndi zosokoneza za endocrine, kukhudzana ndi DDT kumawonjezera chiopsezo chokhudzana ndi matenda a shuga, kusiya kusamba msanga, kuchepa kwa umuna, endometriosis, kubadwa kwachilendo, autism, kusowa kwa vitamini D, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ndi kunenepa kwambiri.Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti DDE ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ake.Metabolite iyi imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira za thanzi lamitundu yambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri komanso matenda a shuga, ndipo mwapadera zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa khansa ya m'mawere m'mibadwo ingapo.Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo akale, kuphatikizapo organophosphates monga malathion, amapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu omwewo monga Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse (Agent Orange), yomwe imakhudza kwambiri dongosolo lamanjenje.Triclosan, mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa m'zakudya zambiri, amapitilirabe m'chilengedwe ndikupanga zinthu zowononga khansa monga chloroform ndi 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Mankhwala a "m'badwo wotsatira", kuphatikizapo glyphosate ndi neonicotinoids, amachitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndikuphwanya mofulumira, kotero kuti sangathe kumanga.Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti m'munsi ndende ya mankhwala amenewa ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa mankhwala akale ndipo amafuna ma kilogalamu angapo kuchepetsa kulemera.Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwa mankhwalawa kungayambitse zotsatira zofanana kapena zoopsa kwambiri za toxicological.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti herbicide glyphosate imasinthidwa kukhala poizoni AMPA metabolite yomwe imasintha jini.Kuonjezera apo, ma ionic metabolites monga denitroimidacloprid ndi decyanothiacloprid ndi 300 ndi ~ 200 nthawi zambiri poizoni kwa nyama zoyamwitsa kuposa kholo imidacloprid, motsatana.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma TF awo amatha kukulitsa chiwopsezo chambiri komanso chakupha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zanthawi yayitali pakukula kwa zamoyo ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.Mankhwala osiyanasiyana akale ndi amasiku ano amachita ngati zinthu zina zowononga chilengedwe, ndipo anthu amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthuzi nthawi imodzi.Nthawi zambiri zoipitsa izi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kapena synergistically kutulutsa zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza.Synergy ndivuto lodziwika bwino pakuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo limatha kunyalanyaza zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la anthu, nyama komanso chilengedwe.Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwachiwopsezo cha chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu kumachepetsa kwambiri zotsatira zoyipa za zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ma metabolites ndi zowononga zina zachilengedwe.
Kumvetsetsa momwe endocrine imasokoneza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka zimatha kukhala ndi thanzi la mibadwo yamakono komanso yamtsogolo ndikofunikira.Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo sizimamveka bwino, kuphatikizapo kuchedwa kwanthawi yodziwikiratu pakati pa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala, zotsatira za thanzi, ndi chidziwitso cha miliri.
Njira imodzi yochepetsera mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa anthu ndi chilengedwe ndiyo kugula, kulima ndi kusunga zokolola za organic.Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti mukasintha zakudya zamagulu onse, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mumkodzo kumatsika kwambiri.Kulima kwachilengedwe kuli ndi ubwino wambiri wathanzi komanso chilengedwe pochepetsa kufunikira kwa ulimi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.Zowopsa za mankhwala ophera tizirombo zitha kuchepetsedwa potengera njira zowonongolera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera zowononga tizilombo.Poganizira kufalikira kwa njira zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mabanja onse ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale atha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuti apange malo otetezeka komanso athanzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-06-2023