Mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa mankhwala ophera udzudzu a aryloxyphenoxypropionate padziko lonse lapansi kunali US$1.217 biliyoni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti msika wa mankhwala ophera udzudzu padziko lonse lapansi unali US$26.440 biliyoni ndipo 1.9% ya msika wa mankhwala ophera udzudzu padziko lonse lapansi unali US$63.212 biliyoni. Ngakhale kuti si wabwino ngati mankhwala ophera udzudzu monga amino acid ndi sulfonylureas, ulinso ndi malo pamsika wa mankhwala ophera udzudzu (uli pa nambala 6 pa malonda apadziko lonse).
Mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa udzu. Anapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1960 pamene Hoechst (Germany) anasintha gulu la phenyl mu kapangidwe ka 2,4-D ndi diphenyl ether ndipo anapanga m'badwo woyamba wa mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". Mu 1971, zinapezeka kuti kapangidwe ka mphete ya kholo kali ndi A ndi B. Mankhwala ophera udzu otsatira amtunduwu adasinthidwa kutengera izi, kusintha mphete ya benzene mbali imodzi kukhala mphete ya heterocyclic kapena yosakanikirana, ndikuyambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito monga ma atomu a F mu mphete, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri. , mankhwala ophera udzu osankhidwa bwino.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ophera udzu (APP)
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa propionic acid
Njira yogwirira ntchito
Mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid ndi omwe amaletsa kwambiri acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), motero amaletsa kupanga mafuta acids, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti oleic acid ipangidwe, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid, ndi sera ndipo njira za cuticle zimatsekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka nembanemba ya chomera chiwonongeke mwachangu, kuwonjezeka kwa kulowa kwa madzi m'nthaka, komanso kufa kwa chomera.
Makhalidwe ake monga kugwira ntchito bwino, kuopsa kochepa, kusankha bwino, chitetezo cha mbewu komanso kuwonongeka mosavuta kwalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha mankhwala ophera udzu osankhidwa.
Chinthu china cha mankhwala ophera udzu a AAP ndichakuti amagwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimadziwika ndi ma isomers osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala komweko, ndipo ma isomers osiyanasiyana ali ndi zochita zosiyanasiyana zophera udzu. Pakati pawo, R(-)-isomer imatha kuletsa bwino ntchito ya enzyme yofunidwa, kuletsa mapangidwe a auxin ndi gibberellin mu udzu, ndikuwonetsa ntchito yabwino yophera udzu, pomwe S(+)-isomer kwenikweni sigwira ntchito. Kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa awiriwa ndi nthawi 8-12.
Mankhwala ophera udzu a APP nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa kukhala ma ester, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisungunuka mosavuta ndi udzu; komabe, ma ester nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa komanso amakhudzidwa kwambiri, kotero samakhala osavuta kutulutsa ndipo amalowa mosavuta mu udzu m'nthaka.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl ndi mankhwala ophera udzu otchedwa phenoxypropionate herbicide omwe adapangidwa ndi ciba-Geigy mu 1981. Dzina lake la malonda ndi Topic ndipo dzina lake la mankhwala ndi (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
Propargyl ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa aryloxyphenoxypropionate omwe ali ndi fluorine, omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza tsinde ndi masamba pambuyo pomera kuti athetse udzu wouma m'minda ya tirigu, rye, triticale ndi tirigu wina, makamaka udzu wa tirigu ndi udzu wa tirigu. Amagwira ntchito bwino pochiza udzu wovuta monga oats zakuthengo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza tsinde ndi masamba pambuyo pomera kuti athetse udzu wa pachaka, monga oats zakuthengo, udzu wakuda wa oat, udzu wa foxtail, udzu wakuthengo, ndi udzu wa tirigu. Mlingo wake ndi 30~60g/hm2. Njira yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito ndi iyi: kuyambira siteji ya masamba awiri a tirigu mpaka siteji yolumikizirana, ikani mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku udzu pa siteji ya masamba 2-8. M'nyengo yozizira, gwiritsani ntchito magalamu 20-30 a Maiji (15% ufa wa clofenacetate wettable) pa ekala iliyonse. 30-40g ya ufa wothira wa clodinafop-propargyl, onjezerani 15-30kg ya madzi ndikupopera mofanana.
Kachitidwe kake ndi makhalidwe a clodinafop-propargyl ndi acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors ndi mankhwala ophera udzu oyambitsa matenda. Mankhwalawa amatengedwa kudzera m'masamba ndi m'mbali mwa masamba a chomera, kudzera mu phloem, ndikusonkhanitsidwa mu meristem ya chomera, kuletsa acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors. Coenzyme A carboxylase imaletsa kupanga mafuta acid, imaletsa kukula ndi kugawikana kwa maselo, ndikuwononga kapangidwe ka mafuta monga machitidwe a nembanemba, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti chomera chife. Nthawi yoyambira clodinafop-propargyl mpaka kufa kwa udzu imakhala yocheperako, nthawi zambiri imatenga milungu 1 mpaka 3.
