Kutengera chitsanzo cha 2014, kugulitsa kwapadziko lonse kwa mankhwala a herbicides a aryloxyphenoxypropionate anali US $ 1.217 biliyoni, kuwerengera 4.6% ya US $ 26.440 biliyoni ya msika wapadziko lonse wa herbicides ndi 1.9% ya US $ 63.212 biliyoni ya msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Ngakhale kuti si yabwino ngati mankhwala a herbicides monga amino acid ndi sulfonylureas, ilinso ndi malo pamsika wa herbicides (ili pa nambala 6 pa malonda padziko lonse).
Mankhwala a Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothana ndi udzu.Zinapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1960 pamene Hoechst (Germany) adalowetsa gulu la phenyl mu 2,4-D ndi diphenyl ether ndikupanga m'badwo woyamba wa aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides."Grass Ling".Mu 1971, zidadziwika kuti mphete ya makolo imakhala ndi A ndi B. Mankhwala ophera udzu amtundu uwu adasinthidwa kutengera izo, kusintha mphete ya benzene mbali imodzi kukhala heterocyclic kapena yosakanikirana, ndikuyambitsa magulu amphamvu monga F. ma atomu mu mphete, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zapamwamba., mankhwala ophera udzu ambiri.
APP herbicide kapangidwe
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha propionic acid herbicides
Njira yochitira
Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides amakhala oletsa kwambiri acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), motero amalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe kamafuta acid, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid, ndi zigawo za waxy zitseke ndipo njira za cuticle zimatsekeka. kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ka nembanemba ka mmerawo, kuchuluka kwa permeability, ndipo pamapeto pake kufa kwa mbewuyo.
Makhalidwe ake achangu kwambiri, kawopsedwe wochepa, kusankha kwakukulu, chitetezo cha mbewu ndi kuwonongeka kosavuta kwalimbikitsa kwambiri kukula kwa mankhwala opha udzu.
Chinthu chinanso cha mankhwala a herbicide a AAP ndi chakuti ali optically yogwira ntchito, yomwe imadziwika ndi ma isomers osiyanasiyana pansi pa kapangidwe ka mankhwala omwewo, ndipo ma isomers osiyanasiyana ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za herbicide.Pakati pawo, R (-) -isomer imatha kuletsa bwino ntchito ya enzyme ya chandamale, kuletsa mapangidwe a auxin ndi gibberellin mu namsongole, ndikuwonetsa ntchito yabwino ya herbicidal, pomwe S (+) -isomer ndiyosagwira ntchito.Kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa awiriwa ndi nthawi 8-12.
Mankhwala a herbicides a APP nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kukhala esters, kuwapangitsa kuti amwe mosavuta ndi namsongole;Komabe, esters nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusungunuka pang'ono komanso kutsekemera kwamphamvu, kotero sikophweka kutsika ndipo amalowetsedwa mosavuta mu namsongole.m'nthaka.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl ndi phenoxypropionate herbicide yopangidwa ndi ciba-Geigy mu 1981. Dzina lake lamalonda ndi Mutu ndipo dzina lake la mankhwala ndi (R) -2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro).-2-Pyridyloxy) propargyl propionate.
Propargyl ndi mankhwala a herbicide a aryloxyphenoxypropionate okhala ndi fluorine.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza tsinde ndi masamba pambuyo pomera kuti athetse namsongole mu tirigu, rye, triticale ndi minda ina yambewu, makamaka udzu wa tirigu ndi udzu wa tirigu.Kuchita bwino kuwongolera udzu wovuta monga oats zakutchire.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza tsinde ndi masamba atamera kuti athetse udzu wapachaka, monga oats, udzu wakuda wa oat, udzu wamchira, udzu wamunda, ndi udzu wa tirigu.Mlingo ndi 30-60g/hm2.Njira yeniyeni yogwiritsidwira ntchito ndi: kuyambira pa tsamba la masamba awiri a tirigu kufika pa malo ophatikizika, ikani mankhwala ophera udzu pamasamba 2-8.M'nyengo yozizira, gwiritsani ntchito magalamu 20-30 a Maiji (15% clofenacetate ufa wonyezimira) pa ekala.30-40g ya ufa wonyezimira kwambiri (15% clodinafop-propargyl), onjezerani 15-30kg ya madzi ndikupopera mofanana.
Njira yochitira ndi mawonekedwe a clodinafop-propargyl ndi acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors ndi systemic conductive herbicides.Mankhwalawa amalowetsedwa kudzera m'masamba ndi masamba a mmerawo, omwe amachitidwa kudzera mu phloem, ndikuwunjikana mu meristem ya mbewuyo, kuletsa acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor.Coenzyme A carboxylase imayimitsa kaphatikizidwe ka mafuta acid, imalepheretsa kukula kwa maselo ndi kugawikana, ndikuwononga zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi lipids monga ma membrane, pamapeto pake zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa mbewu.Nthawi yochokera ku clodinafop-propargyl mpaka kufa kwa namsongole imakhala yocheperako, nthawi zambiri imatenga masabata 1 mpaka 3.