Ma formula odziwika bwino a clodinafop-propargyl ndi 8%, 15%, 20%, ndi 30% aqueous emulsions, 15% ndi 24% microemulsions, 15% ndi 20% wettable powders, ndi 8% ndi 14% dispersible oil suspensions. 24% kirimu.
Kupanga
(R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid imapangidwa koyamba ndi momwe α-chloropropionic acid ndi hydroquinone zimachitikira, kenako zimaphikidwa ndi 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine popanda kulekanitsidwa. Pazifukwa zina, imakumana ndi chloropropyne kuti ipange clodinafop-propargyl. Pambuyo pa crystallization, kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kumafika 97% mpaka 98%, ndipo zokolola zonse zimafika 85%.
Mkhalidwe wotumiza kunja
Deta ya kasitomu ikuwonetsa kuti mu 2019, dziko langa linatumiza kunja ndalama zokwana madola 35.77 miliyoni aku US (ziwerengero zosakwanira, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera ndi mankhwala aukadaulo). Pakati pawo, dziko loyamba lotumiza kunja ndi Kazakhstan, lomwe limatumiza makamaka mankhwala okonzekera, ndi ndalama zokwana madola 8.6515 miliyoni aku US, kutsatiridwa ndi Russia, ndi mankhwala okonzekera. Pali kufunikira kwa mankhwala ndi zinthu zopangira, ndi ndalama zokwana madola 3.6481 miliyoni aku US. Malo achitatu ndi Netherlands, ndi ndalama zokwana madola 3.582 miliyoni aku US. Kuphatikiza apo, Canada, India, Israel, Sudan ndi mayiko ena ndi malo akuluakulu otumizira kunja a clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochokera ku mpunga omwe adapangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi Dow AgroSciences ku United States mu 1987. Ndiwo mankhwala okhawo a aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid omwe ndi otetezeka kwambiri ku mpunga. Mu 1998, Dow AgroSciences ya ku United States inali yoyamba kulembetsa cyhalofop technical mdziko langa. Patent iyi idatha mu 2006, ndipo kulembetsa m'nyumba kunayamba motsatizana. Mu 2007, kampani ya m'nyumba (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) idalembetsa koyamba.
Dzina la malonda la Dow ndi Clincher, ndipo dzina lake la mankhwala ndi (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (chogwiritsira ntchito: 10% cyhalomefen EC) ndi Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), zomwe zakhala zotchuka pamsika waku China, ndizothandiza kwambiri komanso zotetezeka. Zili pamsika waukulu wa mankhwala ophera udzu m'munda wa mpunga mdziko langa.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, yofanana ndi mankhwala ena a herbicides a aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, ndi mankhwala oletsa kupanga mafuta acid ndipo amaletsa acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Amayamwa kwambiri kudzera m'masamba ndipo alibe ntchito ya nthaka. Cyhalofop-ethyl ndi yogwira ntchito m'thupi ndipo imayamwa mwachangu kudzera m'maselo a zomera. Pambuyo pochiza ndi mankhwala, udzu umasiya kukula nthawi yomweyo, chikasu chimachitika mkati mwa masiku awiri mpaka asanu ndi awiri, ndipo chomera chonsecho chimakhala chotupa ndipo chimafa mkati mwa masabata awiri kapena atatu.
Cyhalofop imagwiritsidwa ntchito ikangomera kuti iwononge udzu wouma m'minda ya mpunga. Mlingo wa mpunga wa m'madera otentha ndi 75-100g/hm2, ndipo mlingo wa mpunga wozizira ndi 180-310g/hm2. Ndi yothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Small chaff grass, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf millet, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, ndi zina zotero.
Tengani chitsanzo cha kugwiritsa ntchito cyhalofop-ethyl EC ya 15%. Pa gawo la masamba 1.5-2.5 la udzu wa barnyard m'minda ya mpunga ndi gawo la masamba 2-3 la stephanotis m'minda ya mpunga yobzalidwa mwachindunji, tsinde ndi masamba zimapopedwa ndi kupopedwa mofanana ndi utsi wochepa. Tsukani madzi musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti tsinde ndi masamba opitilira 2/3 a udzu ndi masamba awonekere m'madzi. Thirirani mkati mwa maola 24 mpaka maola 72 mutagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikusunga madzi okwana 3-5 cm kwa masiku 5-7. Musagwiritse ntchito kamodzi pa nyengo iliyonse yolima mpunga. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mankhwalawa ndi oopsa kwambiri ku arthropods zam'madzi, choncho pewani kulowa m'malo olima nsomba. Akasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala ena ophera udzu a masamba akuluakulu, akhoza kuwonetsa zotsatira zoyipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cyhalofop igwire ntchito bwino.
Mitundu yake yayikulu ya mlingo ndi: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), cyhalofop-methyl wettable powder (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), cyhalofop oil suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible oil suspension (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala ndi monga oxafop-propyl ndi penoxsufen Compound of amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, etc.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-24-2024