Mapangidwe apamwamba a clodinafop-propargyl ndi 8%, 15%, 20%, ndi 30% emulsions amadzimadzi, 15% ndi 24% ma microemulsions, 15% ndi 20% ufa wonyowa, ndi 8% ndi 14% kuyimitsidwa kwamafuta.24% kirimu.
Kaphatikizidwe
(R) -2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid imapangidwa koyamba ndi momwe α-chloropropionic acid ndi hydroquinone, kenako imapangidwa ndi kuwonjezera 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine popanda kupatukana.Nthawi zina, imakhudzidwa ndi chloropropyne kuti ipeze clodinafop-propargyl.Pambuyo crystallization, okhutira mankhwala kufika 97% kuti 98%, ndi zokolola okwana ukufika 85%.
Tumizani zinthu kunja
Zambiri zamasitomu zikuwonetsa kuti mu 2019, dziko langa lidatumiza ndalama zokwana 35.77 miliyoni za US (ziwerengero zosakwanira, kuphatikiza kukonzekera ndi mankhwala aukadaulo).Pakati pawo, dziko loyamba loitanitsa kunja ndi Kazakhstan, lomwe limalowetsa makamaka zokonzekera, ndi ndalama zokwana madola 8.6515 miliyoni a US, kutsatiridwa ndi Russia, ndi kukonzekera Pali kufunika kwa mankhwala ndi zipangizo zonse, ndi ndalama zoitanitsa US $ 3.6481 miliyoni.Malo achitatu ndi Netherlands, ndi ndalama zoitanitsa US $ 3.582 miliyoni.Kuphatikiza apo, Canada, India, Israel, Sudan ndi mayiko enanso ndi omwe amatumiza kunja kwa clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl ndi mankhwala a udzu winawake wopangidwa ndi Dow AgroSciences ku United States mu 1987. Ndiwo mankhwala okhawo a aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid omwe ali otetezeka kwambiri ku mpunga.Mu 1998, Dow AgroSciences yaku United States inali yoyamba kulembetsa luso la cyhalofop m'dziko langa.Patent inatha mu 2006, ndipo zolembetsa zapakhomo zinayamba motsatizana.Mu 2007, bizinesi yoweta (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) idalembetsa koyamba.
Dzina lamalonda la Dow ndi Clincher, ndipo dzina lake lamankhwala ndi (R) -2- [4- (4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy) phenoxy] butylpropionate.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (chogwiritsa ntchito: 10% cyhalomefen EC) ndi Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), zomwe zadziwika pamsika waku China, ndizothandiza kwambiri komanso zotetezeka.Amakhala pamsika waukulu wa mankhwala ophera udzu m'munda wa mpunga m'dziko langa.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, yofanana ndi mankhwala ena a aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, ndi mafuta acid synthesis inhibitor ndipo imaletsa acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase).Amatengeka kwambiri ndi masamba ndipo alibe ntchito za dothi.Cyhalofop-ethyl ndi systemic ndipo imalowa mwachangu kudzera m'magulu a zomera.Pambuyo pa mankhwala, udzu udzu umasiya kukula nthawi yomweyo, chikasu chimachitika mkati mwa masiku 2 mpaka 7, ndipo chomera chonsecho chimakhala ndi necrotic ndipo chimafa mkati mwa masabata awiri kapena atatu.
Cyhalofop imagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pomera kuti iwononge udzu wa gramineous m'minda ya mpunga.Mlingo wa mpunga wotentha ndi 75-100g/hm2, ndipo mlingo wa mpunga wotentha ndi 180-310g/hm2.Ndiwothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, udzu waung'ono wa mankhusu, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf mapira, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, etc.
Tengani kugwiritsa ntchito 15% cyhalofop-ethyl EC mwachitsanzo.Pa tsamba la 1.5-2.5 la udzu wa barnyard m'minda ya mbande ya mpunga ndi tsamba la 2-3 la stephanotis m'minda ya mpunga yachindunji, tsinde ndi masamba amapopera ndi kupopera mofanana ndi nkhungu yabwino.Kukhetsa madzi musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti oposa 2/3 a tsinde ndi masamba alowe m'madzi.Thirirani mkati mwa maola 24 mpaka 72 mutathira mankhwala, ndipo sungani madzi osanjikiza masentimita 3-5 kwa masiku 5-7.Musagwiritse ntchito kangapo panyengo yolima mpunga.Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mankhwalawa ndi oopsa kwambiri ku nyama zam'madzi, choncho pewani kuthamangira kumalo odyetserako zam'madzi.Mukasakaniza ndi mankhwala ena a herbicides, amatha kuwonetsa zotsatira zotsutsana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya cyhalofop.
Mitundu yake yayikulu ya mlingo ndi: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), cyhalofop-methyl wettable powder (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%). , 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), kuyimitsidwa kwamafuta a cyhalofop (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible mafuta kuyimitsidwa (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%);mankhwala ophatikizika amaphatikiza oxafop-propyl ndi penoxsufen Compound ya amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, etc.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-24-2024